乡村振兴背景下新型职业农民培训现状与改进措施——以镇江市丹阳市为例

培训新型职业农民是乡村人才振兴的必然选择,有助于丰富农民的农业知识、提高农民的农业技能水平及综合素质。基于此,本研究详细介绍了丹阳市新型职业农民培训的现状和培训成效,指出了丹阳市农民培训过程中存在农民队伍文化素质整体不高、培训对象年龄结构偏大及培训和评估手段单一等问题,提出了丹阳市新型职业农民培训的整改措施,如加强组织管理,健全培训机制;线上服务、线下培训齐发力;多方位宣传发动,营造培训氛围;强化监督检查,规范培训管理等。研究结果表明,通过积极研究新型职业农民培训内容、拓展培训形式、探索培训评估方法,有助于构建出一套符合农民文化层次、能让农民更好接受的培训体系,为我国的新型职业农民培训工作添砖加瓦,助力乡村振兴。     

发挥农广校主体作用培育造就职业农民

1 准确把握农广校面临的大好形势 1.1大力培育新型职业农民已上升为国家战略 习近平总书记指出,要把加快培育新型农业经营主体作为一项重大战略,以吸引年轻人务农、培育职业农民为重点,建立专门政策机制,构建职业农民队伍,形成一支高素质农业生产经营者队伍,为农业现代化和农业持续健康发展提供坚实的人力基础保障。李克强总理强调,农业科技成果最终是由农民使用的,要在提高农民科技文化素质、培育新型职业农民上下功夫;要加快发展农业职业教育和成人教育,逐步建立有效的农民免费培训制度;加大对大中专院校农林类专业学生的助学力度,鼓励更多青年人学农务农,使农业后继有人。2014年中央1号文件、《国务院关于加快发展现代职业教育的决定》、教育部等6部委发布的《现代职业教育体系建设规划（2014-2020年）》等文件,都对大力培养培训新型职业农民提出了明确要求。教育部、农业部制定了《中等职业学校新型职业农民培养方案试行》,农业部正式启动实施新型职业农民培育工程。     

新型职业农民创业技能提升的问题与对策研究

2018年中央一号文件着重提出"全面部署乡村振兴战略",再次强调爱农业、懂技术、善经营的新型职业农民是建设美丽乡村的核心骨干。通过发展职业教育、技能培训等促使新型农民具有专业知识或专门技能,进行创造性劳动,推进乡村振兴战略系统工程的深入实施。文章对当前农村劳动力资源状况进行调查,并对新型职业农民创业技能培训的内容、方式、经验及存在的问题等方面进行研究,探求适用新型职业农民技能培训的方式,以期为推动新型职业农民由初级技能向创造性技能转变提供帮助。     

农业部关于加强农业广播电视学校建设加快构建新型职业农民教育培训体系的意见

2012年中央一号文件提出大力培育新型职业农民,2013年中央一号文件强调着力加强农业职业教育和职业培训,农民教育培训特别是新型职业农民和农村实用人才培养任务更加紧迫而繁重。农业广播电视学校（以下简称农广校）是公益性农民教育培训专门机构,经过30多年的改革和发展,基本形成了中央、省、市、县四级建制农广校和乡村教学点五级办学体系，在我国农民教育培训和农村实用人才培养中发挥着主渠道作用。为全面提高新阶段农民教育培训服务能力，现就加快构建以农广校为基础依托的新型职业农民教育培训体系提出如下意见。一、大力培育新型职业农民是关系长远关系根本的基础性战略性重大工程     

新型职业农民培育的基本思路和具体措施

依据新型职业农民培育工程的实践,提出了新型职业农民培育工程在实际培训中的基本思路,并对新型职业农民培育工程中的组织领导、计划落实、培育对象遴选、培训计划和教学计划的制定实施及具体的操作措施等进行了详细的论述。     

辽宁省农民职业教育培训问题研究

为提高辽宁省农民教育培训及农村职业教育的实施效果,采用调查问卷的方式,对辽宁省农民教育培训供需情况进行调查分析.根据农户基本情况及其对农业职业教育培训的供需情况,探讨辽宁省农民教育培训存在的主要问题,并提出相应的对策.     

上海青浦区瞄准需求加强新型职业农民培育

正在2019年度新型职业农民培训中,上海市青浦区立足于地方产业发展需求,由各街镇通过"青浦区农业培训管理系统"上报培训对象信息,提高培育精准度,开设了草莓班和蔬菜班,举办了林果和水稻两个场次的专场调研会,全年共开设了10个培训班,培训学员491名,360名学员通过认定成为新型职业农民。     

基于高素质农民培训与职业教育衔接的人才培养模式

针对全国农民技能培训与职业教育衔接过程中存在的问题,构建高素质农民培训与职业教育衔接的基本构型,并提出落实措施,对于促进“三农”工作高质量发展,助力乡村振兴,加快推进农业农村现代化具有重要现实指导意义和长远发展意义。      

农业培训对新型职业农民农业经营性收入影响研究

为探究农业培训对推动新型职业农民发展的影响,文章以2019年粤赣两省501份新型职业农民调查数据为基础,采取倾向得分匹配法(PSM),实证分析了农业培训对新型职业农民农业经营性收入效应。结果表明:第一,农业培训对新型职业农业经营性收入有显著促进作用,参加过农业培训的新型职业农民农业经营性收入的对数要比未参加过农业培训的新型职业农民农业经营性收入的对数高出1.176。第二,在考虑了样本的"自选择"问题以后,农业培训对新型职业农民农业经营性收入水平对数的影响变小,核匹配结果的差值为1.071。第三,性别、年龄、从事农业生产年限、家庭农业从业人数和地形特征变量对新型职业农民参加农业培训的影响各异。可见,要创新培训方式,注重差异化培训。     

建立农民职业教育长效保障机制的研究

前,针对农民的职业教育进行的如火如茶,但其成效却并不是那么尽如人意.究其原因还在于缺乏农民职业教育长效保障机制.从这个角度出发,试图构建农民职业教育的长效保障机制,真正带动农村发展,培育新型农民.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。