四株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒毒力的研究

对从黑龙江省分离的４株鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒通过易感鸡接种,用病理学技术进行了致病力的研究。结果表明,各毒株毒力有一定差异,其中Ｈ３、Ｈ４株毒力高于Ｈ１、Ｈ２株,且有迅速致法氏囊萎缩的特性;Ｈ３、Ｈ４株引起试验鸡法氏囊指数显著下降（Ｐ＜００５）,脾脏指数明显增加（Ｐ＜００５）。Ｈ３、Ｈ４株接种５０日龄Ｄ７８疫苗免疫鸡,免疫保护指数分别为５０％、６０％,传统疫苗不能提供充分保护。     

Correlation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers with protection against infectious bursal disease virus.

We examined the utility of baculovirus-expressed infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) proteins to act as antigens in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The three IBDV protein antigens tested included 1) a truncated VP2, 2) whole VP2, and 3) the polyprotein products VP2, VP3, and VP4. Serum samples from 2-wk-old commercially reared broilers were collected and tested in the three ELISAs. Serum samples were obtained from 34 different commercial broiler flocks. An average of 14 serum samples (range = 11-17) were tested for each flock. The ELISA results were compared with the percentage of protection of these birds following challenge with IBDV. Fifty 2-wk-old chicks from each of the 34 broiler flocks were challenged with STC classic virus or Del-E variant virus. At 7 days postchallenge, the bursa from each of the birds was removed and bursa/body weights were recorded. Percentage of protection was determined by the number of birds in each challenge group that had normal relative bursal weights compared with unchallenged controls. No evidence was found of a relationship between ELISA data generated with the polyprotein antigen (VP2, VP3, VP4) and percentage of protection observed in the STC and Del-E challenged birds. A significant relationship was found between ELISA data and percentage of protection to STC and Del-E when the truncated VP2 or whole VP2 antigens were used in the ELISA. The results of this study indicate that predicting the percentage of protection against classic or variant IBDV strains in broilers from vaccinated breeder flocks can be improved when VP2 is used as the only antigen in the ELISA.     

Efficacy of live vaccines against serologic subtypes of infectious bursal disease virus

Experiments determined the efficacy of live vaccines in specific-pathogen-free broilers against serologic subtypes of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Challenge isolates were the Delmarva variant E, a standard serotype I (APHIS) and a variant isolate from Mississippi. The vaccines were a cloned standard (CS) vaccine (Clone Vac-D78), a cloned variant (CV) vaccine (Bursa Vac IV), and an uncloned standard (UCS) vaccine (Bursine II). The severity of microscopic lesions was correlated with bursal atrophy as measured by bursa-weight-to-body-weight ratios. All vaccines provided adequate protection against the APHIS challenge. The three vaccines averaged 77% protection against APHIS in the first experiment and 78% in the second. Protection against the variant E and Miss isolates was considerably less for all vaccines. The three vaccines produced an average 70% protection against the Miss isolate in the first experiment and 69% in the second experiment. Against the variant E virus, the three vaccines averaged 67% protection in the first experiment and 65% in the second. There were significant differences in protection for each vaccine against individual IBDV subtypes. Results showed that no vaccine provided good protection (at least 80%) against all three subtypes of IBDV.     

A study of the epidemiology of infectious bursal disease in poultry in Queensland, 1976–1979

The epidemiology of infectious bursal disease (IBD) was studied by serology and sometimes by visual examination of the bursa of Fabricius in poultry flocks in Queensland during 1976–1979.
Ten flocks, each of approximately 30,000 meat breeding chickens, were surveyed. All chickens had maternally-derived antibody against IBD virus (IBDV) at hatching and active antibody was not detected while the chickens were brooded on rearing farms. When distributed to breeding farms, 7 of the flocks developed antibody when 11 to 25 weeks of age. The remaining 3 flocks were vaccinated by infection of 10% of the birds and within 4 weeks more than 80% of the chickens had developed precipitating antibody to IBDV.
Blood samples of 20 to 30 broiler chickens were collected at slaughter (7 to 9 weeks of age) from each of 312 broiler flocks raised on 37 contract farms. While the samples from 21 flocks were without detectable antibody to IBDV, all serum samples for 263 flocks contained antibody. The ratio of bursal weight to bodyweight was significantly lower in birds from 144 flocks having antibody to IBDV than in birds from 10 flocks that were without detectable antibody. In sequential studies, IBDV antibody became demonstrable in 27 of 30 flocks when the chickens were one to 6 weeks of age and was accompanied by bursal atrophy.
Serological investigation of 4 flocks of layer breeding chickens on a multi-age farm at approximately monthly intervals resulted in antibody to IBDV being detected at every examination.
Serological tests and bursal examinations were carried out weekly in 2 flocks each of 4000 layer chickens between one and 20 weeks of age. Serum antibody developed in one flock at 4 weeks of age and in the other at 17 weeks of age. In both flocks, bursal atrophy occurred concurrently with the development of antibody.     

Viral genotyping of infectious bursal disease viruses isolated from the 2002 acute outbreak in Spain and comparison with previous isolates

An infectious bursal disease (IBD) outbreak occurred in the east region of Spain in the spring of 2002 and rapidly spread thorough the whole country, although proper vaccination programs were applied. In this report, 33 infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs) isolated from this outbreak were characterized by nucleotide sequencing of the VP2 gene hypervariable region and were compared with reference IBD strains and the 1990s Spanish IBDVs in order to determine possible emergence of IBDV isolates with modified antigenic or virulent properties. Moreover, histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies of those cases where bursal tissues were available were carried out. Of the 33 isolates, 23 were identified as very virulent IBDVs (vvIBDVs), whereas the other 10 isolates were classified as attenuated or intermediate virulence classical strains and could possibly be IBDV live vaccine strains used in the immunization of these chickens. Results of this study indicate that wIBDV isolates from the 2002 Spanish outbreak are closely related with those from the 1990s outbreak. However, acute IBD cases have not been reported in Spain during these 10 yr. Genetic, management, and environmental factors likely related with IBD reemergence in Spain are discussed. Moreover, our results indicate that good correlation exists between the IBDV subtype present in the field and the degree of lesions in bursa tissue, as well as the immunohistochemistry staining.     

Molecular and phenotypic characterization of infectious bursal disease virus isolates

Two infectious bursal disease viruses (IBDVs 1174 and V1) were isolated from IBDV-vaccinated broiler flocks in California and Georgia. These flocks had a history of subclinical immunosuppression. These isolates are commonly used in IBDV progeny challenge studies at Auburn, AL, as well as vaccine manufacturer's vaccine efficacy studies, because they come from populated poultry-producing states, and are requested by poultry veterinarians from those states. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generated viral genome products for sequencing. A 491-bp segment from the VP2 gene, covering the hypervariable region, from each isolate was analyzed and compared with previously sequenced isolates. Sequence analysis showed that they were more closely related to the Delaware (Del) E antigenic variant than they are to the Animal Health Plant Inspection Service (APHIS) standard, both at the nucleotide level (96%, 97%) and at the amino acid level (94%, 97%). Both isolates had the glutamine to lysine shift in amino acid 249 which has been reported to be critical in binding the virus neutralizing Mab B69. Phenotypic studies showed that both isolates produced rapid atrophy of the bursae and weight loss, without the edematous bursal phase, in 2-wk-old commercial broilers having antibody against IBDV. A progeny challenge study showed both isolates produced more atrophy of the bursae (less percentage of protection) than the Del E isolate. Molecular and phenotypic data of these important IBDV isolates help in the improved detection and control of this continually changing and important viral pathogen of chickens.     

广西梧州地区近十年传染性法氏囊病病毒vVP2变化特征分析

为了解近10年来广西梧州地区鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)分子进化情况,对2013年—2014年间来自该地区传染性法氏囊病(Infectious bursal disease,IBD)的法氏囊样品进行IBDV的分离鉴定,并对分离株以及课题组2006年—2013年间分离的毒株,共24株的VP2高变区(vVP2)进行序列分析和遗传进化分析。结果表明,QX0601等23个分离株在关键氨基酸位点上具有256I、284A、294I等超强毒株(vvIBDV)的分子特征,遗传进化分析表明,这23株分离株与UK661、HK46等超强毒参考株同处一个分支中,亲缘关系较近;QX110603在关键性氨基酸位点上则具有256V、284T、294L等弱毒株的特征,遗传进化分析显示,其与BJ836等致弱株处于同一分支,亲缘关系较近。对所有分离株进行氨基酸位点分析发现,该地区IBDV进化出现了新的特点,212D-212N符合国内近年来的分离株的变化趋势,209T-209A、338R-338H、359T-359R则表现出地域特点,未曾见过相似报道。研究结果表明,具有vvIBDV分子特征的分离株是该地区近10年来主要流行毒株,该地区IBDV毒株在vVP2序列上仍处于不断进化中,且带有地域特点。     

Detection of infectious bursal disease virus in experimentally infected chickens by in situ hybridization

In situ hybridization was used in a pathogenesis study of three vaccine pathotypes (Delaware variant A, D78, and BursaVac) of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Tissues were excised (bursa, thymus, spleen, proventriculus, and cecal tonsils), fixed in formalin, and paraffin embedded at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hr postinoculation (HPI). With an antisense VP2 gene probe, viral nucleic acid was detected in bursas from both D78- and BursaVac-infected chickens at 24, 48, 72, and 120 HPI. However, viral RNA was detected only in the Delaware variant A-infected birds at 72 HPI. Thymus and spleen were positive in the D78-infected birds at 48 HPI and in the BursaVac-inoculated group at 72 HPI. Viral nucleic acid was not present in detectable levels among any of the tissues tested at 12 HPI. However, by 24 hr, scattered positive lymphoid cells were visualized in the bursal follicles of chickens infected with D78 and BursaVac. In addition, low levels of viral nucleic acids were detected in the thymus and spleen among the D78- and BursaVac-infected birds. The sites of viral replication were consistent between the two vaccine-infected groups (D78 and BursaVac), whereas the chickens infected with Delaware variant A had limited IBDV replication in the bursa.     

Field efficacy of different vaccines against infectious bursal disease in broiler flocks

A field study was performed to determine the efficacy of three commercially available vaccines against infectious bursal disease (IBD) in commercial broilers raised in a high IBD virus (IBDV) risk area. Live attenuated intermediate and intermediate plus vaccines were used in four flocks. Birds were vaccinated orally at the estimated vaccination time. Three broiler flocks were vaccinated subcutaneously with a turkey herpesvirus (HVT)-IBD vector vaccine at one day old. Evaluation of the efficacy of different vaccines was focused on humoral immune response, bursa/body weight (B/Bw) ratio, molecular detection of IBDV in ileocaecal tonsils and bursa of Fabricius, and production parameters. The serological results showed that although the uptake of all three vaccine strains was confirmed in the lymphoid organs, no significant antibody response to vaccination was detected in flocks vaccinated with intermediate and intermediate plus vaccines. A significant increase in antibody titres detected in flocks vaccinated with the vector vaccine indicated its ability to induce an immune response in birds with a high level of maternally derived antibodies. Observations obtained in this field trial did not confirm the expected reduction of the B/Bw ratio in flocks vaccinated with less attenuated vaccines. No significant differences were observed between birds vaccinated with the vector vaccine and those immunised with the intermediate plus vaccine. Very virulent IBDV was confirmed in the flock vaccinated with the intermediate vaccine. The infection induced reduced B/Bw and moderate mortality but did not affect the production parameters. Field infection was not detected in broilers vaccinated with the intermediate plus vaccine and the vector vaccine.