不同土壤类型对硫酸钾镁肥中钾、镁、硫吸附特性研究

在水稻土、红壤、潮土中分别加入不同浓度的硫酸钾镁肥溶液,研究3种土壤在不同浓度硫酸钾镁肥下pH值的变化及对K、Mg、S吸附的能力。结果表明:在3种土壤中加入硫酸钾镁肥都使土壤pH值下降,下降速度是红壤>水稻土>潮土。3种土壤对K的吸附能力较强,可用一元线性方程拟合,在0~354 mg kg-1的K加入量范围内,吸附率在50.4%~74.1%;对S的相对吸附率居中,可用一元二次方程拟合,在0~311 mg kg-1的S加入量范围内,吸附率在35.6%~88.1%;对Mg的吸附能力极弱。3种土壤对K、S吸附能力大小顺序为:潮土>红壤>水稻,对镁吸附能力大小顺序为:潮土>水稻土>红壤。土壤田间施用硫酸钾镁肥量应根据不同土壤对养分的吸附能力大小进行相应的调整。     

不同离子强度下SiO_2胶体对磺胺嘧啶土壤吸附迁移行为的影响

通过室内批实验和土柱出流实验,以二氧化硅胶体作为外源胶体,定量分析了改变离子强度时胶体对磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadiazine,SDZ)在土壤中吸附、迁移行为的影响。批实验结果表明,离子强度为0.001、0.003 mol L-1时胶体的加入能够抑制SDZ的吸附,而0.005、0.010 mol L-1时胶体的加入对SDZ吸附的影响与SDZ初始浓度有关。Freundlich模型能较好地拟合SDZ在土壤中的吸附情况,R2在0.958~0.997范围内。土柱实验结果表明,不加胶体时,高离子强度会促进SDZ在土壤中的迁移,SDZ在土柱中出流早,相对浓度峰值高且持续时间长;加胶体时,高离子强度下胶体出流量小,抑制SDZ在土壤中的迁移,SDZ的相对浓度峰值降低且更难洗脱,而低离子强度时胶体全部或部分出流,促进SDZ的迁移,SDZ出流早且相对浓度峰值高。总之,吸附迁移实验表明,低离子强度时,胶体的加入促进了SDZ的迁移抑制SDZ的吸附,高离子强度时则相反。该结果有助于全面理解土壤中磺胺类抗生素的运移,指导磺胺类抗生素的风险评估及防治。     

土壤溶液pH与磷酸根吸附的关系

溶液pH与磷吸附之间的关系研究表明:单位土壤上吸附单位量磷时的羟基释放量随磷吸附量的增大而增大。吸附磷量随pH而变化的曲线在pH3-6间出现-吸附峰值,当磷的浓度为50ppmP时,峰值最为明显,浓度高于或低于50ppmP时,峰值渐趋平缓。5ppm时,峰值已极不明显。峰值的形成可能与吸附颗粒表面氧化铝胶膜和表面基团形态及磷酸盐形态随pH变化而变化有关。     

可溶性有机碳在典型土壤上的吸附行为及机理

定量分析可溶性有机碳(DOC)在不同土壤上的吸附行为可为DOC在不同地区土壤中的去向及污染风险评估提供理论基础。本研究以河南潮土(包括砂质、壤质和黏质3种质地)、江苏黄泥土、江西红黏土和海南砖红壤等典型土壤为吸附介质,采用一次平衡法比较了DOC在不同土壤中的吸附容量及平衡液中DOC的结构变化。结果表明,供试土壤对DOC的吸附可用修正的Langmuir模型拟合。最大吸附量(Q_(max))从高到低依次为红黏土(2 892.67 mg/kg)、砖红壤(1 969.77 mg/kg)、黏质潮土(1 803.03 mg/kg)、黄泥土(1 003.84 mg/kg)、壤质潮土(989.31 mg/kg)和砂质潮土(441.18 mg/kg)。黄泥土的亲和系数(k)最大(2.53×10~(–3)),其次为砖红壤、红黏土和3种潮土。吸附后,除砂质潮土和壤质潮土外,其他土壤平衡液的芳香性均降低。相关性分析表明无定形氧化铝显著影响了Q_(max),而氧化铁的形态(无定形、络合态和低结晶态)决定了k值大小。红黏土、砖红壤和黄泥土更容易吸附DOC中的芳香族成分,主要吸附机制可能为配位体交换;砂质潮土和壤质潮土主要为阳离子架桥,而黏质潮土同时存在这两种吸附机制。     

生物炭对砂质潮土养分及玉米产量的影响

为了探索生物炭对砂质潮土中低产田的改良效果,采用田间小区试验,设三个生物炭梯度8 thm-2、16 thm-2和32 t hm-2,研究了生物炭施用对砂质潮土养分,微生物数量及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:施生物炭后土壤含水量显著高于空白对照(P0.05),其中以32 thm-2施用量含水量最高,最高比不施生物炭对照(CK)高5.4%。施用生物炭显著增加了土壤pH值,施用量越大pH增加值越高,开花期后pH开始缓慢下降;施用生物炭土壤铵态氮含量总体变化不明显,硝态氮含量显著低于CK,施用量越高,硝态氮含量越低;施生物炭明显提高了土壤中速效钾含量(P0.05),而对速效磷影响较小,后期有降低土壤速效磷的趋势;各梯度施用生物炭对试验土壤细菌数量没有显著影响(P0.05),较大施用量16 t hm-2和32 t hm-2显著提高了真菌数量(P0.05)。施用生物炭16 thm-2和32 thm-2可显著提高玉米地上部干物质积累量和产量,二者之间差异不显著(P0.05)。     

土壤水分及磷水平对草甘膦农药降解动力学的影响

近年来，草甘膦及其降解产物氨甲基磷酸 (AMPA)在土壤中的持久性及其环境风险日益受到关注。然而，草甘膦与磷酸盐结构相似且带电荷，可能与磷酸盐在土壤颗粒表面产生吸附竞争，进而影响其在土壤中的环境行为及土壤 磷的生物有效性。本研究通过室内控制试验，对不同磷肥施用水平(0，50 mg.kg-1，100 mg.kg-1)及水分条件下 (20%田间持水量 (20FC)，60%田间持水量 (60FC))，黄土中草甘膦农药降解动力学、土壤速效磷及土壤酶活性变化特征进行研究。结果表明：1) 不同磷肥施用及水分条件下，草甘膦农药在喷施初期降解速率较快，后期逐渐减缓；不同磷肥施用水平对草甘膦降解影响不显著，但不同水分梯度对其影响差异显著。其降解产物AMPA的含量随着草甘膦农药的降解而增加，不同磷肥施用水平处理AMPA的含量差异不显著，但不同水分条件下其峰值及变化特征差异显著，即：20FC 条件下到喷施后第14 d达到峰值，而60FC条件下在喷施后第7d 就达到峰值。通过拟合发现，草甘膦残留数量特征符合污染物一级动力学衰减模型，其半衰期分别为 69.3~77.0 d (20FC)和10.5~12.8 d (60FC)。2) 草甘膦农药喷施后，土壤中速效磷含量随草甘膦农药的降解呈现先减小后增大的变化特征，土壤水分对其影响差异显著。此外，草甘膦农药喷施后，磷酸酶活性受到明显抑制，N-乙酰胺基-β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨酸酶活性波动较大。不同磷肥施用水平对以上四种土壤酶活性的影响差异不显著，但不同水分梯度对其影响较大。由此表明：黄土中磷水平对草甘膦农药降解特征的影响不显著，但土壤水分状况显著影响草甘膦农药的衰减速率及其降解产物的残留水平；同时，草甘膦农药喷施，对黄土中速效磷及磷酸酶活性的影响较大，可能对土壤P循环及植物利用产生影响。因此，后续研究还应考虑草甘膦与土壤磷组分及相关酶活性的互馈效应，特别是在干旱条件下草甘膦及其降解产物的持久性与土壤健康的关系研究，以期为黄土区草甘膦农药的安全喷施提供科学依据。     

锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制重污染河道底泥氮磷释放研究

通过实验考察了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附去除作用,并考察了锆改性沸石活性覆盖控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵释放的效率。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随pH值的增加而降低：当pH值由4增加到5时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力增加;当pH值5-8时,对铵的吸附能力较高;当pH值由8增加到10时,对铵的吸附能力下降。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学满足准二级动力学模型,并且对磷酸盐和铵的吸附速率比较快。Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以用于描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附平衡数据,根据Langmuir模型计算得到的锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附量分别为7．75mg·g-1和9．59mg·g-1（pH7和25℃）。锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的去除率随锆改性沸石投加量的增加而增加,其吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是配位体交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是阳离子交换。被锆改性沸石所吸附的磷酸盐大部分（82．5％）以较为稳定形态磷（NaOH—P）存在,低溶解氧条件下不容易重新被释放出来。吸附磷酸盐后锆改性沸石中水溶性磷（WSP）、易解吸磷（RDP）和NaHCO,可提取态磷（Olsen—P）含量非常低,藻类可利用磷（AAP）含量仅占总磷含量的29％左右。低溶解氧条件下,重污染河道底泥会释放出大量的溶解性磷酸盐和铵,锆改性沸石活性覆盖则不仅可以使上覆水中的溶解性磷酸盐浓度控制到很低的水平,而且可以明显降低铵由底泥向上覆水迁移的速率。上述实验结果表明,锆改性沸石适合作为一种活性覆盖材料用于控制底泥溶解性磷酸盐和铵的释放。     

氟对土壤理化性质和玉米生长的影响

用盆栽试验研究了外源氟对潮土、黄棕壤pH、容重、玉米干物重和吸钾量的影响,结果表明：氟可以提高土壤pH,使土壤结块,容重增加,孔隙度减少,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土pH分别比对照增加了0.77和0.52,土壤容重分别增加了26.98%和27.72%。氟对潮土过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,加入氟600 mg/kg,氟对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶活性产生明显抑制作用;氟对黄棕壤碱性磷酸酶活性无影响,氟400 mg/kg对潮土碱性磷酸酶活性产生明显抑制。加入氟600 mg/kg,土壤中性磷酸酶活性明显降低;氟对黄棕壤酸性磷酸酶活性影响较潮土小。脲酶活性对氟最为敏感,在黄棕壤和潮土中,分别加入氟200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg,土壤脲酶活性明显降低。玉米苗期,氟浓度在400 mg/kg以上,才会对玉米苗期干物质积累产生影响,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土玉米幼苗干物重比对照分别减少了20.1%和9.8%,氟对黄棕壤玉米苗期生长影响比潮土大;随着玉米生长,氟对玉米干物重产生明显影响的浓度越来越低,在玉米拔节期,氟浓度在200～400 mg/kg时,玉米地上和地下部干物重比对照明显减少,氟对玉米根的抑制作用超过玉米地上部。氟对玉米吸钾量影响很大,加入氟浓度高于400 mg/kg时,玉米吸钾量明显减少。加入氟1000 mg/kg,潮土玉米含钾量与对照相比减少了43.7%,黄棕壤玉米减少了41.9%。潮土玉米吸钾量与对照相比减少了59.7%,黄棕壤玉米吸钾量减少了50.9%。     

上海市城区土壤磷酸盐吸附解吸动力学特征研究

研究结果表明,在强酸性降雨径流(pH2)冲刷下,城市土壤磷酸盐的解吸量明显增加;当pH2时,降雨径流酸性强度大小对城市土壤磷酸盐的解吸量影响不大。城市土壤对磷酸盐的等温吸附曲线符合修正的Langmuir方程。在自然条件下,即使在酸雨(pH4.5)的条件下,酸碱度效应对城市土壤磷酸盐吸附量的影响较小;随固液比增大,城市土壤磷酸盐以解吸为主的趋势越明显。这说明城市土壤吸持外源磷的能力弱,土壤胶体所吸附的磷容易被解吸进入土壤溶液,从而随着土壤溶液流动进入城市水环境,导致水体中磷浓度增高。     

铁氧化物影响土壤硝化作用动力学的作用机制

为探究铁氧化物对土壤硝化动力学的影响,以全铁含量低的酸性潮土(pH4.9)和中性潮土(pH7.2)为研究对象,通过7d的室内恒温(28℃)培养,研究了不同pH土壤在添加0(对照),0.5%,1%,3%,5%,10%(重量比)铁氧化物后的硝化动力学过程。结果表明:铁氧化物加入量超过3%,则改变中性潮土的硝化动力学过程由一级变为零级模型。不同含量铁氧化物加入后,酸性潮土的硝化过程均符合一级动力学模型。加铁处理的酸性潮土,其净矿化速率均显著高于不加铁处理。加铁量为10%处理的净矿化速率为4.12mg/(kg·d),是不加铁处理的7.82倍。随着铁氧化物加入量的增加,酸性潮土净硝化速率显著升高而中性潮土净硝化速率却显著下降。酸性潮土中铁氧化物加入量超过3%的处理,其净硝化速率极显著高于加铁量小于3%的处理。总之,铁氧化物的加入显著促进酸性潮土的净硝化速率,对中性潮土的净硝化速率却有显著抑制作用,并且加入量越大对2种土壤的作用效果越显著。3%的铁氧化物加入量是显著影响酸性潮土和中性潮土硝化作用的临界值。     

Influence of soil composition on adsorption of glyphosate and phosphate by contrasting Danish surface soils

The herbicide glyphosate and inorganic phosphate are strongly adsorbed by inorganic soil components, especially aluminium and iron oxides, where they seem to compete for the same adsorption sites. Consequently, heavy phosphate application may exhaust soil's capacity to bind glyphosate, which may lead to pollution of drain‐ and groundwater. Adsorption of phosphate and glyphosate to five contrasting Danish surface soils was investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The different soils adsorbed different amounts of glyphosate and phosphate, and there was some competition between glyphosate and phosphate for adsorption sites, but the adsorption of glyphosate and phosphate seemed to be both competitive and additive. The competition was, however, less pronounced than found for goethite and gibbsite in an earlier study. The soil's pH seemed to be the only important factor in determining the amount of glyphosate and phosphate that could be adsorbed by the soils; consequently, glyphosate and phosphate adsorption by the soils was well predicted by pH, though predictions were somewhat improved by incorporation of oxalate‐extractable iron. Other soil factors such as organic carbon, the clay content and the mineralogy of the clay fraction had no effect on glyphosate and phosphate adsorption. The effect of pH on the adsorption of glyphosate and phosphate in one of the soils was further investigated by batch experiments with pH adjusted to 6, 7 and 8. These experiments showed that pH strongly influenced the adsorption of glyphosate. A decrease in pH resulted in increasing glyphosate adsorption, while pH had only a small effect on phosphate adsorption.     

磷-铅-柠檬酸在红壤胶体上相互作用机理初探

以红壤胶体为对象,通过等温平衡试验,研究了柠檬酸对红壤胶体吸附磷的影响,以及吸附磷和柠檬酸后弃去上清液(次级吸附)和保留上清液(共吸附)两种方式对红壤胶体固定铅的影响。结果表明,柠檬酸对红壤胶体磷吸附产生抑制作用,且随着柠檬酸浓度增加而抑制作用增强;用Langmuir方程拟合时,红壤胶体对磷的吸附反应常数K、最大吸附量X m均随柠檬酸初始浓度增加而降低。吸附磷和柠檬酸后,两种处理方式对铅的固定量影响有明显差异,总体上,次级吸附试验中铅的固定量低于共吸附;且两种方式中铅的固定量均随磷初始浓度及磷吸附量的增加而增加,随柠檬酸浓度升高而降低。共吸附中铅固定量在柠檬酸初始浓度为0.1 mmol L-1和磷初始浓度小于0.4 mmol L-1时达到较高值,说明在此浓度下磷和柠檬酸的共同存在促进了红壤胶体对铅的固定。     

Modelling the effects of pH on phosphate sorption by soils

Samples of six soils were incubated at 60°C for 24 h with several levels of either calcium carbonate or hydrochloric acid. Phosphate sorption was then measured on sub-samples of the treated soils over 24 h at 25°C. In one set of measurements on all soils, 0.01 M calcium chloride was used as the background electrolyte. In another set, on two soils, 0.01 M sodium chloride was used. An interpolation method was used to give points on the three-dimensional surface relating the final pH of the suspensions to sorption of phosphate at specified solution concentrations of phosphate. The effects of pH on phosphate sorption differed between soils. For unfertilized soils, increases in pH up to about pH 5.5 decreased sorption. Further increases in pH decreased sorption further in one soil and increased it in three others. For fertilized soils, measured sorption increased with pH. When sodium chloride was used instead of calcium chloride, there was a more marked trend for sorption to decrease as pH increased. Differences between the soils were ascribed to differences in two soil properties. One was the rate at which the electrostatic potential in the plane of adsorption decreased as pH increased. Only small differences in the rate of change of potential were needed to reproduce the observed differences between soils. The electrostatic potential would decrease more quickly in solutions of a sodium salt than in solutions of a calcium salt and this explains the observed differences between these media. The other soil property that affected observed sorption was the release of phosphate from the soil. The amount released was largest at low pH. Consequently, for fertilized soils, measured sorption increased with pH.     

支持电解质浓度对磷酸根在可变电荷土壤表面吸附和解吸的影响

研究了离子强度对2种可变电荷土壤中磷酸根吸附和解吸的影响。结果表明,当pH分别大于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度的增加而增加;当pH分别小于3.7和4.0时,红壤和砖红壤对磷酸根的吸附量随离子强度呈相反的变化趋势。电解质主要通过改变离子专性吸附面上的电位来影响磷酸根的吸附。Zeta电位的测定结果表明,当pH大于土壤胶体的等电点(IEP)时,吸附面上电位为负值,且随离子强度增加数值减小,对磷酸根的排斥力减小,土壤表面对磷酸根的吸附量增加;当pH小于IEP时,吸附面上的电位为正值,它随离子强度增加而减小,不利于磷酸根的吸附。解吸实验的结果表明,吸附于可变电荷土壤表面的磷酸根在去离子水中的解吸量高于0.1 mol L-1NaNO3体系中的解吸量。这同样由于电解质浓度对土壤表面吸附面上的电位的影响所致。     

pH和三种阴离子对紫色土亚硒酸盐吸附-解吸的影响

p H和三种竞争性阴离子对紫色土亚硒酸盐吸附-解吸的影响的研究结果表明,随着p H的增大,紫色土对亚硒酸盐的吸附量减少,酸性条件下紫色土对亚硒酸盐吸附量最大。平衡液中加入磷酸氢二钠显著降低了土壤对亚硒酸盐的吸附,硫酸盐对紫色土吸附亚硒酸盐的影响很小,低浓度碳酸氢根离子对紫色土吸附亚硒酸盐具有促进作用,但高浓度的碳酸氢根离子则降低了紫色土吸附亚硒酸盐。磷酸氢根离子和硫酸根离子对亚硒酸盐吸附的影响符合Langmuir和Freundlich拟合方程式,决定系数R2值均在0.90以上。三种阴离子对亚硒酸盐的解吸影响不同,当有磷酸氢根离子和碳酸氢根离子存在时,亚硒酸盐的解吸率增大,而硫酸根离子的存在却对紫色土亚硒酸盐的解吸影响不大。在紫色土地区农业生产中采用含磷酸盐肥料和碱性碳酸氢铵肥料,这些措施可能增加土壤硒的有效性,进而增加植物硒吸收和积累。认识紫色土固液界面硒的吸附-解吸规律,可为提高紫色土地区硒生物有效性,从而进一步提高农产品中硒含量提供科学依据。     

施入粉煤灰和污泥对酸性淋溶土镉和铅吸附的影响

The safe recycling of fly ash (FA) and sewage sludge (SS) in the agricultural processes comprises an important environmental technology on waste management. Soils amended with FA and SS may change their ability to adsorb heavy metals due to either increase of soil pH or decomposition of sludge-borne organic matter. Thus, Cd and Pb sorption was investigated by 1-month incubation under soil moisture content at field capacity and room temperature with an acidic Typic Haploxeroalf from central Greece amended with varying amounts of FA and SS. Batch experiments were conducted by equilibrating the soil samples with CaCl₂ solutions containing 0-400 mg Pb L^-1 or 0-100 mg Cd L^-1. The results showed that the Freundlich equation described well the Cd and Pb sorption. Distribution coefficient (K_d) values of Pb were higher than those of Cd in all the treatments of this study. Application of FA increased K_d values for Cd and Pb to 8.2 and 2.3 times more than the controls, respectively. Simultaneous applications of FA and SS caused a K_d increase of 3.8 and 2.1 times compared to the treatments that received only SS for Cd and Pb, respectively. Treatment of SS alone did not significantly change Cd and Pb sorption compared to the controls. The sorption reactions seemed to be mainly affected by soil pH, which was revealed by the significant correlations of Cd and Pb sorption with soil pH. These suggested that fly ash was very useful as a low-cost adsorbent for Cd and Pb and could be used as an ameliorant for biosolid-amended acidic soils.     

Influence of incubation temperature on the behavior of triethylamine-extractable glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) in four soils

The behavior of glyphosate, extracted from four soils using aqueous triethylamine, was investigated at two temperatures. For each soil, and at both temperatures, there was a marked loss in the amount of extractable glyphosate immediately after addition of the herbicide to soil. This rapid loss of glyphosate was ascribed to adsorption of the herbicide into a nonextractable form. For three of the four soils used when incubated at 25 degrees C, the rates of loss of extractable glyphosate were similar to previously measured rates of degradation of this herbicide in these soils. However, loss of extractable glyphosate from the Culgoa clay loam was due not only to substrate degradation but also to slow sorption of glyphosate into the nonextractable form in this soil over the experimental period. For the Rutherglen and Walpeup soils, when incubated at 10 degrees C, the rates of loss of extractable glyphosate were half of the previously measured rate of degradation of this herbicide in these soils. However, there was no measured loss of extractable glyphosate from the Wimmera clay. As previous work has shown glyphosate to decompose readily in these soils at this temperature, these findings suggest that desorption of glyphosate may occur at a rate greater than degradation at this temperature and, hence, that temperature may play a pivotal role in sorption processes. Investigations with these soils when sterilized by gamma-irradiation showed that for the Walpeup, Wimmera, and Rutherglen soils, sorption was complete soon after the addition of the herbicide; however, for the Culgoa soil, further adsorption occurred over the entire experimental period.     

腐植酸在土壤中迁移的模拟实验研究

浅层地下水中的腐植酸与人体健康密切相关,腐植酸在土壤中的迁移影响土壤和地下水中腐植酸含量。采用土柱模拟实验,研究了不同条件下腐植酸的迁移规律。结果表明,腐植酸的出水浓度随时间逐渐升高,最后趋于稳定;同一时间段内,初始浓度为15mg·L-1时的出水浓度比10mg·L-1时高,且早24h达到稳定浓度;淋滤液pH为9时的出水浓度比pH为4时高,且早16h达到稳定浓度;粉质粘土柱对腐植酸的吸附和阻滞作用大于砂壤土柱,出水浓度较低,晚32h达到稳定浓度;土层厚为5cm的土柱出水浓度高于15cm土柱,早32h达到稳定浓度。分析认为,土壤对腐植酸的吸附作用是出水浓度变化的主要原因,腐植酸和土壤的理化性质是影响腐植酸在土壤中迁移的主要因素。     

土壤组分对广东省酸性水稻土磷吸附参数的影响

Soil components affecting phosphate sorption parameters were studied using acid paddy soils derived from basalt, granite, sand-shale and the Pearl River Delta sediments, respectively, in Guangdong Province.For each soil, seven 2.50 g subsamples were equilibrated with 50 mL 0.02 mol L-1 (pH=7.0) of KCl containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50 and 100 ng P kg-1, respectively, in order to derive P sorption parameters (P sorption maximum, P sorption intensity factor and maximum buffer capacity) by Langmuir isotherm equation. It was shown that the main soil components influencing phosphate sorption maximum (Xm) included soil clay, pH,amorphous iron oxide (Feo) and amorphous aluminum oxide (Alo), with their effects in the order of Alo ＞Feo ＞ pH ＞ clay. Among these components, pH had a negative effect, and the others had a positive effect.Organic matter (OM) was the only soil component influencing P sorption intensity factor (K). The main components influencing maximum phosphate buffer capacity (MBC) consisted of soil clay, OM, pH, Feo and Alo, with their effects in the order of Alo ＞ OM ＞ pH ＞ Feo ＞ clay. Path analysis indicated that among the components with positive effects on maximum phosphate buffer capacity (MBC), the effect was in the order of Alo ＞ Feo ＞ Clay, while among the components with negative effects, OM ＞ pH. OM played an important role in mobilizing phosphate in acid paddy soils mainly through decreasing the sorption intensity of phosphate by soil particles.     

Behavior of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in soils and water of reservoir Radeburg II catchment (Saxony/Germany)

The behavior of the herbicide glyphosate and its main metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) was investigated in soils and water in a well-defined catchment of the reservoir Radeburg II near Dresden (Saxony/Germany). The half-life of glyphosate in soil ranged from 11 to 17 days. Glyphosate and AMPA completely disappeared from soil after about 5 months following application of the products ”︁Roundup Ultra” and ”︁Touchdown”. The aquatic system in the test areas (surface water, soil solution, and groundwater) was not significantly affected by direct application of the compound. In general, there was a clear indication of strong sorption of the two substances by soil particles. Settlement areas were recognized as possible sources of glyphosate and AMPA intake in aquatic systems.