共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 13 毫秒
1.
Inger Hilde Zahl Anders Kiessling Ole Bent Samuelsen Rolf Erik Olsen 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(3):719-730
Stress in response to anesthesia with benzocaine, MS-222, metomidate and isoeugenol was studied in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) with no concomitant stress from handling or confinement in association with anesthesia or sampling. All of the anesthetics
tested induced a stress response in all species, displayed by a release of cortisol to the water. MS-222 anesthesia elicited
the highest cortisol release rates, reaching maximum levels 0.5 h post-exposure and returning to basal levels after 3–4 h.
Benzocaine anesthesia caused a bimodal response where the initial peak in cortisol release rate was followed by a second increase
lasting towards the end of the trial (6 h). This bimodality was more profound in Atlantic salmon than in Atlantic halibut
and Atlantic cod. Metomidate anesthesia induced the lowest release of cortisol of the agents tested in both Atlantic halibut
and Atlantic cod, but resulted in a bimodal response in Atlantic salmon where the initial increase in cortisol release was
followed by a larger increase peaking at 2–2.5 h post exposure before returning to basal levels after 5 h. The stress induced
in Atlantic salmon by isoeugenol anesthesia resembled that of MS-222, but did not reach the same elevated level. Overall,
the cortisol release was most profound in Atlantic salmon followed by Atlantic halibut and Atlantic cod. 相似文献
2.
Christopher Marlowe A. Caipang Sanchala Gallage Carlo C. Lazado Monica F. Brinchmann Viswanath Kiron 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(4):1151-1158
Bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) that contain unmethylated CpG motifs are strong inducers of immune
response in most mammalian organisms. The use of these synthetic CpG motifs in fish, particularly in salmonids and carp, resulted
in the modulation of their immune system. However, much less is known in other species of fish such as gadoids including Atlantic
cod, Gadus morhua. Using head kidney (HK) leukocytes of cod in an in vitro study, we determined the effects of some established CpG-ODNs on
the cellular responses of the fish immunocytes. Incubation of the HK leukocytes with 2 μM concentration of the CpG-ODNs resulted
in enhanced respiratory burst. There were differential effects on the activities of acid phosphatase and cellular myeloperoxidase.
Only CpG-ODN 1826 triggered a significant increase in the level of both enzymes. On the other hand, the supernatants derived
from the HK leukocytes after incubation with different CpG-ODNs did not possess bactericidal activity against Vibrio anguillarum and Aeromonas salmonicida. This study has shown that CpG-ODNs at low concentrations are able to stimulate respiratory burst in cod but have minimal
effects on cellular enzymatic activities and antibacterial action. 相似文献
3.
Carlo C. Lazado Christopher Marlowe A. Caipang Sanchala Gallage Monica F. Brinchmann Viswanath Kiron 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2010,36(4):883-891
This study identified phytase-producing bacteria that were previously isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic
cod, Gadus morhua and determined its effect on head kidney leukocytes. Out of the 216 bacterial strains tested, the two phytase producers were
identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Psychrobacter sp. based on their 16S rDNA sequence. Crude phytase from these two bacterial strains was produced employing the shake flask
method. Even though the total protein of the crude phytase was not significantly different for the two bacteria, the phytase
activity of the crude enzyme produced by Pseudomonas sp. (97.1 ± 16.7 U) was significantly higher than that of the enzyme from Psychrobacter sp. (75.9 ± 2.4 U). When cod head kidney leukocytes were incubated with the crude phytase (50 μg ml−1), it resulted in enhanced cell proliferation, higher myeloperoxidase, and acid phosphatase activities. Extracellular responses—respiratory
burst activity and hydrogen peroxide production were not enhanced by the crude enzyme. As a consequence, the growth of two
pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida and Vibrio anguillarum was not suppressed by the supernatants obtained from head kidney leukocytes incubated with the crude bacterial phytase. Thus,
the enzyme from phytase-producing intestinal bacteria of Atlantic cod can stimulate intracellular head kidney leukocyte activities
but not the production of extracellular substances that are involved in antibacterial response. These have implications on
the potential use of bacterial phytase as feed supplement to boost cellular immune response of the fish and could be employed
as a health management strategy in culture systems. 相似文献
4.
Keshuai Li Rolf Erik Olsen Mari-Ann Østensen Dag Altin Elin Kjørsvik Yngvar Olsen 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2016,42(1):137-147
The dietary requirement of phospholipid (PL) of fish larvae has been suggested to originate in an inefficient ability for de novo biosynthesis of PL based on dietary triacylglycerol (TAG). The main objective of the present study was to investigate whether cod larvae could synthesis PL from sn-2-monoacylglycerol (2-MAG) and glycerol precursors. A tube feeding method was used to deliver equal molar aliquots of 2-oleoyl-[1,2,3-3H]glycerol and [U-14C] glycerol together with bovine serum albumin (BSA) bound 16:0 (palmitic acid) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), with or without choline chloride to the foregut of anesthetized cod larvae and thereafter monitoring the metabolism of these components in the larvae through 4 h following injection. Our results showed that both 2-MAG and glycerol precursors contributed to the de novo synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and the 2-MAG pathway predominated over the G-3-P (glycerol-3-phosphate) pathway in the synthesis of TAG and PC. The molecular ratio of PC/TAG obtained from the 2-MAG and the G-3-P pathways was 0.44–0.74 and 1.02–2.06 within the first hour of tube feeding, suggesting they might have comparable biosynthesis ability of PC and TAG under the conditions of the present study. Furthermore, supplementation of choline chloride significantly increased PC/TAG ratio (p < 0.05) for both pathways. However, further studies are needed to quantify the enzyme activity involved in the CDP-choline (cytidine diphosphate choline) pathway, and the function of choline either in simulating PC synthesis or TAG catabolism or both needs further investigation. 相似文献
5.
The immediate-early gene (egr-1) expression was used to examine the neuron’s response in telencephalon of goldfish during spatial learning in small space.
Fishes were pre-exposed in the experimental apparatus and trained to pick food from the tray in a rectangular-shaped arena.
The apparatus was divided into identical compartments comprising three gates to provide different spatial tasks. After the
fish learned to pass through the gate one, two more gates were introduced one by one. Fish made more number of attempts and
took longer time (P < 0.05) to pass through the first gate than the gate two or three. This active learning induces the expression of egr-1 in telencephalon as established by western blot analysis. Subsequently, the fish learn quickly to cross the similar type
of second and third gate and make fewer errors with a corresponding decline in the level of egr-1 expression. As the fish learned to pass through all the three gates, third gate was replaced by modified gate three. Interestingly,
the level of egr-1 expression increased again, when the fish exhibit a high exploratory behavior to cross the modified gate three. The present
study shows that egr-1 expression is induced in the telencephalon of goldfish while intensively acquiring geometric spatial information to pass
through the gates. 相似文献
6.
The presence and vasoactive effects of native calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and neurokinin A (NKA)
were studied on isolated small branches of the coeliac artery from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, using immunohistochemistry and myograph recordings, respectively. Immunohistochemistry revealed nerve fibers containing
CGRP- and SP/NKA-like material running along the wall of the arteries. CGRP induced vasorelaxation of precontracted arteries
with a pD2 value of 8.54 ± 0.17. Relaxation to CGRP (10−8 M) was unaffected by l-NAME (3 × 10−4 M) and indomethacin (10−6 M) suggesting no involvement of nitric oxide or prostaglandins in the CGRP-induced relaxation. SP and NKA (from 10−10 to 3 × 10−7 M) contracted the unstimulated arteries at concentrations from 10−8 M and above in 42% and 33%, respectively, of the vessels. It is concluded that the innervation of the cod celiac artery includes
nerves expressing CGRP-like and tachykinin-like material, and that a vasodilatory response to CGRP is highly conserved amongst
vertebrates while the response to tachykinins is more variable. 相似文献
7.
8.
We analysed the genetic diversity of Melicertus kerathurus (Penaeidae), a commercially valuable penaeid shrimp that is distributed in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern Atlantic Ocean.
We examined the polymorphism of a 494 bp DNA segment of the mitochondrial COI region in 173 individuals, sampled in nine Mediterranean
and two Atlantic samples, covering the whole range of the species from the tropical waters of the Gulf of Guinea to the eastern
part of the Mediterranean Sea. The mean nucleotide and haplotype diversities were π = 0.00275 and h = 0.718, respectively, for the global data set, with the highest values occurring in the African samples and the lowest in
the Adriatic Sea. A clear sample differentiation was found (F
st = 0.194), but this did not reflect a geographical pattern and there were only faint traces of an Atlantic–Mediterranean subdivision.
Mismatch analysis and a high significant negative value of Tajima’s D suggested that M. kerathurus is not at mutation drift-equilibrium, but underwent a recent expansion after a period of low effective sample size. A postglacial
recolonisation of the Mediterranean from an Atlantic refuge could be hypothesised based on these data. 相似文献
9.
In this study, four essential oils—cinnamon oil, leech lime oil, lemongrass oil, and turmeric oil—were examined for their
antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus iniae, a bacterium that is pathogenic in fish, in which it causes streptococcosis. Cinnamon oil was the most potent antimicrobial
agent among these oils, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 40 μg/ml. By using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
(GC–MS), it was found that the major components of cinnamon oil were cinnamaldehyde (90.24), limonene (2.42%), cinnamyl acetate
(2.03%), linalool (1.16%), and α-terpineol (0.87%). Of these compounds, only cinnamaldehyde exhibited antimicrobial activity
against S. iniae, with an MIC of 20 μg/ml. In an in vivo trial, no mortality was apparent in fish fed on fish diets supplemented with 0.4%
(w/w) of cinnamon oil and with 0.1% (w/w) of oxytetracycline 5 days prior to infection with S. iniae. These results indicate that cinnamon oil had a protective effect on experimental S. iniae infection in tilapia, and thus has the potential to replace the antibiotics used to control this disease. 相似文献
10.
Huayu Song Mengxun Wang Zhongkai Wang Haiyang Yu Zhigang Wang Quanqi Zhang 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2016,42(4):1073-1092
11.
The present paper describes the growth properties of juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) reared at 7, 10, 13 and 16 °C, and a group reared under “temperature steps” i.e. with temperature reduced successively from
16 to 13 and 10 °C. Growth rate and feed conversion efficiency of juvenile Atlantic cod were significantly influenced by the
interaction of temperature and fish size. Overall growth was highest in the 13 °C and the T-step groups but for different
reasons, as the fish at 13 °C had 10% higher overall feeding intake compared to the T-step group, whereas the T-step had 8%
higher feeding efficiency. After termination of the laboratory study the fish were reared in sea pens at ambient conditions
for 17 months. The groups performed differently when reared at ambient conditions in the sea as the T-step group was 11.6,
11.5, 5.3 and 7.5% larger than 7, 10, 13 and 16 °C, respectively in June 2005. Optimal temperature for growth and feed conversion
efficiency decreased with size, indicating an ontogenetic reduction in optimum temperature for growth with increasing size.
The results suggest an optimum temperature for growth of juvenile Atlantic cod in the size range 5–50 g dropping from 14.7 °C
for 5–10 g juvenile to 12.4 °C for 40–50 g juvenile. Moreover, a broader parabolic regression curve between growth, feed conversion
efficiency and temperature as size increases, indicate increased temperature tolerance with size. The study confirms that
juvenile cod exhibits ontogenetic variation in temperature optimum, which might partly explain different spatial distribution
of juvenile and adult cod in ocean waters. Our study also indicates a physiological mechanism that might be linked to cod
migrations as cod may maximize their feeding efficiency by active thermoregulation. 相似文献
12.
Wei Liu Huayu Song Aoyun Li Xinxin Du Yuezhong Liu Yan He Quanqi Zhang Jie Qi 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2016,42(5):1275-1285
13.
Renata Maria Medeiros-Silva Humber Agrelli Andrade 《International Aquatic Research》2016,8(4):343-352
The reliability of estimations of catches of pelagic longline fisheries is especially worrying in the case of non-target species such as the sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and spearfish (Tetrapturus pfluegeri), because they are often recorded aggregated in onboard maps. For this reason, generalized linear models were used to identify a number of important explanatory variables and their effect on sailfish and spearfish proportions. The response variable (number of sailfish in the aggregate capture) is assumed as binomial using the logit link function. The explanatory variables used were foram year, qrt (quarter), fleet, de (distance from equator) and d (distance from areas above sea level). The selected models showed that the equatorial and coastal regions presented higher densities or catchabilities of sailfish when compared to spearfish, as in the case for fleets of China Taipei and the United States. The lowest mean proportion of sailfish [sailfish/(sailfish + spearfish)] of the third quarter were driven mostly by the low estimations calculated for Japan and Brazil. 相似文献
14.
Fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-dextran) exchange between the primary (PCS) and secondary (SCS) circulatory systems
in the Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua (Linnaeus, 1752), were studied using 20-kDa (n = 4) and 500-kDa (n = 4) FITC-dextran. In order to give a qualitative perspective of the general connection between the PCS and SCS, distribution
of plasma-borne tracers (FITC-dextran) in the PCS and SCS were examined. In this study, a total of eight cod were cannulated
in the ventral aorta (PCS) and dorsal cutaneous vessel (SCS), for investigation of FITC-dextran disappearance in the PCS and
its subsequent appearance in the SCS. FITC-dextran of both sizes was found to be in equilibrium between the PCS and SCS in
less than 20 min. This indicates a profound connection between the PCS and SCS in the Atlantic cod, and rapid mixing of tracers
between the PCS and SCS. The destination of the injected 500-kDa FITC-dextran was also examined, and it was observed that
of the 500-kDa FITC-dextran lost from the primary and secondary vascular systems, 63.0 ± 9.2% could be recovered from the
liver 相似文献
15.
Anaemia is a common pathology associated with many infectious and non-infectious diseases. The effects of haemolytic anaemia
induced by i.p. injection of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) were studied in Atlantic cod. Phenylhydrazine injection (0.3 mg kg−1) in a DMSO and saline vehicle induced a reproducible and stable anaemia reducing haematocrit, (Hct) by 62% over 3 weeks.
Controls consisted of fish injected with saline and DMSO/saline vehicle with minimal effects on Hct or whole blood haemoglobin
(Hb). Although anaemia resulted in reduced blood lactate and glucose in PHZ injected fish, there were no effects of anaemia
on blood, sodium, chloride or potassium. Similarly, there were no changes in the relative proportions of leucocytes in the
blood although an increase in the number of immature erythrocytes was observed in the anaemic fish. Anaemic fish showed a
29 and 22% increase in cardiac somatic index (CSI) relative to saline and vehicle controls, respectively, although there were
no significant differences in the linear dimensions of the ventricle. Changes in cardiac somatic and ventricular somatic index
correlated positively and significantly with Hct but not with whole blood Hb concentration. Anaemic fish had significantly
reduced resting routine oxygen consumption compared with vehicle controls but were not able to increase oxygen consumption
following a bout of exhaustive exercise. Plasma lactate concentrations increased significantly after exercise to a greater
extent in anaemic fish compared with vehicle control fish. Phenylhydrazine is a useful model for studying haemolytic anaemia
in Atlantic cod with minimal effects on blood biochemistry and haematology and clearly reduces the aerobic capacity in Atlantic
cod. 相似文献
16.
Pipadchaya Supannapong Teerayut Pimsalee Teerasak A-komol Arunee Engkagul Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi Satit Kovitvadhi Krisna Rungruangsak-Torrissen 《Aquaculture International》2008,16(5):437-453
Hyriopsis (Hyriopsis) bialatus has been cultured during the mussel life cycle from glochidia to the adult stage with a low total survival of 6% up to 130-day-old
juveniles. The main digestive enzymes (amylase and proteinases) were not detectable in one-day-old juveniles, and increased
during development. The stomach, including digestive glands, was the major digestive organ for both carbohydrate and protein.
The optimum conditions for amylase activity were 40°C and pH 7; for acidic proteinases they were 60°C and pH 5. Two main alkaline
proteinases were found in the intestine, with optimum conditions of 30°C and pH 8 and 60°C and pH 8. To improve mussel survival
by finding suitable phytoplankton species and age as food for juveniles and adults, an in-vitro digestibility test was performed
on ten algal species three and seven days old using amylase and proteinases in crude enzyme extracts from different mussel
life stages. Among the phytoplankton selected, the three most efficiently digested by juveniles were seven-day-old Chlorella sp.2, seven-day-old Chlorococcum sp. and seven-day-old Kirchneriella incurvata, in the ratio 1:1:3 for 30-day-old juveniles and 3:1:1 for 130-day-old juveniles. For the adult mussel, three-day-old Chlorella sp.2, seven-day-old Coccomyxa sp., and seven-day-old Monoraphidium sp., in the ratio 3:1:1, were the most digestible phytoplankton. Levels of in-vitro digestibility were related to the quality
(not the concentrations) of carbohydrate and protein in the phytoplankton mixtures, and protein digestibility seemed to be
the key factor determining food quality for the mussel. 相似文献
17.
P. Domingues S. Garcia I. Hachero-Cruzado N. Lopez C. Rosas 《Aquaculture International》2010,18(3):487-499
The effects of two alternative prey (crayfish and hake) were tested on growth and survival of both juveniles and adults of
Octopus vulgaris in two experiments. Octopuses fed the control (squid) were larger (3.0 ± 0.7 kg) than those fed crayfish (2.4 ± 0.6 kg) at
the end of experiment I. Similarly, overall growth rates were higher for octopuses fed squid (1.7 ± 0.3 and 1.2 ± 0.2 %BW day−1, respectively). Average feeding rates for the experiment were not different, being 6.5 ± 0.9 and 7.5 ± 0.9 %BW day−1, respectively, for octopuses fed either squid or crayfish. Nevertheless, food conversions for the experiment were higher
(42.4 ± 2.7%) for octopuses fed squid compared to the ones fed crayfish (23.9 ± 1.9 g). For experiment II, hake and crayfish
were compared to squid; the final weight of octopuses fed squid, hake or crayfish was 1,183.0 ± 242.7 g, 1,175.6 ± 240.1 g
and 922.3 ± 160.1 g, respectively. Overall growth rates for the experiment were 1.9 ± 0.2 %BW day−1, 1.9 ± 0.3 %BW day−1 and 1.1 ± 0.3 g, respectively. Final weight and growth rates were never different (P > 0.05) between octopuses fed squid and hake, but were always higher (P < 0.05) compared to the ones fed crayfish. Average feeding rates for experiment II were similar for the three diets, and
of 4.6 ± 1.5, 4.2 ± 1.3 %BW day−1 and 5.1 ± 0.9 %BW day−1, respectively, for octopuses fed squid, hake or crayfish. Food conversions for experiment II were of 41.0 ± 9.6%, 40.5 ± 9.9%
and 21.3 ± 7.4 g, respectively, for octopuses fed squid, hake or crayfish, and were always higher for octopuses fed squid
and hake compared to crayfish. The results indicate that crayfish is not an adequate replacement for the usual prey to fatten
octopus, even considering its much lower market price. 相似文献
18.
Tram T. Vuong Sissel B. Rønning Svein O. Kolset Mona E. Pedersen 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》2017,43(1):19-25
Post mortem storage is a necessary process for removal of pin bones without destruction of fillets, thereby avoiding volume and economic loss. However, the enzymes involved in loosening pin bones during storage have not been studied to a great extent. In this study, the activities and localization of MMPs in the connective tissue (CT) of pin bones dissected from fillet of salmon and cod were investigated. Interestingly, the enzyme activity profile in these two species was different during post mortem storage of fish fillets. Adding MMP inhibitor (GM6001) and serine protease inhibitor (Pefabloc) revealed different effects in the two species, suggesting different regulations in salmon and cod. In situ zymography with the same inhibitors verified MMP and serine protease activity in CT close to pin bone at early post mortem (6 h) in salmon. However, MMP inhibition was not evident in cod in this area at that time point. Immunohistochemistry further revealed MMP9 and MMP13 were located more to the outer rim of CT, facing the pin bone and adipose tissue, while MMP7 was more randomly distributed within CT in salmon. In contrast, all these three MMPs were randomly distributed in CT in cod. In summary, our study reveals different MMP enzyme profiles in salmon and cod in the pin bone area, influenced by serine proteases, and suggests that MMPs and serine proteases must be taken in consideration when studying the conditions for early pin bone removal. 相似文献
19.
Melanin deposits in white muscle represent a potentially serious quality problem for farmed cod. Black lines of deposited
melanin are associated with blood vessels and consist of layers of melanin-filled cells. Despite numerous anecdotal reports
of melanosis in farmed cod no detailed investigations into the underlying mechanisms have been undertaken. In this study we
have confirmed that melanosis is present in both farmed and wild cod. However, the incidence of melanosis in wild fish is
much lower than that in farmed fish. In addition, we have demonstrated that tyrosinase, a copper-dependent metalloenzyme that
is the primary enzyme of melanin synthesis, is present in cod tissues. Copper levels are significantly different in the white
muscle of farmed (0.5 ± 0.03 mg/kg wet weight) and wild (0.34 ± 0.01 mg/kg wet weight) cod (P < 0.05) and in the blood vessels of farmed (2.23 ± 0.37 mg/kg wet weight) and wild (0.32 ± 0.02 mg/kg wet weight) cod (P < 0.05). Similarly, differences in the levels of tyrosinase activity were observed in both muscle and blood vessels. Melanised
tissues contain higher copper concentrations than tissue containing little or no melanin. Furthermore, we have shown that
the addition of copper to protein extracts from fish muscle causes an increase in tyrosinase activity in vitro. Our results
suggest that overabundance of copper in commercial feeds leads to increased melanin synthesis via increased tyrosinase activity.
We propose that melanin is deposited at sites of high copper exposure and subsequently sequesters copper as a means of reducing
the overload stress on other homeostatic mechanisms. 相似文献
20.
Marianna Vaz Rodrigues Claire Juliana Francisco Gianmarco S. David Reinaldo José da Silva Maria Fernanda Falcone-Dias João Pessoa Araújo Júnior 《Aquaculture International》2018,26(1):127-138
Francisella noatunensis orientalis is a bacterium that causes emerging bacteriosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in many parts of the world, including Brazil. It is a non-motile, Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, facultative intracellular coccobacillus. This species of bacteria is responsible for low to high mortality in fish farms, causing economic losses for fish farmers. This study aimed to detect the presence of F. noatunensis orientalis using qPCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) and to describe lesions caused by the bacterium in O. niloticus in Brazilian aquaculture. For this purpose, 360 fish from six fish farms (30 per farm) were sampled at two time points (n = 180 per sampling). Necropsies and histopathology were performed for lesion observation, in addition to qPCR and sequencing for detection and identification of Francisella species. Environmental data were collected using a multiparameter sonde YSI EXO2. All measured limnological variables were within the optimum range for cultivation of Nile tilapia. The major lesions present were melanization of the skin, splenomegaly, granulomas, and inflammatory cell responses. The prevalence of francisellosis varied from 0 to 86.66% between time periods and fish farms analyzed, and an outbreak was observed during the second sampling period. This study describes the prevalence of francisellosis in O. niloticus and reports that the lesions found are not exclusively associated with this bacterial disease. 相似文献