中国筒天牛属二新种记述(鞘翅目:天牛科:沟胫天牛亚科)

记述沟胫天牛亚科筒天牛属2新种,锥胸筒天牛Oberea conicus sp.nov.和指突筒天牛Oberea fingeriventris sp.nov..新种模式标本分别保存于西南农业大学植保系昆虫标本馆和南开大学生物系昆虫标本室.     

Evaluation of beetle capture in traps as compared with manual capture on flowers in a long-term investigation in a beech forest

Beetle samples captured by traps were compared with those captured manually on flowers in a beech forest in Central Japan. Plastic traps (Sankei Chemical Co., Ltd.) equipped with benzyl acetate were set up from the 2nd of June to the 8th of September 1994, and all beetles captured were collected every week. Beetles were also captured on wild flowers blooming along the forest road. The traps captured 21,650 individuals of 169 species in 37 families. On the other hand, 971 individuals of 77 species in 19 families were captured on the flowers. All of the families and 57 (74%) species of the beetles captured on the flowers were also captured by the traps; all of the species with more than five individuals captured on the flowers were also trapped, except for one species. The present trap system is considered to be useful for faunal monitoring of flower-visiting Coleoptera, because the beetle fauna found on wild flowers was virtually covered by the trap capture. A part of this paper was presented at the 106th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society (1995).     

Comparison of beetle samples captured by traps with those of flowers in a broad-leaved forest

Beetle samples were compared between catches by traps and those on flowers in a Japanese beech (Fagus crenata Blume) forest, in Minakami, Gunma Prefecture, Japan. White plastic traps (Sankei Chemical Co., Ltd.) equipped with benzyl acetate were set out for a month from July 23 to August 23, 1993, and all beetles captured were collected every six days. During six days from August 10 to August 16, beetles were captured with traps and on wild flowers (Aruncus sylvester Kostel andAngelica polyclada Franch) at three hour intervals. Over the month, the traps captured 1,677 individuals of 73 species of 20 families, which included 16 (89%) species captured on flowers in the six-day period. Over the six days, the traps captured 327 individuals of 21 species of 12 families, compared with 685 individuals of 18 species of 5 families on the flowers; all of the families and nine (50%) species of beetles taken on the flowers were also captured by the traps; all of the species with more than five individuals captured on the flowers were also trapped. This suggests that capture by traps might sufficiently cover the beetle fauna on flowers. The number of species and individuals, as well as their changing patterns, however, varied more irregularly during the six-day period with the traps than with those on the flowers. A part of this paper were presented at the 46th meeting of the Kanto Branch of the Japanese Forestry Society (1994) These English titles are tentative translation by the authors from the originals     

栗山天牛研究进展

栗山天牛Massicus raddei是近年来在我国东北林区危害严重的钻蛀性害虫,主要危害25 a生以上的辽东栎、蒙古栎等栎属树木。文章综述了栗山天牛的分布、寄主、危害、发生与环境的关系及预测预报和防治技术,为其综合治理和后续研究提供参考。最后,阐述了以生物防治为主的栗山天牛综合防治技术。     

Reproductive traits and diel activity of adultMonochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) at two different temperatures

To investigate the reproductive traits and diel activity ofMonochamus saltuarius, 14 pairs of the adults were reared and observed at each of 20°C and 25°C. Both sexes were more active at 25°C than at 20°C irrespective of the presence or absence of light. A diel change in behavior during 24 h was found on 33% of a total of 48 observations of three age classes of both sexes. No significant difference was found in the mean longevity between sexes or between the two temperature conditions. The time required for reproductive maturation showed no significant difference within the same sex when reared at 20°C and 25°C. The mean oviposition period was significantly longer at 25°C (28.8 days) than at 20°C (12.2 days). The mean lifetime fecundity was significantly greater at 25°C than at 20°C. There was no significant difference in the oviposition ratio (number of eggs deposited/number of oviposition wounds excavated), oviposition rate or hatchability for females between the two temperature conditions.     

Effects of volatiles of non-host plants and other chemicals on oviposition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus alternatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

The response of adult females of Monochamus alternatus to volatiles of non-host plants was evaluated using a Y-tube olfactometer. Eight non-host plant species were tested, namely Broussonetia papyrifera, Cedrus deodara, Firmiana simplex, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Platycladus orientalis, Populus xiaohei, Salix babylonica and Sophora japonica. The volatiles of all test species, except those of C. deodara, repelled the females in the olfactometer bioassays. Oviposition by adult females on the host plant, Pinus massoniana, was deterred by the volatiles of non-host plants and by some other chemicals. Volatiles of P. orientalis had the strongest oviposition-deterring activity and those of S. japonica the least. Volatiles of C. deodara had no influence on oviposition of the females. Selected chemicals, namely benzaldehyde, citronellal, essential oil of Mentha spicata, eucalyptol, nerolidol, nicotine and salicylaldehyde, strongly deterred the females from oviposition, and nicotine caused maximum decrease in egg-laying and scar-excavation.     

Threshold temperatures and degree-day estimates for development of post-dormancy larvae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus galloprovincialis</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Developmental thresholds and thermal requirements for development of post-dormancy larvae of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Cerambycidae; Monochamini) were studied at ten constant temperatures ranging from 7 to 35°C. The relationship between temperature and development duration in days was linear between 15 and 30°C (r ²  = 0.98). The lower threshold for development was determined to be 12.2 ± 0.8°C and an average of 822 degree-days (DD) above that value was required for 50% adult emergence under laboratory conditions. The rate of larval development decreased above 30°C and the lethal upper threshold was between 32 and 35°C. Degree-day rate summation was initiated in the first of March and model predictions were validated with records of field emergence for the years 2001 to 2004. The modified sine wave predicted median emergence with an average error of 3.8 days from emergences in the field and a zero-day difference for two of the years. Model predictions were always within 10% of actual observed emergences. Predictions for early emergences (cumulative percentiles 1 and 10) were less accurate than predictions for median and late emergencies. The results suggest that a simple linear method driven by air temperatures can predict the emergence of M. galloprovincialis with sufficient accuracy to improve the pest management programmes currently implemented on the pine wilt disease affected zone in Portugal.     

Species composition of Modellidae and Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) in a coppice woodland

A continuous sampling of canopy beetles was carried out to determine variations in the abundance, species diversity, richness, and composition of the Mordellidae and Cerambycidae in a coppice woodland. Changes in the abundance and the species richness were monitored at three heights in the forest throughout the season in 1999, using yellow and blue water pan traps. The results showed significant variations in the abundance of Mordellidae among the canopy layers, while little variation was found for Cerambycidae. The abundance, species diversity, and richness were generally greater in summer. The results showed distinct species compositions in both families among layers.     

Response of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) to forest gaps formed by a typhoon in a red pine forest at Gwangneung Forest,Republic of Korea

In Korea, damaging typhoons related to climate change have increased steadily since the 1990s. Red pine (Pinus densiflora) forests in Gwangneung Forest were greatly disturbed by typhoon Kompasu in 2010. A survey was carried out to clarify differences in ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities between forest gaps and undamaged forests. Ground beetles were sampled using pitfall traps from early May to late October 2011. Vegetation changes, litter layer, organic matter layer, and soil conditions were also measured. A total of 1035 ground beetles of 32 species were collected. Contrary to our expectation, species richness, abundance, and community structure of the ground beetles in forest gaps were similar to those in undamaged forests. Species richness and abundance of habitat type were also similar. However, species diversity and estimated species richness in forest gaps were significantly higher than in undamaged forests. These findings suggest that forest gaps formed by a typhoon did not lead to great change in ground beetle communities.     

First detection of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) on Monochamus sutor (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Romania

As a result of the detection of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Portugal, and its subsequent spread to Spain, intense surveys were conducted to screen for the presence of Bursaphelenchus species in Romania. Herein, we report recent surveys of insects potentially vectoring Bursaphelenchus species collected using trap trees or pheromone‐baited traps placed in the forest. Trap felled spruce trees (Picea abies) and pheromone‐baited traps were installed in six different counties in Romania (Bra?ov, Sibiu, Suceava, Hunedoara, Timi? and Dâmbovi?a). Ten different species of insects distributed among Curculionidae and Cerambycidae were obtained. Nematodes were extracted from insects and observed to validate the presence of Bursaphelenchus specimens. One female identified as Monochamus sutor was the only specimen carrying nematodes in the genus Bursaphelenchus. Nematodes were identified as B. mucronatus based on morphological and molecular features. This is the first detection and report of natural spread of B. mucronatus in Romania. The absence of B. xylophilus was confirmed in the areas of Romania surveyed in this work.     

云南省松墨天牛生物学特性和地理分布研究

松墨天牛是云南省近年来危害云南松最为严重的蛀干害虫之一。该虫在滇中地区1a发生1代．以3、4龄幼虫在寄主枝干的木质部内越冬。成虫3月下旬羽化，4月上、中旬为羽化盛期。由于该虫在云南省的寄主分布广，繁殖条件适宜，加之扩散途径多、种群密度大等因素，致使分布范围迅速扩散，造成极大的直接和潜在危害。文中针对松墨天牛在云南省的危害特点提出防治措施。     

Manual soil preparation and piles of branches can support ground beetles (Coleoptera,carabidae) better than four different mechanical soil treatments in a clear-cut area of a closed-canopy pine forest in northern Poland

I studied ground beetles in clear-cuts that represent six treatments: (i) manual plowing, (ii) plowing with a FAO-FAR FV 4088 cutter, (iii) plowing with an active single-moldboard U-162, (iv) plowing with a double moldboard forest plow LPz, (v) active piling of logging slash and (vi) no plowing or slash piles. The four plowing techniques differed in the depth and extent of their impact. Manual scarification of soil had the least effect on the species diversity, abundance and ecological traits of carabids. The larger the area and the deeper the plowing, the greater was the transformation of carabid assemblages. Piles of branches proved to be beneficial for the preservation of forest species, large species, mesophilic species and those with low dispersal power in clear-cut areas. In general, deep plowing was conducive to an increase in the proportion of individuals representing early succession species, whereas shallow plowing and especially manual scarification favored late succession species. The results suggest that for effective support of carabid beetles in a clear-cut area, only shallow plowing should be used. Piles of branches can be retained in a clear-cut area to provide a shelter supporting for forest fauna.     

Parasitoids associated with Monochamus galloprovincialis (Oliv.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) within the pine wilt nematode-affected zone in Portugal

Until recently, the pine sawyer Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera; Cerambycidae) was considered a secondary forest pest in Portugal. Its pest status changed when it was found to be the main vector of the recently introduced pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Bührer) Nickle (Nematoda; Aphelenchoididae). A survey in three locations within the PWN-affected zone was conducted in order to identify parasitoids associated with immature stages of the beetle and to evaluate their importance. No parasitoid was found associated with the insect eggs whereas 10% of the larvae were found parasitised by three Braconidae. Cyanopterus flavator Fabricius was the most numerous species; Iphiaulax impostor (Scopoli) and Coeloides sordidator Ratzeburg were the other species present. A review of the parasitoids associated with Monochamus in Europe, eastern Asia and North America was made, and the possibility of using the local species in future biological control programmes in Portugal is briefly discussed.     

亚热带林7种林冠树种落叶分解中矿质元素动态

应用分解网袋法对亚热带常绿阔叶林7种常见林冠树种落叶分解过程中矿质元素(K,Na,Ca,Mg,Al,Fe,Mn,Cu和Zn)动态变化进行了为期2年的研究。这些树种是研究地区森林植被的代表种,且不同树种的落叶化学组成差异明显。研究结果表明:落叶分解速率(落叶干重残留百分率和分解常数k)与矿质元素初始浓度之间没有明显的相关性。但是,大多数情况下,落叶干重残留百分率与残留落叶的矿质元素浓度之间有着显著的相关关系。落叶分解过程中不同矿质元素的迁移性大小依次为:Na=K>Mg≥Ca>N≥Mn≥Zn≥P>Cu>>Al>>Fe。各树种的K和Na浓度在分解中均表现为下降趋势,Ca和Mg浓度亦表现为下降趋势,但在分解初期偶有升高倾向。而各树种中的其它元素(Zn,Cu,Al,Fe)浓度在分解中都表现出升高趋势,唯有Mn例外,在不同树种间,其浓度的变化模式存在一定差异。大多数树种的Cu,Al和Fe等3元素在分解试验末期的绝对重量均比初始重量显著提高,其机理在很大程度上可能归因于这些元素与腐殖质的结合,而不是生物固定。     

Evaluation of mature conifer plantations as secondary habitat for epigeic forest arthropods (Coleoptera: Carabidae; Araneae)

Spiders (Araneae) and ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) were studied in a woodland of the Northwest German lowland. An ancient oak–beech stand (170 years old) growing on mineral soil as well as a 110-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and a 55-year-old spruce (Picea spp.) forest growing on peat were investigated by pitfall trapping. A total of 155 species (39 carabids, 116 spiders) and 16,887 individuals (5269 carabids, 11,618 spiders) was recorded. Beetle diversity was high in the oak–beech stand and the spruce forest, but significantly lower in the pine forest. In both conifer plantations the activity density of carabids was considerably lower. Spider diversity was significantly higher in the spruce forest when compared to the beech and pine stand, respectively. Analyses of assemblage similarity distinguished clearly the fauna of all three stands. For each forest type, indicator species were detected. Although both conifer plantations were planted on former bogs, spider species typical of bogs were present only in the pine stand, not in the spruce stand. In both animal taxa, species typical of deciduous forests were more numerous and abundant in the oak–beech stand when compared to the conifer plantations. Although they were in direct contact, the conifer stands on peat only to a very low extent serve as secondary habitats for the epigeic fauna of the autochthonous deciduous woodland. During the 1990s, various agricultural programmes in Central Europe promoted such conifer plantations – in contrast, such afforestation measures on extensively used or fallow land of former bogs are not supported by the results of this study.     

Distribution and composition of carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) communities across the plantation forest cycle—Implications for management

If national afforestation targets are met, the proportion of area under plantation forest cover in Ireland will almost double by the year 2030 to 17%, and will consist of mostly non-native trees. There is an urgent and vital need to assess and to maximise the biodiversity potential of these forests. This study compares carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) composition and assemblage patterns across different stages of the forest cycle, in addition to intensive grassland habitats, the habitat the plantation forest will most likely be replacing. The clearfell habitat had the highest median species richness, while the grassland habitat had the highest species diversity, but lowest species dominance. Ordination analysis revealed that the species assemblages of all stages of the forest cycle could be clearly separated from the grassland habitat, while differences were also observed between forest stages. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the most significant factors influencing carabid community composition were percent cover of ground vegetation and mosses, and also percent soil moisture. Differences in species with varying physical traits and microhabitat preferences were also observed between habitats, with larger, brachypterous species positively associated with increasing canopy cover and smaller macropterous species displaying the opposite pattern. The presence and abundance of forest-associated species increased with increasing plantation age, with a corresponding decrease in open habitat-associated and generalist species. The results of this study suggest that at the landscape scale, a variety of different aged forest stands would maximise the biodiversity potential of the planned afforestation.     

Changes in Buprestidae (Coleoptera) community with successional age after fire in a Pinus brutia forest

Fire is a frequent and common disturbance factor in Mediterranean ecosystems. It is a most spectacular ecological force because it destroys ecosystems in a very short time. Pinus brutia Ten. forests, which are one of the most widespread ecosystems in the eastern Mediterranean rim, have developed adaptations against fire. The adaptations evolved by plant species have been studied extensively. However, the response of insects, which are an important part of the ecosystem, has received little attention. In this study, we investigated the effects of fire on the community structure of Buprestidae over the long term and along a successional gradient. The study was carried out at the Marmaris National Park (N 36°50, E 28°17), which is located in southwestern Turkey. Four sites were selected to represent the different stages of succession. Buprestids were sampled using sweep nets with a 32-cm diameter that were swung 200 times while walking along a 100-m transect in three sampling lines. Total abundance, species richness and the Shannon diversity index were used in order to compare the Buprestidae community at different successional stages. Twenty-seven individuals belonging to 11 species were found. Total abundance and species richness decreased with successional age. Both parameters were significantly and negatively correlated with time since fire (respectively r_s=–0.547, P=0.013, n=20; r_s=–0.479, P=0.033, n=20). The results showed that fire affects the Buprestidae community through food supply and changes of habitat. Buprestidae species benefited from conditions that occurred after fire. Weakened trees, spread branches and trunks constituted suitable food resources for the wood-boring beetles in early successional sites. In addition, because of the low abundance of Buprestidae species, no damages were observed on pine seedlings in early successional sites.     

云杉花墨天牛取食倾向初报

为探究云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius Gebler的取食倾向,在养虫箱内对红松Pinus koraiensis、油松Pinus tabulaeformis和日本落叶松Larix kaempferi枝条饲喂的云杉花墨天牛成虫体质量和取食选择性进行研究。结果发现,云杉花墨天牛对红松、油松和日本落叶松均具有取食行为,取食红松和油松的体质量显著高于取食日本落叶松的;对不同松树取食部位也有较大差异,主要取食红松新梢,油松新梢、新枝和针叶,落叶松针叶;对3种寄主植物的取食倾向由高到低为红松,油松,日本落叶松。     

Colonisation of native and exotic conifers by indigenous bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) in France

Planting exotic conifers offers indigenous forest insects an opportunity to extend their host range and eventually to become significant pests. Knowing the ecological and evolutionary modalities driving the colonisation of exotic tree species by indigenous insects is thus of primary importance. We compared the bark beetle communities (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) associated with both native and introduced conifers in France. The aim of our study was to estimate the influence of both host- and insect-related factors on the beetles’ likelihood to shift onto new hosts. We considered the influence of host origin (i.e. native vs. exotic), host tree species identity, tree bark thickness and tree taxonomic proximity, as well as insects’ host specificity. A field inventory using trap trees was carried out in two regions in France (Limousin and Jura) during two consecutive years (2006 and 2007) on three European native conifer species [Norway spruce (Picea abies); Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and European Silver-fir (Abies alba)] and five North American [Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis); Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus); Grand fir (Abies grandis); Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and Western red cedar (Thuja plicata)]. A total of 18 indigenous and 2 exotic bark beetle species were collected. All exotic conifer species were colonised by indigenous bark beetle species and no significant difference was observed of the cumulated species richness of the latter between native and exotic tree species (13 vs. 14, P < 0.05). The ability of indigenous bark beetles to shift onto exotic conifers appeared to strongly depend on host species (significantly structuring bark beetle assemblages), the presence of phylogenetically related native conifer species and that of similar resources, in combination with insect host specificity. Host tree species status (native or exotic) also seemed to be involved, but its effect did not seem as essential as that of the previous factors. These findings are discussed in terms of adaptation, plasticity and practical aspects of forest management.     

Differential host residence of adult cryptomeria bark borer,Semanotus japonicus Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in relation to tree size of Japanese cedar,Cryptomeria japonica D. Don

To understand factors involved in tree-size dependent vulnerability ofCryptomeria japonica to damage bySemanotus japonicus, residence of adultSemanotus japonicus on host trees was assessed in twoCryptomeria japonica stands, using band trap method and mark-recapture techniques. Adult capture distributions among trees were analyzed in relation to diameter size of each tree. Female adults consistently exhibited more frequent residence on larger trees, under different field conditions. Females that made inter-tree movements preferentially chose larger trees as their destinations. Frequent residence by females on large trees was associated with high productivity of progeny adults. Male adults were also more frequently resident on larger trees. These results suggest that tree-size dependent oviposition accounts for the tree-size dependent vulnerability ofCryptomeria japonica to damage bySemanotus japonicus. Possible causes underlying the differential host residence of adultSemanotus japonicus are discussed.