黄芪多糖对鸡抗氧化功能的影响

目的:观察不同浓度的黄芪多糖(APS)对正常罗曼雏鸡血清中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、GR活性及MDA含量的影响。方法:将80只1日龄健康罗曼雏鸡随机分为4组,每组20只。分别于1日龄皮下注射生理盐水以及不同浓度的APS(12.5 mg/mL、25 mg/mL、50 mg/mL),0.2 mL/只,连续注射7 d,分别在第7、14、21、28、35、42天采血,测定血清中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、GR的活性及MDA含量。结果:使用APS后,雏鸡血清SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、GR活性均显著升高(P0.05),MDA含量均显著降低(P0.05)。结论:APS可提高鸡的抗氧化能力。     

当归多糖对鸡抗氧化功能的影响

为了观察不同浓度的当归多糖(ASP)对正常罗曼雏鸡血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化物酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。将80只1日龄健康罗曼雏鸡随机分为4组,每组20只。分别于1日龄皮下注射生理盐水以及不同浓度的ASP(12.5 mg/mL、25 mg/mL、50 mg/mL),0.2 mL/只,连续注射7 d,分别在第7、14、21、28、35、42天采血,测定血清中SOD、GSH-Px、CAT、GR的活性及MDA含量。试验结果表明,使用ASP后,血清SOD、GSHPx、CAT、GR活性均表现显著升高(P<0.05),MDA含量均表现显著降低(P<0.05)。结论是ASP可提高鸡的抗氧化能力。     

不同毒力鸭肝炎病毒对雏鸭肝脏抗氧化功能的影响

用不同毒力株鸭肝炎病毒感染雏鸭复制病理模型 ,研究雏鸭感染病毒性肝炎后肝脏抗氧化功能的变化。将 16 0只刚出壳的北京鸭 ,经 1周适应性饲养后 ,随机均分为对照组、弱毒株组、中毒株组和强毒株组。在攻毒组的每只雏鸭背部分别肌肉注射 0 .3m L弱毒株、中毒株和强毒株的稀释液。攻毒后 1、3、5、7d剖杀雏鸭 ,采集其肝组织 ,测定鸭肝组织中过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH- Px)及超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)的含量。结果表明 ,中毒组和强毒组的 CAT含量在攻毒后 1d便显著或极显著低于对照组 ,但弱毒株组在攻毒后的 5 d才显著低于对照组。攻毒后1d,雏鸭肝组织中 SOD含量开始下降 ,3d后显著或极显著低于对照组。攻毒后 5 d,各攻毒组雏鸭肝组织中的 GSH-Px的含量亦显著降低。这些抗氧化酶含量的降低 ,说明感染鸭肝炎病毒后雏鸭清除自由基的能力下降 ,自由基参与了鸭病毒性肝炎的发病过程。     

鸭群安全免疫措施

1雏鸭群免疫雏鸭病毒性肝炎活苗免疫:雏鸭在出壳后3日龄左右应用该活苗皮下注射免疫。免疫后7d内须隔离饲养,防止在未产生免疫力之前因野外强毒感染而引起发病。7d后免疫的雏鸭已产生免疫力基本上可抵抗强毒的感染而不发病。鸭疫里默氏杆菌病灭活苗或鸭疫里默氏杆菌病、大肠杆菌病二联灭活苗免疫:雏鸭在7～14日龄时应用单苗或二联苗免疫,每羽皮下注射0.5mL。新鸭疫(鸭流感)灭活苗免疫:雏鸭在7～14     

不同禽源和不同毒力新城疫病毒对鸭的感染性

为探讨不同禽源和不同毒力的新城疫病毒(NDV)株对鸭的感染性、致病性以及鸭在家禽新城疫(ND)流行中的意义,本研究选用7个NDV株进行了雏野鸭的人工感染试验,对感染鸭的临床症状、增重、抗体反应、排毒以及组织器官中病毒分布进行了观察。结果表明,鸭源强毒株JSD0812和标准强毒株F48E8对鸭具有强的致病性,感染鸭的发病率和死亡率高达100%,病毒广泛分布于感染鸭的多种组织器官中。鸽源强毒株JSP0204、鸡源强毒株JSC0804、鹅源强毒株JSG0210以及疫苗毒株Mukteswa和LaSota对鸭不具有致病性,感染鸭未出现临床症状,生长发育也未受到影响。它们在鸭体内存在时间也较短。所有感染鸭均有排毒现象,排毒时间和排毒途径因病毒株毒力不同而异。结果表明NDV在进化过程中对鸭的致病性有逐渐增强的趋势。     

硒对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,AFTBl)对试验雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响及亚硒酸钠对AFTBl的颉颃效应.本试验以雏鸭为试验动物,7日龄雏鸭90只,共分为3组,每组各30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基哑砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组.每天分别按0.1 mg/kg体重剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFTB11次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭每天按1 mg/kg体重剂量灌胃亚硒酸钠(Na2 SeO3)1次.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21d,检测雏鸭肾组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氧酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛( MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及GR活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,经灌胃投用亚硒酸钠的第Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织各项抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而亚硒酸钠能明显改善其变化.     

微小隐孢子虫感染对大鼠心、脑抗氧化功能的影响

80只SPF级SD系大鼠随机分成地塞米松免疫抑制感染组和对照组(n=40),免疫抑制感染组大鼠一次性接种1×106/L微小隐孢子虫卵囊液1 mL,对照组接种1 mL生理盐水.于感染前(0 d)和感染后2,7,13,19 d分别宰杀10只大鼠,采集心脏、大脑,检测其GSH-Px、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD、总SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量的变化.结果表明,与对照组相比,大鼠感染微小隐孢子虫后,心脏组织的GSH-Px、总SOD、CuZn-SOD、Mn-SOD和CAT活性极显著下降(P＜0.01);DA含量极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01).脑组织的GSH-Px、总SOD活性在感染后与对照组相比极显著下降(P＜0.01);DA含量在感染后极显著升高(P＜0.01),而脑组织CAT活性在感染后变化不明显.     

中药对黄曲霉毒素B1中毒雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响

为观察黄曲霉毒素B1(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)对雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能的影响及复方中药对AFB1的颉颃效应,试验将90只7日龄雏鸭分为3组,每组30只.第Ⅰ组设为空白对照组,灌胃同等量二甲基亚砜;第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组,每天分别按0.1 mg/kg剂量给第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭灌胃AFB1一次,连续投药21 d,试验期间给第Ⅲ组雏鸭日粮中添加2％复方中药.分别在给雏鸭投药后7、14、21 d,检测雏鸭肾组织总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及丙二醛(MDA)等抗氧化指标.试验结果显示,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织SOD、CAT、GSH-Px及G1R活性与T-AOC均显著低于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05),而MDA显著高于第Ⅰ组(P＜0.05);与第Ⅱ组相比,在日粮中添加复方中药的第Ⅲ组雏鸭肾组织各项抗氧化指标均得到明显的改善(P＜0.05).结果表明,黄曲霉毒素B1导致雏鸭肾组织抗氧化功能发生显著的变化,而复方中药能明显改善其变化.     

地克珠利对球虫感染雏鸡血清抗氧化功能的影响

选择120只14日龄雏鸡,随机分为对照组(Ⅰ)、感染组(Ⅱ)和地克珠利组(Ⅲ),每组40只.除Ⅰ组外,其余每只鸡口服感染8.0x104个E.tenella孢子化卵囊,分别于感染后第0、3、6、9、12天,每组随机取鸡5只,心脏采血,对血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量进行测定.结果表明,与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组血清SOD活性在感染后3、6、9 d极显著降低(P《0.01),GSH-Px活性在感染后6 d下降显著(p《0.05),MDA含量和CAT活性均表现不同程度的升降,但差异不显著(p》0.05).在感染高峰期(6 d),Ⅲ组血清SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性虽然与Ⅱ组的差异未达显著水平,但分别较其提高了7.33%、19.82%和52.08%,MDA含量降低了14.58%,且GSH-Px、CAT活性与MDA含量与Ⅰ组比较差异不显著.提示地克珠利在一定程度上能增强球虫感染鸡的抗氧化能力.     

自由基在鸭病毒性肝炎发病过程中的作用

用不同毒力的鸭肝炎病毒株人工感染雏鸭,建立了鸭病毒性肝炎病理模型.于感染后1、3、5、7 d剖杀雏鸭,采集血液和肝脏样品,测定血浆和肝组织中的一氧化氮(NO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA),研究了自由基在鸭病毒性肝炎发病过程中的作用.结果表明雏鸭感染不同毒力株鸭肝炎病毒后1 d,血浆NO含量开始上升,3 d显著或极显著高于对照组,并持续至试验结束;肝组织NO含量在感染后1 d便显著升高.不同毒力株感染组雏鸭血浆和肝组织中SOD活性在感染后1 d便低于或显著低于对照组,而不同毒力株感染组雏鸭血浆和肝组织中的MDA却高于或显著高于时照组.提示,雏鸭感染鸭肝炎病毒后产生的自由基在鸭病毒性肝炎的发病过程中起重要作用.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein