治疗养殖真鲷弧菌病的物筛选

研究了真鲷弧菌病病原菌对30种抗菌药物的敏感性，选择抑菌作用较强的4种抗菌药物进行最低抑菌浓度（MIC）和最低杀菌浓度（MIC）以及药物最小抑菌时间（MIT）的规定，结果表明，多粘菌素B的MLC和MBC最低，MIT值最小。小型治疗的实际结果表明，多粘菌素B对该病的治愈率达70％，不仅如引，还能控制该病的发生（发病率为20％），由此可见，在本实验所用的30种抗菌药物中，多粘菌素B是防治该病的首选抗菌药物。     

5种海洋致病弧菌对34种中草药敏感性的测定

采用纸片扩散(K-B)法,测试了溶藻弧菌、哈氏弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、麦氏弧菌对34种中草药的敏感性,结果表明:试验菌株对中草药乌梅、黄连、木瓜、五味子、五倍子、马齿苋、白头翁、地榆、公丁香、大黄具有较高的敏感性。采用倍比稀释法,测定10种敏感性较好的中草药对5种海洋致病弧菌的抑菌试验,并测定了最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。结果表明:五倍子抑菌和杀菌能力最强,五倍子对溶藻弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河流弧菌、麦氏弧菌的MIC和MBC均为1.56 mg/ml,对哈氏弧菌的MIC和MBC为3.125 mg/ml;其次是黄连,对溶藻弧菌、河流弧菌、麦氏弧菌的MIC和MBC分别为3.125 mg/ml和6.25 mg/ml,对哈氏弧菌、副溶血弧菌的MIC和MBC分别为6.25 mg/ml和12.5 mg/ml;乌梅对5种弧菌有相同的抑菌和杀菌作用,其MIC和MBC均为12.5 mg/ml。最终确定五倍子和黄连可以作为防治水产养殖动物弧菌病的首选中草药药物。     

网箱养殖大黄鱼弧菌病的中草药防治

测定了15种中草药对大黄鱼病原菌———溶藻弧菌(Vibrioalginolyticus)的最低抑菌质量浓度(MIC)以及最低杀菌质量浓度(MBC)。试验结果表明:15种中草药对溶藻弧菌都有不同程度的抑制作用,其中以石榴皮、地榆、五味子、大黄等4种药物的抑菌能力最强,MIC值分别为为1 56、1 56、3 12、3 12g L;MBC均为6 25g L,可作为防治该病的有效药物。     

3株水产病原维氏气单胞菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性比较分析

为有效防治维氏气单胞菌引起的水产养殖动物疾病,试验采用纸片扩散法(K-B法)测定3株不同宿主来源的维氏气单胞菌对37种抗菌类药物的敏感性,并采用试管稀释法测定养殖中常用的5种抗菌药物对3株病原菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC).结果显示,氟苯尼考对3株维氏气单胞菌JDM2020、CPA2020和GJL2...     

氟苯尼考对六种海洋致病弧菌的体外抗菌活性研究

测定了氟苯尼考等4种抗菌药对6种常见海洋致病弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC)。测试结果显示,氟苯尼考对6株弧菌的MIC值范围为2～4μg／mL,氯霉素为1～32μg／mL,土霉素为4～128μg／mL,恩诺沙星为0．125～1μg／mL;对多数弧菌氟苯尼考与氯霉素的抗菌活性相似。氟苯尼考对6株弧菌的MBC／MIC值范围为2-4,而氯霉素为2～16,表明氟苯尼考的杀菌效果优于氯霉素。对照药物恩诺沙星、土霉素的MBC／MIC值分别为1-2和2-8,恩诺沙星显示出优良的抗菌和杀菌活性。随着接种菌量增加,所测3种抗菌药的MIC随之升高;当接种量达到10^7ufu／mL时．药物对多数弧菌显示出微弱的作用。     

麻保沙星对主要海洋致病性弧菌的体外抗菌活性及抗菌后效应

采用牛津杯法和试管二倍稀释法分别测定麻保沙星对溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)、费氏弧菌(V.fischeri)及灿烂弧菌(V.splendidus)的敏感性、最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),并与盐酸二氟沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星、诺氟沙星及氟苯尼考进行比较;采用菌落计数法测定麻保沙星对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌的抗菌后效应(PAE)。结果表明,麻保沙星对4种弧菌的体外抗菌活性与氟苯尼考相近,高于盐酸二氟沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星和诺氟沙星;麻保沙星在1×MIC、2×MIC和4×MIC浓度时,对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌的PAE值分别为:0.49h、0.87h和1.17h;0.64h、0.98h和1.22h;0.75h、1.02h和1.25h,表明麻保沙星对溶藻弧菌、哈维氏弧菌和灿烂弧菌均有不同程度的抗菌后效应,且PAE值与药物浓度呈正相关。     

常用中草药对4种病原弧菌体外抗菌效果的研究

采用琼脂扩散法(打孔法)测定了五倍子等18种中草药对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河口弧菌及霍乱弧菌等4种病原弧菌的抑制作用。结果表明,五倍子、苏木、地锦草、石榴皮、黄芩、虎杖和山楂等7种中草药对病原弧菌具有较好的抑菌效果,而金银花等11种中草药抑菌作用较弱;同时采用试管连续稀释法,测定了五倍子等抑菌效果较强的7种中草药对4种病原弧菌的抑菌和杀菌浓度。结果表明,苏木、五倍子、地锦草和石榴皮4种中药具有较好的抑菌和杀菌作用,此4种中药对鳗弧菌、副溶血弧菌、河口弧菌及霍乱弧菌等4种病原弧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为0.78～6.25mg/ml,最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为3.12～12.5mg/ml。     

淡水养殖鱼类病原菌药敏实验

25种抗菌药物对淡水鱼类6种病原菌分别表现出敏感、中度敏感和耐药3种结果。测定14种抗菌药物对淡水鱼类6种病原菌的最小抑菌浓度，结果显示，不同药物对同一病原菌和同一药物对不同病原菌均具有不同的MIC。在淡水鱼类细菌病防治过程中，应选择药敏反应敏感或MIC较低且吸收较好的抗菌药物，并交替使用，以防止耐药菌株的产生。     

水产致病菌对氟甲砜霉素敏感性及耐药性研究

研究了氟甲砜霉素对7种水产致病菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC),进行了氟甲砜霉素及其它24种抗菌药物对7种水产致病菌的药敏试验,并测定了7种水产致病菌对氟甲砜霉素的耐药性.结果表明,氟甲砜霉素对水产致病菌有较好的抑菌效果,测试的7种菌中有5种菌对氟甲砜霉素高度敏感,1种菌中度敏感,1种菌产生耐药性,而且测试菌对氟甲砜霉素的耐药性获得速率也较慢.     

黄连素对海水病原菌的杀灭效果及药效稳定性

为探讨黄连素对主要海水养殖病原菌的抑菌作用,采用二倍稀释法测定黄连素对迟缓爱德华氏菌、哈维氏弧菌等10种病原菌的最小抑菌质量浓度和最小杀菌质量浓度,并以美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种为指示菌,研究黄连素在不同温度、存储条件和金属离子影响下的药效稳定性。试验结果显示,黄连素对10种海水养殖病原菌均具有较好的抑菌及杀菌作用,最小抑菌质量浓度为64～256mg/L,最小杀菌质量浓度为256～1024mg/L。其中,黄连素对大菱鲆弧菌和溶藻弧菌抑菌作用最明显,最小抑菌质量浓度为64mg/L;对鳗弧菌、大菱鲆弧菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌、溶藻弧菌、鲨鱼弧菌和轮虫弧菌杀菌作用最强,最小杀菌质量浓度为256mg/L。质量浓度为512mg/L的黄连素溶液分别在20、40、60、80、100、121℃处理下作用30min,对美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种的杀菌率均超过99%,将20、60、100℃处理的黄连素溶液于室温下避光存储35d,对指示菌的杀菌率依然大于99%,显示其良好的药物稳定性。金属离子的影响试验也证实,水环境中的Na+、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、K^+等离子对黄连素的杀菌效果无显著影响。因此,黄连素适宜作为防治水产动物细菌性疾病的临床药物。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.