2018年蜜蜂病毒学研究进展

病毒作为影响蜜蜂健康的重要生物因子,在近几年的研究中颇受关注。2018年国内外发表关于蜜蜂病毒的研究论文共11篇,其中SCI收录论文10篇,另有4篇硕士学位论文,研究领域涉及流行病学、病毒与其他致病因子的协同作用关系、病毒病的防控等。对蜜蜂病毒学研究在2018年度国内外取得的进展进行梳理,以期为蜜蜂病毒学研究和蜜蜂病毒病的防控提供参考。     

七种蜜蜂病毒病的流行病学调查

对东、西方蜜蜂实验蜂群以及蜂场周围的部分有花植物进行七种蜜蜂病毒病的流行病学调查。该研究采用特异性引物对，对七种蜜蜂病毒病的流行病学情况进行RT-PCR检测，发现该研究中东、西方蜜蜂样品中均发现BQCV、DWV和SBV三种病毒，除此以外，西方蜜蜂样品中还发现了IAPV。几种病毒中的DWV检出率都最高，其次是BQCV。另一方面，蜂场附近的部分有花植物中仅存在DWV和BQCV两种病毒；其中，DWV的检出率最高；相比较而言，植物的花组织最容易检出DWV，茎组织最难检出DWV。从结果来看，实验蜂场内的DWV感染率相对较高，因此，提高对DWV的认识，加强监测和防控迫在眉睫。该研究在有花植物的花、茎和叶组织检出DWV，也为蜜蜂病毒病的蜜源植物至蜜蜂寄主传播途径研究提供了基础数据。     

贵州省中华蜜蜂病毒病感染状况调查

为了检测贵州中华蜜蜂病毒病的潜伏情况,为蜂群防治提供依据。根据已建立的高效灵敏的病毒特异性RT-PCR检测方法,对贵州省中华蜜蜂进行了6种病毒病——蜜蜂畸翅病毒(Deformed wing virus,DWV)、蜜蜂黑王台病毒(Black queen cell virus,BQCV)、蜜蜂囊状幼虫病毒(Sacbrood virus,SBV)、蜜蜂克什米尔病毒(Kashmir bee virus,KBV)、蜜蜂急性麻痹病毒(Acute bee paralysis virus,ABPV)和蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒(Chronic bee paralysis virus,CBPV)感染状况调查。调查结果,贵州省的中华蜜蜂中潜伏着BQCV、SBV和DWV,其中以正安县感染的病毒病最少、盘县次之、锦屏最高,蜂病有不同程度的混合感染;各种蜂病以BQCV(20%)感染率最高、DWV(8.9%)次之、SBV(6.7%)最低。     

山东省意大利蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒感染情况调查及防控建议

蜜蜂慢性麻痹病是由蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒引起的对蜂群造成毁灭性破坏的病毒病,该病的发生与蜂群的环境因素有密切关系。因此,明确蜜蜂慢性麻痹病的感染情况,有利于该病的预防。研究采用实地考察和高效灵敏的PCR检测相结合的方法,对山东省17个地市意大利蜜蜂蜂场的蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒感染情况进行了调查。结果显示,山东省蜜蜂慢性麻痹病毒感染率为7.5%。根据调查结果提出了相应的防治措施,为山东省蜜蜂慢性麻痹病的防控以及养蜂业的健康持续发展提供了科学的理论依据。     

天然产物应用于蜜蜂病毒病防控的研究进展

蜜蜂是重要的经济昆虫和授粉昆虫。蜜蜂病毒广泛存在于世界各地蜂群中，影响蜜蜂健康，降低蜂群生产和授粉性能。由于大多数情况下缺乏显著可鉴别的症状，蜜蜂病毒病常在养殖过程中被忽视。蜂群中药物的使用会给蜂产品质量安全带来隐患，温和、安全且可长期使用的天然产物是防控蜜蜂病毒病的理想选择。文章归纳总结了近十年来将天然产物应用于蜜蜂病毒病防控的相关研究进展，希望为蜜蜂病毒病的防控及药物开发提供参考依据。     

锦鲤疱疹病毒病的研究进展

就锦鲤疱疹病毒病的病原学、流行病学特征、临床症状、检测方法和防治技术方面取得的成果进行了综述,为研究和预防锦鲤疱疹病毒病提供参考。     

四川省东方蜜蜂病毒病感染状况调查

为了解四川省东方蜜蜂主要病毒病:蜜蜂黑王台病毒(BQCV)、畸翅病毒(DWV)、囊状幼虫病毒(SBV)、克什米尔蜜蜂病毒(KBV)、急性蜜蜂麻痹病毒(ABPV)和慢性蜜蜂麻痹病毒(CBPV)的感染状况。采用RT-PCR方法对来自四川省9个地区共270份东方蜜蜂样品进行快速病原学检测。调查结果显示:四川省东方蜜蜂群中有5种病毒的感染;其中,BQCV总阳性率为17.8%,KBV总阳性率为3.0%,SBV总阳性率为1.1%,ABPV总阳性率为1.9%,CBPV总阳性率为2.2%。在被调查的9个地区中,有7个地区蜂群存在至少1种以上病毒病感染的现状,表明四川省东方蜜蜂群疾病感染状况较为严重,其对养蜂业可持续发展的潜在危险需要给予充分关注。     

新书推介——《蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治技术手册》

正当前蜜蜂生态环境严峻,蜜蜂病虫害频发,中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所蜜蜂病虫害生物学创新团队的研究人员就造成养蜂业严重损失的蜜蜂病虫害问题,为广大蜂农编写了这本《蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治技术手册》。本书针对当前养蜂生产上的蜜蜂常见病、多发病如细菌性病害、真菌性病害、病毒病、     

《蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治技术手册》

正当前蜜蜂生态环境严峻,蜜蜂病虫害频发,中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所蜜蜂病虫害生物学创新团队的研究人员就造成养蜂业严重损失的蜜蜂病虫害问题,为广大蜂农编写了这本《蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治技术手册》。本书针对当前养蜂生产上的蜜蜂常见病、多发病如细菌性病害、真菌性病害、病毒病、原生动物病、寄生螨、昆虫类病敌害及非传染     

新书推介——《蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治技术手册》

<正>当前蜜蜂生态环境严峻,蜜蜂病虫害频发,中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所蜜蜂病虫害生物学创新团队的研究人员就造成养蜂业严重损失的蜜蜂病虫害问题,为广大蜂农编写了这本《蜜蜂病虫害诊断与防治技术手册》。本书针对当前养蜂生产上的蜜蜂常见病、多发病如细菌性病害、真菌性病害、病毒病、原生动物病、寄生螨、昆虫类病敌害及非传染     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.