苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进展

马铃薯甲虫是重要的入侵害虫,严重威胁着我国粮食作物马铃薯的生产。苏云金芽胞杆菌是重要的农业害虫生防细菌,对马铃薯甲虫有良好的防治效果。本文围绕苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进展与应用进行综述。主要从马铃薯甲虫的入侵与防治手段、苏云金芽胞杆菌的晶体蛋白结构与杀虫机制、对马铃薯甲虫有活性的Bt毒蛋白研究进展、Bt毒蛋白对马铃薯甲虫的作用机制以及马铃薯甲虫对Bt毒蛋白的抗性机制等方面进行了综述。最后,从Bt新基因的挖掘和杀虫机理方面对苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进行了展望。     

黄绿绿僵菌对马铃薯瓢虫体内几种酶活性的影响

对感染黄绿绿僵菌后的马铃薯瓢虫幼虫体内几种酶进行测定,结果表明:黄绿绿僵菌对于马铃薯瓢虫幼虫体内的蛋白质含量、蛋白酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性,都有不同程度的影响,其中对蛋白含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的影响较大。     

Cry1Ba3、Cry1Ia8蛋白对Cry1Ac抗性小菜蛾的杀虫活性研究

利用2种苏云金芽胞杆菌原毒素Cry1Ba3、Cry1Ia8及其组合,分别对Cry1Ac抗性种群小菜蛾幼虫进行生物活性测定。结果表明Cry1Ba3、Cry1Ia8对2种目标试虫均有高毒力,LC50分别为0.2175、0.6706μg/mL;Cry1Ba3毒力3倍于Cry1Ia8。2种蛋白混配的结果也表现出高毒力,LC50为0.4375μg/mL,没有显著的协同增效作用,也不存在拮抗。敏感与抗性小菜蛾种群生测结果统计分析比较,结果表明这2种蛋白及其组合与Cry1Ac并无交互抗性。     

黄绿绿僵菌对马铃薯瓢虫体内脯活性的影响

对感染黄绿绿僵菌后的马铃薯瓢虫幼虫体内几种酶进行测定，结果表明：黄绿绿僵菌对于马铃薯瓢虫幼虫体内的蛋白质含量、蛋白酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性，都有不同程度的影响，其中对蛋白含量和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的影响较大。     

不同抗性玉米自交系对朱砂叶螨体内解毒酶活性的影响差异

为了明确不同抗性玉米自交系对朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)体内解毒酶活性的影响,测定了在8个玉米自交系上繁殖了3代的朱砂叶螨体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和羧酸酯酶(CarE)的活性。结果表明,8个不同抗虫性玉米自交系上的朱砂叶螨体内4种解毒酶活性存在一定差异。朱砂叶螨体内AChE和MFO以取食高抗玉米自交系HL6044时为最高,分别为(143.5±5.52)nmol/min·mg、(47.09±2.11)pmol/30min·mg;CarE比活力为(62.00±1.89)ΔOD/min·mg,显著高于取食其余7个自交系(P0.05);而GST比活力以取食中抗性玉米自交系HL8028时最高,为(42.64±1.53)ΔOD/min·mg,其次是高抗自交系HL6044,2者均显著高于其余6个自交系(P0.05)。     

虱螨脲亚致死浓度对小菜蛾保护酶系和解毒酶系活力的影响

为阐明虱螨脲对小菜蛾亚致死效应的生化机制,采用室内生物测定法测定了LC_(10)和LC_(25)亚致死浓度处理小菜蛾3龄幼虫1、6、12、24、48和72 h后其体内保护酶系和解毒酶系的活力变化。结果表明:虱螨脲LC_(10)处理对小菜蛾幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力表现为早期诱导、后期抑制的作用,而对过氧化物酶(POD)则表现为先抑制后诱导的作用,对过氧化氢酶(CAT)仅在72h时具有诱导作用;LC_(25)处理对SOD表现为诱导-抑制-诱导-抑制的作用,对POD具有抑制作用,而对CAT具有诱导作用。经虱螨脲亚致死浓度处理后,小菜蛾幼虫体内酯酶和多功能氧化酶活力被明显抑制,且基本表现为浓度越高抑制作用越强;而谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)活力仅在处理后1 h被诱导,之后被显著抑制。表明虱螨脲进入小菜蛾幼虫体内后,初期可诱导SOD、CAT和GST活力升高,以适应外界毒害的影响;但随着时间的延长,3种解毒酶活力被抑制,使其难以代谢,从而增强了对小菜蛾的毒性。     

对小菜蛾协同增效的Cry1和Cry9类蛋白组合的筛选

为筛选对小菜蛾具有协同增效作用的苏云金芽胞杆菌Cry蛋白组合,本研究在单独测定对重要蔬菜害虫小菜蛾具有高毒力的Cry1Ai、Cry1Ea和Cry9Aa蛋白杀虫活性的基础上,把Cry1Ai+Cry1Ea、Cry1Ea+Cry9Aa、Cry1Ai+Cry9Aa蛋白进行不同比例的混配,测定其对小菜蛾的毒杀作用.结果发现Cry1Ai+Cry1Ea有相加作用.Cry1Ea+Cry9Aa蛋白和Cry1Ai+Cry9Aa蛋白均在1∶1混配时增效因子最高,分别为6.67和9.06;后两种组合表现出了显著的协同增效作用.本研究获得的两种高效组合将为转基因抗虫植物的研发提供新的基因来源,有望在治理对Cry1A类蛋白产生抗性的害虫中发挥重要的作用.     

氰氟草酯、杀虫安亚致死剂量对金鱼Carrasius auratus和麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva肝脏酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性的影响

研究了 10 %千金乳油 (有效成分 :氰氟草酯 )和 78%杀虫安可溶性粉剂对金鱼和麦穗鱼肝脏酯酶及谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶 (GST)活性的亚致死剂量效应。发现杀虫安 (0 .2 34mg· L-1)对两种鱼的 GST活性均具诱导作用 ,而氰氟草酯 (1,2 mg· L-1)仅诱导了麦穗鱼的 GST活性 ;当杀虫安与氰氟草酯混合处理时 ,对麦穗鱼 GST活性的诱导效应最为明显。在一定的浓度范围内 ,氰氟草酯 (1,2 mg· L-1)和杀虫安 (0 .117,0 .2 34mg· L-1)均可诱导金鱼肝脏酯酶活性 ;对麦穗鱼肝脏酯酶而言 ,杀虫安为诱导作用 ,氰氟草酯则抑制其活性。研究结果表明 :两种酶的活性直接或间接地受供试药剂的影响 ,两种试鱼对氰氟草酯和杀虫安的生物反应存在差异。     

贝莱斯芽胞杆菌GZ8-6对马铃薯根际土壤酶活性的影响及促生作用

为探究生防菌对马铃薯根系土壤酶活性及马铃薯生长的影响。分别以马铃薯疮痂病Streptomyces scabies X-1菌液、LB液体培养基以及生防菌贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillus velezensis GZ8-6发酵液对马铃薯苗进行灌根处理, 测定和比较不同时间段的土壤酶活性和马铃薯生长相关指标。结果表明:X-1和贝莱斯芽胞杆菌GZ8-6处理后, 马铃薯根际土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶的活性明显高于病原菌处理和LB液体培养基处理。X-1和GZ8-6处理后第30、60 天, 土壤蔗糖酶活性达到高峰, 分别比病原菌处理高1.70倍和2.71倍，土壤脲酶活性在施用后第10、20 天较病原菌处理分别提升了52.53%和59.48%;土壤纤维素酶和土壤过氧化氢酶活性在马铃薯生育期内呈上升-下降-上升-下降的趋势。经X-1和GZ8-6处理后马铃薯的侧根数、茎粗、地下部鲜重等各项生长指标都优于病原菌处理和培养基处理, 处理后60 d株高和地下部鲜重分别较病原菌处理提高了34.65%和124.79%, 茎粗较LB液体培养基处理平均增加0.53 cm。因此, 生防菌处理不仅对马铃薯有促生作用, 同时还能提高土壤关键酶活性。     

槲皮素对棉铃虫体内一些解毒酶系和靶标酶的诱导作用

用培养基混药法研究了槲皮素对棉铃虫羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶的诱导作用和对乙酰胆碱酯酶敏感度的影响。槲皮素诱导种群对甲基对硫磷的敏感度明显降低 ,对灭多威和溴氰菊酯的敏感度没有明显变化。诱导种群羧酸酯酶的活性提高 2～ 3倍 ,谷胱甘肽转移酶活性提高近 15倍 ,而乙酰胆碱酯酶对对氧磷的敏感度却提高了 3.5倍。说明槲皮素诱导种群对甲基对硫磷的敏感度降低是由于解毒酶系和乙酰胆碱酯酶综合作用的结果。     

三种内吸性杀虫剂对棉花多酚氧化酶和羧酸酯酶活性的影响

用含不同浓度氧化乐果、吡虫啉和丁硫克百威的营养液分别处理棉花幼苗,研究不同处理时间其多酚氧化酶和羧酸酯酶活性的变化。结果表明,3种内吸性杀虫剂对两种酶活性的影响不仅与药剂种类有关,还具有一定的剂量效应和时间效应。400 mg/L 氧化乐果处理后24 h,棉花幼苗中多酚氧化酶活性比对照降低21.6%; 50 mg/L吡虫啉处理后120 h,多酚氧化酶活性比对照增 高47.3%; 200 mg/L丁硫克百威处理后72 h,多酚氧化酶活性增高75.7%。氧化乐果处理后120 h 内,各处理羧酸酯酶的活性均低于对照,且抑制率在70%以上; 50 mg/L吡虫啉处理后120 h,羧酸酯酶活性比对照增高30.7%;丁硫克百威处理后120 h内,羧酸酯酶活性与对照比较均无显著差异。     

氧乐果和吡虫啉对小麦过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶及过氧化氢酶活性的影响

为明确常用杀虫剂对小麦抗氧化性的影响,研究了小麦幼苗期用不同浓度氧乐果和吡虫啉的营养液处理后144 h内对其过氧化物酶(POD)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响。结果表明:用400、800和1 600 mg/L的氧乐果处理小麦幼苗后24 h,POD活性均显著降低;1 600 mg/L的氧乐果处理后6 h,其CAT活性比对照降低了32.9%;各浓度氧乐果处理后144 h,GR活性均显著降低。而用25、50和100 mg/L的吡虫啉处理小麦幼苗后144 h内,只有50 mg/L处理组在12 h时的POD活性比对照升高了65.0%。杀虫剂对小麦幼苗中3种抗氧化酶活性的影响不仅与药剂种类有关,还具有一定的剂量效应与时间效应。     

Evaluation of the resistance of transgenic potato plants expressing various levels of Cry3A against the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say) in the laboratory and field

BACKGROUND: The Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, is a destructive pest. The CPB is a quarantine pest in China, but has now invaded the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and is continuing to spread eastwards. To control the damage and overspreading, transgenic potato plants expressing Cry3A toxin were developed, and their resistance to CPB was evaluated by bioassays in the laboratory and field in 2009, 2010 and 2011. RESULTS: The insect resistance of the high‐dose (HD) transgenic lines was significantly greater than the middle‐dose (MD) and low‐dose (LD) transgenic lines regarding leaf consumption, biomass accumulation and mortality. The HD and MD transgenic lines showed 100% mortality when inoculated with first‐ and second‐instar larvae; however, the LD transgenic lines showed about 50% mortality. The HD transgenic lines exhibited a significantly higher yield than the MD and LD transgenic lines owing to their high CPB resistance. CONCLUSION: Commercially available transgenic potato plants with above 0.1% Cry3A of total soluble protein and NT control refugia could control damage, delay adaptation and halt dispersion eastwards. The two HD transgenic lines developed in this study, PAH1 and PAH2, are ideal for use as cultivars or germplasm to breed new cultivars. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Improving the efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus and Bacillus thuringiensis against Helicoverpa spp. with ultra-violet light protected petroleum spray oils on cotton crops in Australia

Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are the most commonly used biopesticides for the control of Helicoverpa spp. larvae on cotton crops in Australia. The performance of NPV and Bt against Helicoverpa spp. larvae on cotton crops, is inconsistent and at times totally unsatisfactory against high densities of Helicoverpa spp. larvae. We determined the effect of mixing petroleum spray oils, containing ultra-violet light absorbing compounds, with NPV and Bt for efficacy against Helicoverpa spp. larvae, levels of cotton plant damage, and persistence of efficacy. The study showed that the efficacy and persistence of NPV and Bt were increased when mixed with petroleum spray oil (PSO?–?Canopy®) at the rate of 2% (v/v). In the field experiments, mixing NPV with 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, increased Helicoverpa spp. mortality from 25.9 to 31.5 and 44.8%, respectively. Similarly, the mortality caused by Bt, when mixed with 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, was increased from 31.5 to 36.0 and 48.2%, respectively. In addition, 1 and 2% PSO mixtures with NPV increased persistence of efficacy from 1.1 to 1.6 and 2.5 days, respectively, whilst persistence of Bt was increased from 1.5 to 1.8 and 2.6 days, respectively. In another study using potted cotton plants, in which the plants were left outdoors throughout the study, the average NPV induced mortality of first instar Helicoverpa larvae was increased from 20.9% to 35.9 and 43.4% by 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, respectively. Persistence of NPV efficacy was enhanced by 2 and 3.1 times by 1 and 2% (v/v) PSO, respectively. Similarly, Bt induced mortality of Helicoverpa larvae was increased by 1 and 2% PSO from 68.1 to 78.8 and 83.2%, respectively, and the persistence of Bt efficacy was enhanced 1.3?–?2.0 times, respectively. In a mesh house study, young cotton plants, treated with a PSO/biopesticide mixture, suffered less leaf damage than cotton plants treated with the biopesticides alone. In conclusion, the results of this study showed synergies from the combined use of UV protected PSO and NPV or Bt, against Helicoverpa spp. larvae on cotton. Such a biopesticide-PSO combinations could be a useful tool for IPM program in cotton.     

Effect of methyl parathion and chlorpyrifos on certain biomarkers in various tissues of guppy fish, Poecilia reticulata

Tests of acute toxicity were performed on the most common species of aquarium fish, Poecilia reticulata. Guppies (P. reticulata) were exposed to progressive concentrations of methyl parathion (MP) and chlorpyrifos (CPF); a semi-static method according to guidelines of OECD was used. Tests of acute toxicity were conducted using 10 fish for each separate concentration and for the control group. The results were subjected to probit analysis to determine the 96 h LC₅₀ values. The 96 h LC₅₀ values of MP and CPF to P. reticulata were 8.48 ppm/L (5.98–10.89) and 0.176 ppm/L (0.313–0.224) respectively. In addition, behavioral changes at each concentration were observed for the individual fish. Fish were exposed for 96 h to different sublethal concentrations of MP and CPF (¼ LC₅₀, 1/8 LC₅₀ and 1/10 LC₅₀) and their oxidative stress-induction potential was estimated in brain, liver and gills of fish. MDA content is induced in all tissues but maximum rise was observed in gills (161% and 153% for MP and CPF respectively). With regard to antioxidant defense system (ADS), GSH level decreased in the brain, liver and gills of tissues of MP treated fishes (22%, 6% and 13% respectively) and showed increase in brain and gills CPF treated (23% and 21% respectively). CAT, GST, GR and SOD levels fluctuated in all treatment groups relative to the control. Brain AChE showed dose-dependent inhibition in fish exposed to the higher concentrations reached 45% and 66% for MP and CPF respectively. Collective findings demonstrated that pesticide exposure of fish induced an increase in MDA and fluctuated ADS along with inhibited AChE. These findings may be used as valuable biomarkers for evaluation of water pollution.