甲壳动物渗透调节生理学研究进展

Osmoregulation involves many aspects of physiological function in crustacean. Crustacean species exhibit almost all possible patterns of osmotic regulation and they are widely distributed in most of known biotopes. With the changes of liquid environment, the structure and function of the osmoregulation organs( such as gills, antennary glands) ,haemolymph osmotic pressure and ionic transport will turn to maintain the well-balanced metabolism, which are under the neuroendocrine regulation. The current research status of physiological mechanism of crustacean osmoregulation was reviewed in the following aspects. 1 ) Structure and function of gills and antennal glands(maxillary glands). The gills are very important organs and play a prominenet role in osmoregulatien; 2)Regulafien of ion transport in branchial epithelium. Ion transport enzymes (Na^ -K^ -ATPase, V-ATPase,HCO3^--ATPase and carbonicanhydrase)stimulated by bioamines and cAMP may participate in the ion transport of branchial epithelium in crustacean; 3 )Haemolymph composition and osmoregulation. Haemolymph concentration of ion and free amino acid accompanied by metabolites of blood can contribute to the most of haemolymph osmotic pressure; 4)Neuroendocrine control. Many neuropeptides may regulate the osraotic pressure of haemolymph and proteinsases activity of epithelial gill cells. Bioamines, cAMP and CaM have been proved to stimulate the uptake of Na^ and transport of Cl^-.     

甲壳动物幼体蜕皮的调控

甲壳动物生长发育总是与蜕皮联系在一起的 ,而其胚后发育具有一系列形态各异的幼体期 ,每一期幼体的形态和生理特点通过蜕皮而改变 ,或者通过蜕皮变态发育成为后期幼体或具有成体的形态。各期幼体的这种发育类型一般是与蜕皮周期相关的[1] ,蜕皮周期可分为蜕皮 (ｍｏｌｔ或ｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ)、蜕皮后 (ｐｏｓｔｍｏｌｔ或ｍｅｔｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ)、蜕皮间 (ｉｎｔｅｒｍｏｌｔ或ａｎｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ)和蜕皮前 (ｐｒｅｍｏｌｔ或ｐｒｏｅｃｄｙｓｉｓ) ;对于甲壳动物 ,根据Ｄｒａｃｈ和Ｔｃｈｅｒｎｉｇｏｖｔｚｅｆｆ[2 ] 的标准可把蜕皮周期进一…     

甲壳动物蜕皮诱导的肌肉萎缩与生长

正甲壳动物的不连续生长与贯穿终生的周期性蜕皮密切相关。蟹类和龙虾等外骨骼钙化程度较高,螯足和身体连接处的关节较窄,肥大的螯足在狭小的关节处蜕出比较困难,因此,蜕皮前螯足肌肉通常发生可逆性萎缩,以顺利从坚硬的外壳中蜕出,蜕皮后萎缩的肌肉再恢复重建以适应新的宽大外骨骼。这种蜕皮前的萎缩只特异地发生在螯足肌肉,而步行足和胸腹部肌肉则不发生这种现象。     

泛甲壳动物激素调控卵黄蛋白原合成的分子机制研究进展

昆虫和甲壳动物由于进化上亲缘关系近统称泛甲壳动物，大多数泛甲壳动物卵黄蛋白原为雌性特异性蛋白，是卵母细胞中储存的卵黄蛋白的前体，可为胚胎发育提供营养和能量，是决定繁殖性能的关键因素，在生殖发育起着十分重要作用。业已证明，调控泛甲壳动物卵黄蛋白原的主要激素有保幼激素、蜕皮激素、神经肽和胰岛素样肽等。昆虫保幼激素和蜕皮激素发挥促进作用，而神经肽和胰岛素样肽对卵黄蛋白原合成的调控作用因种类不同存在不同。除了以上激素，甲壳动物特有的眼柄高血糖激素家族以及促雄腺激素对卵黄蛋白原的合成起负调控作用。本文总结了近年来泛甲壳动物卵黄蛋白原合成的调控机制的相关研究，概括并比较了调控昆虫与甲壳动物的卵黄蛋白原合成的主要激素及调控机制，为养殖虾蟹甲壳动物生殖调控相关研究提供参考。     

甲壳动物攻击行为的研究进展

攻击是动物为了获得食物、空间和配偶等资源或某种利益而发生的与生俱来的行为,即使资源充足时也有可能发生激烈的打斗。这种“天生”的行为也可能与遗传因素有关。     

甲壳动物幼体消化酶研究进展

通过研究近年来国内外学者关于甲壳动物幼体消化酶方面的研究现状,发现目前已测定出甲壳动物幼体消化酶的种类主要有：蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、羧肽酶A、羧肽酶B、氨肽酶、胶原酶、弹性蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、酯酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、几丁质酶、麦芽糖酶、蔗糖酶、昆布多糖酶等种类,初步归纳了甲壳动物幼体主要消化酶的分子量、最适pH和最适温度;分析了幼体发育过程中消化酶活力变化模式以及与食性的关系,并采用淀粉酶/蛋白酶活力（A/P）比值或淀粉酶/类胰蛋白酶（A/T）比值作为甲壳动物幼体的食性指标;观察了幼体消化器官的发育,阐明幼体消化酶的合成与分泌不仅由遗传控制、中肠腺发育程度等因子决定,而且还与饲料的营养水平有关,提出采用幼体消化酶对饲料组成的适应性研究幼体营养需求的新途径.[中国水产科学,2006,13（3）：492-501]     

甲壳动物微孢子虫的研究进展

微孢子虫是一类细胞内专营寄生生活的微生物。它种类多样,寄主范围广泛。本文综述了目前发现的甲壳动物微孢子虫的分类、生活史、微孢子虫病的现状、危害及防控的研究进展,以期为虾蟹养殖中有关微孢子虫病防控提供参考。     

甲壳动物蜕皮相关基因的研究进展

<正>世界上甲壳动物的种类多达约2.6万种,其中虾、蟹等甲壳动物营养丰富,味道鲜美,具有很高的经济价值。甲壳动物通过退去旧的外骨骼,长出新的外骨骼来完成自身的生长。甲壳动物的蜕皮由神经、内分泌系统间的协调作用[1],及外源因子的干扰作用等共同决定蜕皮周期的长短,影响生长发育。甲壳动物的蜕皮受Y器官分泌的蜕皮激素和X器官窦腺复合体分泌的蜕皮抑制激素共同作     

甲壳动物免疫学的研究进展

综述了甲壳动物免疫学研究的现状，指出了免疫学未来的发展和工作方向。     

甲壳动物胚胎学的研究

甲壳动物胚胎学的研究薛俊增堵南山赖伟（华东师范大学生物系,上海２０００６２关键词：甲壳动物胚胎学综述甲壳动物胚胎学的知识,对甲壳动物的起源、演化、分类及幼体培育都有重要的意义。虽然甲壳动物胚胎学的研究始于１９世纪早期,但真正广泛的研究则从１９世纪后半...     

基于计算机视觉的梭子蟹蜕壳检测及不同背景对蜕壳的影响

为研究不同背景(白色无沙、蓝色无沙、蓝色有沙)对三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)蜕壳持续时长与蜕壳周期的影响,搭建了3组24 h连续拍摄梭子蟹蜕壳的循环水养殖实验环境,从稚蟹5期开始拍摄不同背景下养殖的梭子蟹30 d,并设计了一种基于计算机视觉技术的梭子蟹蜕壳自动检测方案。该方案运用了图像处理中数学形态学方法成功实现了无沙背景的蜕壳自动检测,检测准确率达到97.9%,同时训练Adaboost分类器自动检测有沙背景的蜕壳行为,准确率达到79.5%。结果显示,蓝色有沙背景组的梭子蟹蜕壳持续时长缩短了15.3%,蜕壳周期缩了12.0%,梭子蟹蜕壳时间主要集中在3∶00—6∶00及18∶00—21∶00两个时段。研究表明,三疣梭子蟹更适合在有沙背景中蜕壳。     

Mechanisms and control of vitellogenesis in crustaceans

Crustaceans produce complex yolk proteins to meet the substrate and energy requirements of embryonic development. Early electron microscopic investigations point to a biphasic yolk synthesis, first within the ovary, followed by heterosynthesis at extra-ovarian sites. Recent advances in molecular techniques have enhanced our understanding of the genetic control of yolk synthesis in crustaceans. Amino acid sequencing of crustacean vitellogenin (Vg) has enabled the elucidation of the cDNA sequence associated with it, the identification of genes, and the examination of their expression patterns in different tissues. Yolk processing in crustaeans involves cleavage of the pro-Vg at consensus sites by subtilisin-like endoproteases within the hepatopancreas, hemolymph and oocytes. The structural elucidation of crustacean yolk proteins, as well as the comparison of amino acid sequences of vitellogenins from various crustacean species, has revealed molecular phylogenetic relationships not only among them but also with other large lipid transfer lipoproteins of disparate function. The combinatorial effects of eyestalk neuropeptides and a variety of trophic hormones achieve the hormonal coordination of molting and reproduction. Biogenic amines secreted by the central nervous system may also play an integrative role by stimulating neuropeptide secretion.     

Bioactive roles of carotenoids and retinoids in crustaceans

Among the proposed functions of carotenoids in aquaculture have been those of pigmentation, antioxidant functions, as a source of pro-vitamin A, cellular protection from photodynamic damage, enhancement of growth and reproductive potential. However results reported by various authors are often contradictory. Some evidence suggests that these pigments may perform vital roles in growth and reproductive success in Crustaceans. Additional efforts need to be devoted to the understanding of the active forms of the carotenoid derived metabolites, retinoids in crustaceans. Dietary carotenoids are the sole biological precursors of retinoids in crustaceans. The importance of carotenoids as bioactive molecules reside to a large degree on their conversion to retinoids that are involved in the activation of hormonal nuclear receptors. Retinoids play a prominent role in many developmental processes, including embryonic development and differentiation of various cell types. The presence of receptors of retinoic acid in crustaceans and our findings of retinoids in the neuroendocrine complex and in reproductive tissue, as well as the enhancement of the ovarian development in shrimp suggests an important role of these metabolites in shrimp physiology for their successful aquaculture.     

Regulation of the interrenal of fishes: non-classical control mechanisms

The regulation of the interrenal of teleostean fishes is reviewed from the perspective of non-classical control mechanisms and new evidence is presented suggesting gonadotropic control of the interrenal. Cortisol secretion by the interrenal, in addition to regulation by ACTH, appears to be mediated by other hormones. Physiologically relevant, direct control of interrenal function by hydromineral factors is unclear.In vitro experiments with interrenals of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) indicate that salmon gonadotropin is extremely corticotropic and both ACTH and gonadotropin stimulate the secretion of large quantities of androstenedione from the interrenal.     

湄洲湾海域甲壳动物群落多样性分析

根据2012年9月和2013年4月湄洲湾海域2个航次单拖网调查资料,分析了该海域甲壳动物种类组成、丰度与生物量、优势种及群落多样性。结果表明,2个航次共捕获甲壳动物35种,其中虾类17种、蟹类15种、虾蛄类3种,隶属于2目8科15属。2012年9月优势种为断脊口虾蛄(Oratosquillina interrupta)、黑斑口虾蛄(O.kempi)、锈斑■(Charybdis feriatus)、刀额仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis cultrirostris)和周氏新对虾(Metapenaeus joyneri);2013年4月优势种为断脊口虾蛄、双斑■(C.bimaculata)、刀额仿对虾和细巧仿对虾(P.tenella);而且断脊口虾蛄和刀额仿对虾为2个航次共有的优势种。2012年9月,甲壳动物平均丰度为1.50×10-2个·m~(-2)、平均生物量为1.47×10-1g·m~(-2),生物量优势度曲线位于丰度优势度曲线之上。2013年4月,甲壳动物平均丰度为3.73×10-3个·m~(-2)、平均生物量为1.57×10-2g·m~(-2),生物量优势度曲线位于丰度优势度曲线之下。2012年9月和2013年4月,甲壳动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')分别为1.30和1.31,Pielou均匀度指数(J')分别为0.62和0.68。     

甲壳动物复眼的研究

复眼是甲壳动物重要的光感受器,由几个到数万个小眼组成,对甲壳动物生理和行为有重要影响。介绍了甲壳动物成体复眼结构、胚胎和幼体复眼发育以及幼体复眼中Gq蛋白研究情况。     

十足目甲壳动物的EST-SSR分析

本研究应用生物信息学方法,对21种十足目甲壳动物EST-SSR的特点进行了归纳总结和分析。结果显示,不同物种间的EST-SSR丰度存在明显差异,腹胚亚目中脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)的EST-SSR位点最为丰富(868.02个/Mb),拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)位点丰度最低(286.48个/Mb);枝鳃亚目中斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon) EST-SSR位点最为丰富(641.19个/Mb),白滨对虾(Litopenaeus setiferus)位点丰度最低(166.96个/Mb);腹胚亚目和枝鳃亚目中均是二、三、四核苷酸基元的SSR较为常见,在腹胚亚目中占总数的41.11%,在枝鳃亚目中占总数的28.00%;复合(Ⅰ)类型的SSR在腹胚亚目(51.38%)和枝鳃亚目(65.13%)中占很大比例;腹胚亚目二核苷酸基元的SSR中AC/GT分布频率最高,三核苷酸基元的SSR中ACC/GGT和AAT/ATT占优势;枝鳃亚目二核苷酸基元的SSR中AG/CT占优势,三核苷酸基元的SSR中AAT/ATT的分布频率高于其他三核苷酸基元。此外,对脊尾白虾含有SSR的EST进行GO分析后发现,细胞代谢过程、链接产物、细胞组分和细胞的比例分别在3个类型的注释中占优势。本研究加深了对十足目甲壳动物SSR分布规律的认识,可为甲壳动物EST-SSR标记的开发及实际应用提供参考。     

SNP分子标记技术在经济甲壳动物中的应用进展

作为第三代分子标记,单核苷酸多态性标记(SNP)具有丰富度高、密度大、稳定性强、共显性等特点,成为目前虾、蟹等经济甲壳动物中应用最广泛的分子标记技术。本文对经济甲壳动物中SNP技术的发展及其在高密度遗传连锁图谱的构建、种质资源遗传多样性分析、分子辅助育种等方面的应用进展进行了综述,并提出了未来有待加强的研究方向,以期为经济甲壳动物种质资源的开发和利用提供理论指导。