'瑞阳'苹果在河北曲阳的试栽表现

河北省曲阳县于2015年春季引入'B9'自根砧'瑞阳'苹果试栽。‘瑞阳’平均单果重236.9g,果实圆锥形,果形指数0.84套纸袋果底色浅黄,全面着鲜红色,果面平滑,有光泽,果点小,中多,果粉薄。果肉乳白色,肉质细脆,去皮硬度9.78 kg/cm~2,可溶性固形物含量15.39%,可滴定酸含量0.23%。‘B9’自根砧'瑞阳'树势中庸偏弱,4年生树平均高2.67m,外围1年生枝长21.2 cm,萌芽率为64.8%,成枝率为7.5%,单株总枝量170.9个,长中短果枝比率分别为7.5%、1.6%、90.9%,以短果枝结果为主,花朵坐果率32.4%,花序坐果率52.1%。早花早果性好,定植后第2年开花,第4年单株成花171.2个,第5年单株成花229.2个,第4年株产可达12.6 kg。     

“石门核桃”新品种——‘早硕’的选育

‘早硕’是从"石门核桃"实生群体中选育出的具有优良品种特征的早实核桃新品种。坚果圆形,壳面较光滑。果实较大,平均单果重16.65 g,壳厚1.25 mm,内褶壁退化,横隔膜膜质,易取整仁。出仁率56.5%,脂肪含量66.8%,蛋白质含量18.4%。核仁丰满,淡黄色,核桃固有香味较浓。果实生育期120 d,在河北省卢龙县8月下旬至9月上旬成熟;萌芽率43.4%,成枝力3.2,成龄树结果枝率64.3%,侧芽结果率82.2%,每序平均坐果数1.6个,属早实类型。该品种早实性、丰产性好,抗病、抗寒能力较强。适合河北省太行山、燕山浅山丘陵及山前平原地区栽培。     

元丰核桃高产优质栽培技术

正元丰核桃树势较强,树冠开张,分枝力强。果枝率78.5%,侧花芽比例83.3%,平均每果枝坐果1.2个,雄先型。在沂水县元丰核桃9月15~20日成熟。早实、丰产性强,苗木栽植5年后,平均株产8kg,果实扁圆形,平均单果重10.27~13.48g。壳面光滑,美观,缝合线紧,壳厚1.3mm,仁饱满,可取整仁,风味佳。高庄镇王家庄子村果农孙长镇自2001年开始     

板栗新品种'九山2号'的选育

'九山2号'是通过实生选育的丰产、优质、抗逆性强板栗新品种。树势中庸、树冠开张。果粒大、平均单粒重9.8 g;坚果椭圆形,果皮红褐色,光亮,果面茸毛少;果肉质地细糯、香甜。早实,丰产,稳产,耐干旱瘠薄,高接第4年单株产量7.8 kg,折合667 m~2产量319.8 kg,在潍坊地区9月中下旬果实成熟。2016年通过山东省林木品种审定委员会审定。     

早熟大果杏新品种'玫硕'的选育

'玫硕'杏是以我国地方品种'蜜香'为母本,以从国外引入的'凯特'为父本杂交选育而成的早熟特大果杏新品种。该品种外形美观、果实近圆形,果实特大、平均单果质量117.6 g。果皮金黄色,阳面玫瑰红色。果肉金黄,肉厚质细,纤维少,可食率达95.3%。汁液多,甜美可口,味浓芳香,风味极佳,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.1%。维生素C含量11.5 mg·100 mg~(-1),总糖7.35%,还原糖2.84%,总酸1.59%,果胶1.46%。品质上乘,离核。'玫硕'杏树势强健,树冠半圆形,树姿较开张。3月上旬花芽萌动,3月中下旬开花,花期5～7 d,5月下旬成熟,果实发育期63 d;3月下旬叶芽萌动,4月上旬展叶,11月中旬落叶,树体营养生长期约220 d。成龄树以花束状枝、短果枝结果为主。嫁接苗第2年开始开花结果,5 a(年)即可进入丰产期,平均每666.7 m2产量2 400 kg。该品种自花结实率较低,需配置授粉树。该品种适应性强,早实、丰产稳产。在黄河和淮河流域、秦岭及以北地区均可种植。     

杏优质新品种'濮林杏2号'的选育

'濮林杏2号'亲本不详。果实近圆形,平均单果重91.6g,最大果重103.0g;纵径5.21cm,横径5.28 cm,侧径5.22 cm,果顶平,片肉基本对称;梗洼浅广。果实底色黄绿,向阳面着粉红色;果皮不易剥离。果肉白色,肉质细,粗纤维较少,多汁,甜酸适度,香味较浓,可溶性间形物含量13.0%,可溶性糖含量7.94%,总酸含量1.01%,维生素C含量88.9 mg/kg,可食率93.78%。离核,仁苦,鲜仁平均重1.05 g。在河南省濮阳市6月20日前后成熟,常温下可贮放5~7d。     

柚晚熟新品种'复兴苹果柚'的选育

‘复兴苹果柚’是在湖南省澧县复兴镇发现的柚优良新品种。平均单果重1008g,最大果重1 400g。果实扁圆形,果形指数0.78。果皮金黄色,果面较光滑,油胞细密。果肉淡黄色,肉粒中大;肉质脆嫩,多汁,口感甜酸,香气浓,可溶性固形物含量12.5%,品质上等。在湖南省澧县,'复兴苹果柚'果实于12月上中旬成熟,属于晚熟品种。     

鲜食核桃'早硕'的高接换种和管理技术

'早硕'为新疆核桃与卢龙当地"石门核桃"的自然杂交后代,由河北省林业科学研究院在秦皇岛卢龙实生树中选出.'早硕'丰产性好,成龄树平均结果枝率64.3％,侧芽结果率82.2％,667 m2产量达350 kg干果,具有较强的抗病能力和抗冻能力.'早硕'果实大,单果质量16.65 g,壳薄,内褶壁退化,横隔膜膜质,易取整仁,...     

密云县黑宝石李引种观察及栽培技术要点

我们于 1997年引进蜜思李、黑宝石等李子新品种 ,经过 4年的引种观察 ,黑宝石李个大、味甜、抗寒、耐贮运、早实丰产 ,是综合性状极优的晚熟品种。目前 ,密云县已推广 65hm2。1　主要性状1.1　生长结果习性　该品种树势强 ,分枝角度小 ,树冠不开张。萌芽率高 ,成枝力较弱。结果初期以长果枝和短果枝结果为主 ,盛果后以短果枝、花束状果枝结果为主 ,异花授粉坐果率 2 0 .7%,坐双、三果率占 2 2 .2 %。栽植 2年见花 ;3年见果 ,平均株产 7.7kg;4年平均株产 13.2 kg。1.2　果实经济性状　果实扁圆形 ,纵径 4 .8cm,横径5.9cm。平均单果重 10 2 .9…     

红香酥梨在蓟县的表现及配套栽培技术

1品种表现（1）生长结果性状。树势中庸,树姿较开张,萌芽力强,成枝力中等。进入盛果期以后以短果枝结果为主,早果性强,定植第3年结果株率91%。花序坐果率86%,花朵坐果率25.6%。定植苗木第4年667平方米产果1560千克。（2）果实性状。果实长卵圆形,平均单果质量210克,最大486克。果面洁净、光滑,果点中等较密...     

Fruit growth,cuticle deposition,water uptake,and fruit cracking in jostaberry,gooseberry, and black currant

Fruit cracking after rain limits the production of a number of crops, including some Ribes species. To gain a better understanding of the factors involved in cracking, fruit growth, deposition of the cuticular membrane (CM), water uptake and fruit cracking were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L. cv. Zema), gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L. cv. Rote Triumph), and jostaberry (Ribes nidigrolaria B. cv. Jostine). Fruit surface area and fresh mass increased continuously throughout development, whereas deposition of the CM was biphasic. CM mass per fruit increased rapidly up to 42, 41, and 49 days after full bloom (DAFB) in black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry, respectively. Thereafter, CM mass per fruit remained constant in gooseberry and jostaberry or increased at a lower rate in black currant. The cessation of or reduced rate of CM deposition resulted in a decrease in CM mass per unit area in all berries. Elastic strain of the CM at maturity averaged 23.8% and 19.5% in gooseberry and jostaberry, respectively, and only 8.2% in black currant. Microcracks in the CM were observed first in gooseberry and jostaberry 64 DAFB, whereas there were no microcracks in black currant. Water uptake into mature detached berries was linear over 2 h of incubation. Rates of uptake were highest in gooseberry followed by black currant and jostaberry. Relative uptake was similar via the cut end of the pedicel (32.1%), the apex of the fruit (34.7%) and the fruit surface (33.2%). Rates of water uptake through the fruit surface were positively related to surface area. Average fruit water potential for black currant, gooseberry, and jostaberry was −2.14 ± 0.17, −1.24 ± 0.03, and −1.89 ± 0.20 MPa, while the permeability for osmotic water uptake was 7.7 ± 0.4 × 10⁻⁸, 5.2 ± 0.1 × 10⁻⁸, and 3.3 ± 0.3 × 10⁻⁸ m s⁻¹. Incubating whole fruit in deionized water for 72 h resulted in more cracked jostaberries (94%) than black currants (74%) or gooseberries (50%). A comparison of our findings in Ribes berries with published data for the sweet cherry drupe revealed that the berries fitted the relationships established in sweet cherry among fruit growth, cuticle deposition, strain of the cuticle, microcracking, permeability for osmotic water uptake, frequency of stomata and cracking. The Ribes berries were less susceptible to cracking than sweet cherry.     

Similitude,similarity, and scaling

An exceptionally rich and colorful literature, drawn in almost equal parts from pure mathematics, from the sciences, and from the technologies, has grown up over the years, which bear in different ways on the topics under discussion. It is the intent of the present paper to survey this far-flung literature, point out some of the commonalities and interrelationships which underlie it, and briefly indicate how it has been and can be applied. To my knowledge, this kind of review has not been attempted before.     

Wetlands, carbon, and climate change

Wetland ecosystems provide an optimum natural environment for the sequestration and long-term storage of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere, yet are natural sources of greenhouse gases emissions, especially methane. We illustrate that most wetlands, when carbon sequestration is compared to methane emissions, do not have 25 times more CO₂ sequestration than methane emissions; therefore, to many landscape managers and non specialists, most wetlands would be considered by some to be sources of climate warming or net radiative forcing. We show by dynamic modeling of carbon flux results from seven detailed studies by us of temperate and tropical wetlands and from 14 other wetland studies by others that methane emissions become unimportant within 300 years compared to carbon sequestration in wetlands. Within that time frame or less, most wetlands become both net carbon and radiative sinks. Furthermore, we estimate that the world’s wetlands, despite being only about 5–8 % of the terrestrial landscape, may currently be net carbon sinks of about 830 Tg/year of carbon with an average of 118 g-C m^?2 year^?1 of net carbon retention. Most of that carbon retention occurs in tropical/subtropical wetlands. We demonstrate that almost all wetlands are net radiative sinks when balancing carbon sequestration and methane emissions and conclude that wetlands can be created and restored to provide C sequestration and other ecosystem services without great concern of creating net radiative sources on the climate due to methane emissions.     

Climatic, landform, microtopographic, and overstory canopy controls of tree invasion in a subalpine meadow landscape, Oregon Cascades, USA

Tree invasions have been documented throughout Northern Hemisphere high elevation meadows, as well as globally in many grass and forb-dominated ecosystems. Tree invasions are often associated with large-scale changes in climate or disturbance regimes, but are fundamentally driven by regeneration processes influenced by interactions between climatic, topographic, and biotic factors at multiple spatial scales. The purpose of this research was to quantify spatiotemporal patterns of meadow invasion; and how climate, larger landforms, topography, and overstory trees have interactively influenced tree invasion. We combined airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) characterizations of landforms, topography, and overstory vegetation with historical climate, field measurements of snow depth, tree abundance, and tree ages to reconstruct spatial and temporal patterns of tree invasion over five decades in a subalpine meadow complex in the Oregon Cascade Range, USA. Proportion of meadow occupied by trees increased from 8?% in 1950 to 35?% in 2007. Larger landforms, topography, and tree canopies interactively mediated regional climatic controls of tree invasion by modifying depth and persistence of snow pack, while tree canopies also influenced seed source availability. Landscape context played an important role mediating snow depth and tree invasion; on glacial landforms tree invasion was negatively associated with spring snowfall, but on debris flows tree invasion was not associated with snow fall. The importance of snow, uncertain climate change impacts on snow, and mediation of snow by interacting and context dependent factors in complex mountain terrain poses substantial hurdles for understanding how these ecotones may respond to future climate conditions.     

Up-regulation of mRNA expressions of fas,bcl-2, bim,bax, caspase-3, caspase-9, and bcl2l12 in K562 treated with bortezomib

AIM: To detect the treatment of K562 leukemia cells with bortezomib altering the expression of genes fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-9 and caspase-3.METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the inhibition of proliferation. Apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V staining and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm). RT-PCR was used to analyze the mRNA expressions of fas, bcl-2, bcl2l12, bim, bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9.RESULTS: Bortezomib caused a time- and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation and IC50 of 24 h and 48 h were 161.41 nmol/L and 96.33 nmol/L, respectively. At the concentration of 104 nmol/L, bortezomib induced apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, including increasing annexin-V positivity and decreasing the Δψm. RT-PCR showed that bortezomib up-regulated the mRNA expression of fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 and caspase-3, but mRNA expressions of bcl-2, bim and bax did not changed obviously.CONCLUSION: Bortezomib inhibits the proliferation of K562 and induces apoptosis, in which fas, bcl2l12, caspase-9 or caspase-3 gene is one of the main genes taking part in.     

氮磷钾硼肥配施对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响

研究了不施肥处理,氮磷钾配施和增施硼肥对青花菜养分吸收分配及产量和品质的影响。结果表明,现蕾期至花球膨大期,青花菜对氮、磷、钾的吸收量最大,整个生长期对钾的吸收最多,氮次之,磷最少。氮磷钾主要分配在叶片中,现蕾后逐渐向花球转移,从现蕾到采收时,叶片中氮、磷、钾分配率分别降低了19.6%、10%和9.0%,花球中氮磷钾分配率分别提高了23.1%、15.9%和11.1%。不施氮、磷、钾肥显著降低了花球产量、维生素C含量和成品率,增施硼肥处理的花球成品率较氮磷钾肥处理提高了4.8%,不施氮肥和钾硫肥(K₂SO₄)显著降低了花球中的硫代葡萄糖苷含量。相关性分析表明,青花菜产量与植株内氮、钾积累量显著正相关,成品率与植株内磷营养显著正相关。     

Principles for forcing tulips,hyacinths, daffodils,Easter lilies and Dutch irises

Systematic investigations on the forcing of tulips, hyacinths, daffodils, Easter lilies and Dutch iris have produced a fairly complete set of scientific principles. In this review, these principles have been classified into a 3-phase concept of forcing. These are: production, programming, and greenhouse. The production phase is defined as all processes which occur during bulb production and it terminates with the harvesting of the bulbs. The programming phase comprises all handling of the bulbs from harvesting until they are placed under greenhouse conditions. The greenhouse phase is the accelerated development of the bulbs until anthesis or marketing of the plants. These phases have been discussed relative to floral and root development and the basic environmental requirements of the bulb species.