不同有机酿热物对日光温室土壤环境、葡萄产量及品质的影响

【目的】改善冬季日光温室葡萄促早栽培所需的地温。【方法】在冬季日光温室葡萄休眠结束前,行间应用不同有机酿热物(玉米秸秆、稻草秸秆、羊粪)反应堆,测定不同有机酿热物处理下的地温、土壤环境、葡萄物候期、产量和品质等指标。【结果】与对照相比,玉米秸秆+羊粪处理在土壤深度20、30 cm的地温分别提高2.3、2.4℃,土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量和微生物数量均有显著提高,同时有效促进了葡萄生长,成熟期提前10 d,产量提高23%,品质得到明显改善。【结论】在日光温室葡萄促早栽培中,应用玉米秸秆+羊粪反应堆的综合效应最好。     

有机质对戈壁滩‘赤霞珠’葡萄产量的影响

以3年生‘赤霞珠’葡萄为试材,研究有机质对戈壁滩酿酒葡萄产量和品质的影响。结果表明,不同处理对‘赤霞珠’葡萄均有增产提质作用,尤其有机质+地膜覆盖处理效果最明显,比对照增产33.4%,可溶性糖含量比对照提高3%;单一施用有机质的也比对照增产,可溶性糖香料22%。覆盖石砾处理的糖度最高,可能与昼夜温差大有关。总的看,戈壁滩上施用有机质+地膜覆盖,是一项重要的增产和培肥土壤的栽培措施。     

不同保水措施对土壤水、热状况及新植核桃幼树生长的影响

为了探索北方退化干旱山地适宜的土壤保水措施,以2年生"绿岭"核桃嫁接苗为试材,进行保水剂、秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖等保水措施的不同组合处理,研究了不同保水措施对土壤水、热状况及新植核桃幼树生长的影响。结果表明:所有保水措施均能不同程度地提高土壤含水量,表现为多重处理双重处理单一处理对照。地膜覆盖具有保温增温效果;秸秆覆盖具有很好的保温效果,使地温维持较为恒定的状态;保水剂对地温的影响不显著。地膜覆盖可提高新栽树的成活率,秸秆覆盖会降低成活率。地膜覆盖使发芽期提前,秸秆覆盖会使发芽期延迟。到新梢停止生长,保水剂、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖、栽植坑内施用保水剂+秸秆覆盖、栽植坑内施用保水剂+地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖、栽植坑内施用保水剂+秸秆覆盖+地膜覆盖处理的新植核桃幼树的新梢平均长度分别为11.22、27.17、16.38、31.51、15.91、27.27、29.31、9.83cm,有秸秆覆盖的处理(秸秆、保+秸、秸+地和保+秸+地)有地膜覆盖而无秸秆覆盖的处理(地膜和保+地)保水剂对照。在干旱太行山区新垦地,栽植核桃苗最适宜的土壤保水措施为:春覆地膜夏覆秸秆。     

葡萄卷叶病对‘赤霞珠’葡萄品质的影响

【目的】探讨葡萄卷叶病对酿酒葡萄果实品质指标的影响。【方法】以未表现卷叶病症状的‘赤霞珠’葡萄为对照,在成熟期测定了感染卷叶病‘赤霞珠’葡萄果粒的大小、可溶性固形物含量,采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定葡萄可溶性糖含量、有机酸含量和花色苷含量。【结果】卷叶病使葡萄果实的大小和质量、可溶性固形物含量显著降低;可溶性糖含量显著降低,葡萄糖和果糖的总量仅为对照组葡萄的69.29%;有机酸总量略微升高,但未达到显著水平,染病葡萄果皮和果肉中的草酸含量显著降低,苹果酸含量显著升高;5种基本花色苷单体的含量显著降低,总量仅为对照组‘赤霞珠’葡萄果皮单体总量的26.12%。其中,矢车菊素类花色苷所占比例降低,甲基化类花色苷所占的比例升高。【结论】葡萄卷叶病导致‘赤霞珠’葡萄着色不良,品质严重下降。     

不同砧木对‘赤霞珠’葡萄生长发育的影响

【目的】探究不同砧木对‘赤霞珠’葡萄树体生长、果实发育、着色效果等的影响差异。【方法】选择‘SO4’‘5BB’‘3309C’和‘101-14M’4个砧木与‘赤霞珠’葡萄进行绿枝嫁接,对初期结果植株的新梢生长情况、果粒质量、糖酸含量以及果实着色指标动态变化等进行实时测定。【结果】供试砧木品种均可促进‘赤霞珠’葡萄新梢生长,提高果粒质量,以‘赤霞珠’/‘3309C’(CS/3309C)效果较为明显。各个处理的净光合速率日变化均呈双峰曲线。供试砧木均可显著提高‘赤霞珠’葡萄净光合速率,亦可改变其峰值出现时间。果实生长发育过程中,砧木‘SO4’可显著延缓果实可溶性固形物、还原糖含量的积累,可滴定酸含量较其他处理偏高。各处理果实颜色指标L、a、b、h、c值变化趋势一致,CS/SO4的h值较其他处理显著偏高。【结论】供试砧木均可提高‘赤霞珠’葡萄生长势、果实质量以及净光合速率;砧木‘SO4’可延迟‘赤霞珠’葡萄成熟约20 d。     

一年两收栽培‘赤霞珠’葡萄冬果与夏果花色苷组分差异解析

【目的】探究一年两收栽培模式下酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’两季葡萄花色苷的组分差异。【方法】以成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果和夏果为试验材料,利用高效液相色谱质谱(HPLC-MS)联用技术检测其果皮中花色苷的组成和含量,并监控不同发育期浆果的理化指标变化。【结果】‘赤霞珠’冬果果粒质量小于夏果,但果皮鲜质量和可溶性固形物含量高于夏果;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中共检测到17种花色苷,而夏果中检测到16种;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中的花色苷总量及大多数花色苷含量显著高于夏果;‘赤霞珠’冬果葡萄果皮中3’,5’-羟基取代花色苷、酰化修饰及甲基化花色苷的含量显著高于夏果。【结论】通过对气候条件的分析,与夏季相比,一年两收栽培区南宁下半年较长的光照时间、较少的极端高温(≥35℃)及更为干燥的气候是酿酒葡萄冬果成熟度高、花色苷总量及稳定花色苷含量都显著高于夏果的主要原因。因此,南宁地区下半年的气候条件更有利于酿酒葡萄生产。     

一年两收栽培‘赤霞珠’葡萄冬果与夏果花色苷组分差异解析北大核心CSCD

【目的】探究一年两收栽培模式下酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’两季葡萄花色苷的组分差异。【方法】以成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果和夏果为试验材料,利用高效液相色谱质谱(HPLC-MS)联用技术检测其果皮中花色苷的组成和含量,并监控不同发育期浆果的理化指标变化。【结果】‘赤霞珠’冬果果粒质量小于夏果,但果皮鲜质量和可溶性固形物含量高于夏果;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中共检测到17种花色苷,而夏果中检测到16种;成熟期‘赤霞珠’冬果果皮中的花色苷总量及大多数花色苷含量显著高于夏果;‘赤霞珠’冬果葡萄果皮中3’,5’-羟基取代花色苷、酰化修饰及甲基化花色苷的含量显著高于夏果。【结论】通过对气候条件的分析,与夏季相比,一年两收栽培区南宁下半年较长的光照时间、较少的极端高温(≥35℃)及更为干燥的气候是酿酒葡萄冬果成熟度高、花色苷总量及稳定花色苷含量都显著高于夏果的主要原因。因此,南宁地区下半年的气候条件更有利于酿酒葡萄生产。     

甘肃民勤酿酒葡萄应用防寒被越冬试验

以甘肃省民勤县栽培的酿酒葡萄品种‘赤霞珠’为试材,研究防寒被覆盖下的土壤环境及对酿酒葡萄植株越冬的影响。结果表明:与普通埋土越冬相比较,从12月至次年2月,防寒被覆盖能大幅提高表层土壤温度和湿度,3—4月防寒被覆盖的地温升高缓慢,这种效果有利于前期避免植株冻害发生,后期延迟植株发芽;防寒被覆盖下深层的地温、土壤含水率升高,使枝条含水率提高,有助于枝条安全越冬;同时枝条相对电导率、丙二醛及可溶性糖含量降低,说明其受低温胁迫程度低。总之,防寒被覆盖为酿酒葡萄提供一个更好的土壤温湿度环境,有利于植株安全越冬。     

促早栽培对杨梅叶片形态及果实成熟与品质的影响

【目的】探究促早栽培对杨梅叶片形态、果实成熟与品质的影响。【方法】以东魁和荸荠种杨梅为试材,设置双膜、单膜促早设施及露地三种不同栽培模式,连续监测不同栽培模式中的温度变化,调查试验地区的物候期,比较对应的有效积温和活动积温,并测定叶片表型和果实品质指标。【结果】与露地栽培相比,促早栽培设施中日平均气温和活动积温显著提高,其中双膜栽培作用更明显,活动积温达2 592.1℃·d,提高74.3%;设施促早栽培下杨梅物候期和成熟期显著提前,双膜、单膜栽培杨梅成熟期分别比同地区的露地栽培提早40 d和22 d以上,采收期可长达57 d;设施促早栽培显著提高了单果质量、可溶性固形物含量和类黄酮含量等指标,商品果率提高1.6倍以上,经济效益显著提高。【结论】杨梅设施促早栽培技术是一种不影响杨梅正常生长,可显著提早成熟期、延长采收期、提升果实品质并大幅提高经济效益的栽培技术。     

葡萄设施栽培不同种植年限土壤理化性质的变化

【目的】了解大量施肥条件下种植年限对设施葡萄园土壤理化性状的影响,为设施葡萄合理施肥和可持续生产提供依据。【方法】采集了泰安市角峪镇同一农户设施葡萄种植2、7和12 a(年)土壤,以棚外土壤为对照,调查了不同种植年限下土壤的理化性状的变化。【结果】设施大棚内土壤容重均显著高于棚外对照,以种植葡萄7 a的大棚土壤容重最大,12 a棚土壤次之;随棚龄增大,土壤总孔隙度和通气孔隙度下降;根系分布层土壤的p H值显著低于对照,其中设施种植7 a的p H仅5.0;电导率和总盐含量则显著高于对照,且表层含量明显高于下层;总氮含量低于对照,总磷、总钾、速效氮磷钾、微量元素和各种盐离子含量均高于对照,以盛果树的7 a棚土壤最高;露地主要盐离子以Ca2+、Mg2+和Cl-为主,而7和12 a棚土壤以Ca2+、K+、SO42-和NO3-为主,K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、SO42-和NO3-与土壤p H值呈显著负相关。【结论】随着设施种植年限的增加,土壤酸化、盐渍化、表层富营养化和重金属Cu、Zn积累,大量施肥可能是主要原因。     

Growth response of Ficus benjamina to limited soil volume and soil dilution in a skeletal soil container study

The interactive effects of rooting volume and nutrient availability in a skeletal soil medium designed to meet street tree and pavement needs were observed in a containerized experiment. Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina L.) was grown in a stone-soil blended skeletal soil material (CU-Soil™) and compared to a loam soil. The same topsoil used as the soil component in the skeletal soil material was used as the sole component in the comparison soil-only treatment.Plants grown in the skeletal soil material had reduced leaf tissue N content and depressed growth compared with plants grown in non-diluted soil. No other mineral deficiencies were found. Leaf number, chlorophyll concentration, shoot weight, and root characteristics were all affected.Reduced growth from soil dilution could be offset by the provision of an enlarged rooting volume for root development. Large containers of skeletal soil were observed to have smaller root systems compared to equivalent net volumes of loam soil at the first two harvest dates of the study. By the end of the study, the large containers of skeletal soil were observed to have developed larger root systems compared to equivalent net volumes of loam soil; resulting in comparable leaf N levels and total plant dry matter. Plants in skeletal soil had lower shoot: root ratios at the end of the study. Investing resources to further root growth in times of nutrient shortages is a probable plant reaction as evidenced by differences in specific root length between treatments. The study allowed a method for directly partitioning the containerization effect by having equivalent amounts of soil over two volumes.     

苹果园土壤营养诊断采样方法研究

在山东烟台地区代表性的红富士苹果园内,通过随机设置采样点及同一采样点不同位置取样,测定土壤氨态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量状况,探讨不同采样方式及相同采样点数条件下不同混合方式之间养分含量的差异。结果表明,果园中同一采样点不同采样位置之间土壤氨态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量差异不显著;在误差范围内,设置7个采样点就能够反映土壤养分的真实状况。设置7个采样点的前提下,不同取样方式之间土壤氨态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量存在显著差异;果园面积为666.7 m^2时,设置呈“Z”字型的7个采样点,能够真实反映果园土壤养分的丰缺程度。     

Productivity of greenhouse roses following changes in soil moisture and soil air regimes

Following 2 years of different soil moisture and air regimes for ‘Baccara’ roses, the optimal regimes were chosen and kept uniform for each growth medium. These regimes were implemented for an additional year (1971–1972).Soil moisture and soil air regimes employed in previous years (1969–1971) had significant after-effects on flower yields in 1971–1972, but no effect on flower quality or weight. The effect of previous suboptimal moisture and air regimes was apparently due to the number of main branches formed per plant in the initial two years, which was unaffected after implementation of optimal regimes.Approximately 4 weeks after cessation of cutting, the root system consituted 11–15% of the total weight of the plant. While 65% of the root system in non-separated beds was located in a soil layer between 30 and 60 cm, only 27% were located above this layer.     

Comparison of available soil water capacity estimated from topography and soil series information

We present a simple and generalized method to predict Available Soil Water Capacity (ASWC-TOP) for a given area using a topographic index, defined as ln(/tan), where is the upslope area draining past a certain point per unit width of slope, and is the local surface slope angle. The estimated results (ASWC-TOP) were then compared with the available soil water capacity calculated from soil series information provided by Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (ASWC-SCS). The model implementation was tested with three study cases: the Seeley-Swan valley, Montana, with pixel resolutions of 100 m and 1 km, respectively; and the state of Montana, U.S.A., with a pixel resolution of 1 km. A linear relationship exists between ASWC-SCS and ln(/tan). Standard errors between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS were about 4.4 cm in the Seeley-Swan valley and 5.5 cm in the state. The number of pixels with absolute residuals 4 cm between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS accounted for 68.2, 64.4, and 51.9% for the valley 100 m, valley 1 km, and the state respectively. Some of the mismatches between ASWC-TOP and ASWC-SCS may indicate an improvement using this method compared to existing data because the topographic method reflects the higher spatial variation of the inputs. The increasing availability of digital elevation data, at various resolutions, may provide an alternative to soil series for estimating ASWC. The accuracy of ASWC-TOP depends on estimation of mean and maximum ASWC for a study area.     

土壤调理剂对杏园土壤性状及根系分布的影响

对10a生龙王帽杏园地表喷施300倍液Agri-SC土壤调理剂,研究了土壤调理剂对杏园土壤主要理化性质、微生物数量及树体根系分布的影响。结果表明,土壤调理剂不同程度降低了各土层土壤容重,增加了各土层总空隙度、田间持水量,提高了各土层碱解氮、速效磷、有机质含量,改善了土壤理化性质。土壤调理剂显著增加了细菌、固氮菌等微生物数量,增强了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶活性,抑制了脲酶活性。促进各土层细根生长,须根数量在0～30、30～60、60～90cm土层分别是对照的2.10、1.85、1.56倍。研究结果还表明,土壤调理剂在0～60cm土层作用效果显著。     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤肥力调查与评价

通过土壤样品采集和实验室分析,系统研究鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤的化学特性及养分丰缺状况,包括pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷以及有效氮、磷、钾,分析养分因子之间的相关性,评价公园绿地土壤的肥力状况,揭示出鄂尔多斯市公园绿地土壤存在的问题：土壤pH值偏高,其中85.7%的土壤呈强碱性,其余呈碱性;多数土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量处于缺乏及以下水平;土壤pH值与有机质、速效钾分别显著和极显著负相关;有机质与其他养分因子之间均极显著相关。     

砂、黏土对苹果幼树生长发育的影响

砂土、黏土两种土南对新红星苹果幼树生长发育情况影响的研究表明，砂土中新红星苹果幼树较黏土中的当年生根春季生长量显著大，根活力强，封顶枝所占比例高、叶面积大、干物质积累多、矿质营养（N、P、K）含量高，有利于花芽分化和提早结果。     

葡萄园不同土壤管理模式对土壤理化性状及细菌群落的影响

在山东省蓬莱市瑞枫·奥塞斯葡萄基地检测了连续7年清耕、使用除草剂、自然生草、种植狗牙草和种植高羊茅对土壤理化性状和细菌群落的影响。结果表明:相比于清耕,其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤容重,以种植高羊茅最为明显;除种植狗牙草显著提高土壤p H值外,其他3种土壤管理模式对土壤p H值无显著性影响;其他4种土壤管理模式均降低了土壤电导率,以自然生草最明显,降幅达48.1%;生草不同程度地提高了土壤氮磷钾和有机质含量,使用除草剂对氮磷钾含量无显著影响,而使有机质含量降低了39.6%。与清耕相比,生草和使用除草剂均增加了土壤微生物数量和群落多样性,以种植狗牙草的土壤细菌OTU数量和多样性最高;生草提高了土壤有益菌丰度,降低了有害菌丰度,总体上看以种植狗牙草效果最为突出;使用除草剂显著降低了大多数有益菌丰度。对土壤最主要的30个细菌菌落而言,不同土壤管理模式对其产生了不同影响,高羊茅和除草剂对微生物菌属的影响最接近,狗牙草对微生物菌属的影响与其他2种草差异较大。总之,生草模式优于清耕和使用除草剂,不同草种各具优势。     

Agricultural soil redistribution and landscape complexity

A number of hypotheses and conceptual models, particularly those emphasizing nonlinear dynamics and self-organization, postulate increases or decreases in complexity in the evolution of drainage basins, topography, soils, ecosystems, and other earth surface systems. Accordingly, it is important to determine under what circumstances and at what scales either trend might occur. This paper is concerned with changes in soil landscape complexity due to redistribution of sediment by fluvial, aeolian, and tillage processes at historical time scales in an agricultural field system near Grifton, North Carolina. Soil mapping and soil stratigraphic investigations were used to identify and map soil changes associated with erosion and deposition by water, wind, and tillage; reconstruct the pre-agricultural soil pattern; and identify transformations between soil types. The Kolmogorov entropy of the pre- and post- agricultural landscapes was then compared. The soil transformations associated with erosion and deposition created four distinct new soils and made possible new transformations among soil series, increasing the number of soil types from seven to 11 and the number of possible transformations from 14 to 22. However, the entropy and complexity of the soil landscape decreased, with associated increases in information and redundancy. The mass redistributions created a lower-entropy landscape by concentrating particular soils and soil transformations in specific landscape settings. This result is contrary to studies showing a trend toward increasing pedological complexity at comparable spatial scales, but over much longer time scales. These results point to the importance of temporal scale, and to the fact that environmental complexity is influenced by factors other than the number of different landscape units present.