基于GIS和RS的土地利用与土壤侵蚀关系研究——以冀北地区为例

 冀北地区土壤侵蚀以水蚀和风蚀为主,根据水利部颁布的《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》(1997),参考有关学者提出的土壤风蚀强度分级指标,构建研究区土壤侵蚀强度的分级指标。运用GIS和RS技术,提取土地利用、坡度、植被覆盖度、土壤质地等信息,通过GIS空间叠加分析,得出冀北地区土壤侵蚀强度分级图,详细研究土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布特征;进一步与土地利用图叠加,分析不同土壤侵蚀强度下的土地利用特征和不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀状况。     

In search for the ecological and toxicological relevance of sediment re-mobilisation and transport during flood events

In response to increasing concerns about the potential toxicological impacts of (extreme) flood events, scientists from several disciplines have joined to form the interdisciplinary research project named FLOODSEARCH. FLOODSEARCH is one of the recent Pathfinder Projects supported by the German Excellence Initiative via the Exploratory Research Space at RWTH Aachen (ERS). FLOODSEARCH aims to combine methodologies of hydraulic engineering and ecotoxicology in a new interdisciplinary approach to assess the risks associated with the re-mobilisation of particulate bound contaminants often observed after severe flood events. Impacts of extreme flood events and aspects of re-mobilisation of sediment-bound toxic compounds will be characterised and evaluated in controlled experiments fusing flood simulation technologies with biological effects assessment. The overall goal is to establish a novel and more realistic approach towards flood event testing that can be applied to a number of different questions and species. Specifically, model aquatic species such as rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) will be exposed to particle-bound contaminants in flood-like conditions in a specifically designed annular flume that permits monitoring of both physical/chemical and biological parameter. Ultimately, this approach will assist to further our understanding of the potential biological risks associated with increasingly frequent extreme flood events, e.g., as a consequence of climate change, by bridging the gap between the physical (re-)mobilisation of contaminants and resulting toxicological impacts on aquatic organisms. Thus, it is the objective of the project to derive relationships between the hydrodynamic parameters such as velocities and turbulences, the parameters associated to sediment transport such as sediment concentration and grain sizes and the biological parameters.     

The influence of vegetation species and plant properties on runoff and soil erosion: results from a rainfall simulation study in south east Spain

Abstract. To study the influence of different vegetation species and plant properties on the generation of surface runoff and soil erosion in south east Spain, a series of rainfall simulation experiments was conducted on small ( c . 1.5 m²) plots. These were carried out in October 1993 and May 1994 on two sites close to Murcia. Six vegetation types were studied, with some at different stages of maturity, giving a total of nine vegetation treatments and two bare soil treatments. Four replicates of each treatment were exposed to a rainstorm of 120 mm/h for 15 minutes. The results of the experiments show that there are few significant differences in the ability of the vegetation types studied to control runoff or soil erosion. Of the plant properties considered, only plant canopy cover showed a significant relationship with soil loss and runoff with the greatest reduction in soil loss taking place at canopy covers greater than 30%. The implications of this research are that future efforts should be directed at developing ecological successions and revegetation methods which promote a substantial and sustainable canopy cover.     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟小流域坡面表土钙质结核分布

量化坡面钙质结核分布,有助于深化对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错带特定土壤类型(含钙质结核土壤)中水土过程的认识.本研究通过对坡面不同部位的表层土壤(0～20 cm)颗粒组成、钙质结核质量分数和植被地上生物量、盖度、丰富度及多样性指数的测定和分析,研究了坡面钙质结核的分布及影响因素.结果表明:土壤黏粒体积分数沿坡面呈逐渐降低趋势;钙质结核质量分数沿坡面呈单峰曲线分布,在坡面1/4～1/3的位置(距离坡顶20～30 m)处,达到峰值(10％～15％).钙质结核质量分数与坡度呈线性正相关,与植被地上生物量(盖度)呈单峰曲线关系,峰值即为植被影响钙质结核质量分数的临界点,临界点处的植被盖度在11％～16％之间.影响坡面钙质结核分布的最主要因素为坡度和植被;小尺寸的钙质结核在坡面分布范围最广、数量最多,起决定作用的钙质结核尺寸在5～ 15 mm之间.坡面钙质结核质量分数及分布反映了径流、植被和钙质结核之间的相互作用关系,钙质结核质量分数可以用来指示坡面的土壤侵蚀状况.     

子午岭地区林地破坏加速侵蚀对土壤养分流失和微生物的影响研究

以浅沟集水区为研究对象,分析了子午岭地区林地被开垦破坏15年后裸露地在不同侵蚀强度和侵蚀方式下的土壤养分流失和土壤微生物数量的变化。结果表明,林地开垦破坏后,土壤侵蚀加剧发展,侵蚀强度达159.7t/(hm2a),是林地土壤侵蚀量的上千倍。开垦破坏15年后,裸露地浅沟集水区不同地形部位表层土壤全氮、有机碳、速效磷和土壤微生物总数显著减少,同林地相比,依次分别减少37.9%～82.6%、42.7%～86.4%、24.2%～80.3%和31.8%～92.0%。在裸露地浅沟集水区梁坡随坡长的增加,表层土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷含量及微生物总数呈显著的下降趋势,且沟槽的土壤各养分含量及微生物总数明显低于沟间。裸露地浅沟集水区土壤养分流失强度及微生物数量减少幅度在浅沟集水区的空间分布与土壤侵蚀方式和侵蚀强度相对应。林地开垦破坏15年后,土壤养分以有机碳流失最严重,其次分别为速效磷、全氮;微生物中的真菌减少幅度最大,细菌次之,放线菌减少幅度最小。     

便携式茶鲜叶品质光谱检测装置研制

品质监测对茶鲜叶适时采摘和茶叶加工品控具有重要意义。该研究基于可见/近红外光谱技术,研发了便携式茶鲜叶品质无损检测装置。该装置分为主机和手柄2部分,主机大小约240 mm×250 mm×240 mm,包括光谱仪、光源、可充电锂电池、稳压板和散热风扇;手柄大小约130 mm×100 mm×30 mm,包括光纤探头、金属灯杯、白参考板和外触发按钮。基于该设备,采集了茶鲜叶500～900 nm范围内可见/近红外漫反射光谱,对比了归一化（Normalize,NOR）、一阶导数（First Derivative,FD）、标准正态变量变换（Standard Normal Variable Transformation,SNV）和概率商归一化（Probabilistic Quotient Normalization,PQNOR）等不同光谱预处理方法对茶叶光谱的处理结果,建立了茶鲜叶干物质含量、水浸出物含量、茶多酚含量的偏最小二乘定量预测模型。结果表明,PQNOR预处理后建立的偏最小二乘预测模型精度最好,干物质、水浸出物和茶多酚含量预测模型在验证集的相关系数分别为0.905、0.896和0.747,均方根误差分别为0.860%、0.559%和0.549%。在茶园对装置的精度进行了现场测试,单片茶鲜叶检测时间约为1 s,干物质、水浸出物和茶多酚含量预测值与测量值的均方根误差分别为0.903%、0.634%和0.551%。该装置可以实现茶鲜叶光谱原位采集和干物质含量、水浸出物、茶多酚的定量分析,对及时掌握茶树生长情况、辅助决策采茶方案和保障茶叶品质具有重要作用。     

Rolled erosion control systems for hillslope surface protection: a critical review,synthesis and analysis of available data. I. Background and formative years

Landscapes disturbed by human activities commonly have erosion rates accelerated by several orders of magnitude over pre-disturbance conditions. New approaches to effectively decrease soil erosion rates from disturbed lands are urgently required to decrease non-point source pollution. One such best management practice (BMP) combines the application of rolled erosion control systems (RECSs), composed of either natural or synthetic fibers, with seeding of hillslopes to enhance biomass production. This synergistic approach is thought to be one of the most appropriate for mitigating excessive soil erosion on disturbed non-agricultural hillslopes. Over the past decade an active erosion control industry (ECI) has developed, and a variety of different RECSs have been brought to market. However, limited scientific data are available to the land manager, specifier, or design engineer to assess the relative effectiveness of these products in reducing sediment yield and in enhancing the development of vegetation. Few studies exist that have rigorously compared RECSs using a well-developed experimental design. Most studies lack sufficient replication and/or randomization. Additionally, in many studies there is a failure to control variables between cycles, runs, or events, including antecedent moisture content and sediment availability. The result is a mass of information that can be potentially misused to justify the selection of a given product that may be less effective than a competing product. The objectives of this two-part paper are: (i) to synthesize all available erosion-related literature dealing with RECSs applied to hillslopes during two periods: up to 1990 and post-1990; (ii) to highlight important scientific contributions to the literature on RECSs; (iii) to assess the scientific rigor of various studies, and re-analyze and re-interpret data when available; and (iv) to make constructive suggestions to improve future studies to develop a quantitative linkage between the physical characteristics of RECSs, soil erosion processes, and vegetation cover. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of land management on soil erosion in the Sneeuberg Mountains,Central Karoo,South Africa

Farm practices in the Sneeuberg Mountains, Karoo, South Africa are examined to assess their contribution to the development of the observed gullies and badlands. Data from the literature is augmented by interviews with local farmers and measurements in the field. Changes in stocking rates, grazing systems and technological advances are assessed for their impact on soil erosion, vegetation cover and species composition. The possibility of natural and managed rehabilitation of badland areas is discussed, as are future prospects for farm management in the Sneeuberg. The findings suggest that high stock numbers and less benign management practices in the 19th century and the early 20th century underlie much of the degradation seen today. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effectiveness of bench-terracing and afforestation for erosion control on Raña sediments in central Spain

Bench-terracing and Pinus afforestation have been extensively adopted as a means of soil conservation in Spain. This paper questions the appropriateness of this technology to extensively gullied soils and sediments of the Raña formation of central Spain. Bench-terracing has markedly altered the characteristics of the surface soil horizon as compared with nearby undisturbed matorral (natural scrub) vegetation. The construction process and resultant bench-terrace morphology have imposed a new, more spatially structured pattern in soil properties giving enhanced opportunities for overland flow generation and erosion. The terracing has exposed subsurface Bt horizons on inner treads and lower risers, producing a very compact clay rich surface horizon, low in organic carbon and of poor structural stability. Despite subsoiling hydraulic conductivity is very low. Excavated soil material is ploughed sideways to partially bury the original surface horizon and form part of the next riser downslope. Downslope drainage on the terraces gives rise to soil moisture contents approaching saturation on the lower risers and treads. Consequently only small rainfall inputs are required to initiate ponding and overland flow generation on sloping treads. Rainfall simulation demonstrates the importance of antecedent soil moisture to runoff generation, and the role of vegetation and organic matter in retaining water. Erosion bridge measurements show that erosion rates on sloping treads are as high as those recorded on gully sidewalls. Gully sidewall erosion is also accelerated by runoff waters shed from terrace treads. Management of native matorral vegetation may provide a more sustainable approach to soil conservation than bench terracing with afforestation.     

The relative efficiency of four representative cropland conversions in reducing water erosion: evidence from long‐term plots in the Loess hilly area,China

Large areas of traditional slope cropland were recently converted to other land‐use types in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. In this study, we selected four representative conversion options of slope croplands, i.e., pastureland rotated with cropland (cultivated with Medicago sativa L. and rotated with Triticum aestivum L.), shrubland and woodland (afforested with Hippophae rhamnoides L. and Pinus tabulaeformis), and grassland (native herbage Stipa breviflora) to study the effect of land‐use conversion by comparing with traditional cropland. Compared with slope cropland, the relative effects of different conversion options on surface runoff and soil erosion were assessed over a 14‐year measurement period. Observations showed that distinct features and consequences of vegetation succession were found among the conversion options. Plots of shrubland had the highest vegetation coverage with dense undergrowth; natural herbaceous and subshrub species gradually spread into plots of grassland resulting in higher vegetation cover. Neither bushes nor herbs colonized the plots of Pinus tabulaeformis, which resulted in a higher percentage of bare soil. Significant differences in runoff generation, sediment yield and conservation efficiencies among the selected conversion options were detected through an analyses of variance (ANOVA). Compared with cropland, total runoff and sediment decreased by 65 per cent and 95 per cent in shrubland, 41 per cent and 92·5 per cent in grassland, 18 per cent and 77 per cent in woodland, and 12 per cent and 58 per cent in pastureland, respectively. The ranking of soil and water conservation efficiencies was shrubland > grassland > woodland > pastureland > cropland. Based on the effectiveness of soil and water conservation, shrubland and grassland are highly recommended as promising options for cropland conversion projects. However, pastureland and woodland are not suggested as potential options for slope‐cropland conversion because of low soil and water conservation in the long term. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing the potential of changing land use for reducing soil erosion and sediment yield of catchments: a case study in the highlands of northern Ethiopia

Reservoir sedimentation is the most serious threat for water harvesting schemes and hydroelectric power dams in Ethiopia. Designing watershed conservation strategies and management is crucial to reduce the rate of sedimentation. Because different landscape types have varying potentials for enhancing erosion processes, site‐ and process‐specific conservation measures are needed to target an appropriate intervention to the most needed locations. In this study, a GIS‐based distributed soil erosion/deposition model was used to simulate the potential of land‐use and cover (LUC) changes and conservation measures for reducing water induced soil erosion and potential sediment yield for two catchments in northern Ethiopia. LUC change and conservation measures targeted gully and stream buffers, protection of steep slopes and protection of areas with soil loss greater than a given threshold. The results show that land management measures targeted at hot‐spot areas of erosion and gully formation could reduce potential annual sediment yield from catchments by approximately 60% compared with the current losses. The study demonstrates the potential of a GIS‐based LUC‐redesign approach as a tool for optimizing land‐use and management strategies to reduce run‐off and erosion rates in the highlands of northern Ethiopia.     

The use of urban organic wastes in the control of erosion in a semiarid Mediterranean soil

Abstract. A two year field experiment was carried out in a semiarid Mediterranean area in order to evaluate, the effect on soil erosion of adding different urban organic wastes: a stabilized municipal waste (compost), an unstabilized municipal waste, and an aerobic sewage sludge. All the treatments significantly reduced soil erosion, compared to the control soil. The soil amended with compost was the most effective treatment, reducing soil loss by 94% and runoff by 54%.     

Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale: the case of Masinga catchment,Kenya

Development of improved soil erosion and sediment yield prediction technology is required to provide catchment stakeholders with the tools they need to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on soil loss and sediment yield in order to plan for the optimal use of the land. In this paper, a newly developed approach is presented to predict the sources of sediment reaching the stream network within Masinga, a large‐scale rural catchment in Kenya. The study applies the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and a developed hillslope sediment delivery distributed (HSDD) model embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The HSDD model estimates the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) on a cell‐by‐cell basis using the concept of runoff travel time as a function of catchment characteristics. The model performance was verified by comparing predicted and measured plot runoff and sediment yield. The results show a fairly good relationship between predicted and measured sediment yield (R²=0·82). The predicted results show that the developed modelling approach can be used as a major tool to estimate spatial soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring of soil erosion and assessment for contribution of sediments to rivers in a typical watershed of the Upper Yangtze River Basin

An assessment of the effectiveness of soil conservation practices is very important for watershed management, but the measurement over a small area does not necessarily represent the truth over a large area. Monitoring of soil erosion and analysis of sediment delivery were carried out in the Lizixi watershed (which is typical of the Upper Yangtze Basin, China), using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS). Land‐use and land‐cover maps were prepared by an interpretation of 1986 and 1999 images from SPOT and Landsat TM. Slope‐gradient maps were created from digital elevation model (DEM), while merged images of SPOT and Landsat TM were used to obtain land‐use information. The area of soil erosion was classified by an integration of slope gradients, land‐use types and vegetation cover rates, and soil erosion rates and their changes were calculated in a grid‐based analysis using an Erdas GIS. The change in sediment delivery ratio was estimated based on the changes in soil erosion rates from both monitoring and the truth survey. There was a reduction in soil erosion rate of 4·22 per cent during a 13‐year period after soil conservation practices were adopted in the Lizixi watershed. The amount of sediments transported into rivers has decreased by 51·08 per cent during the same period due to an integrated application of biological and engineering measures. The comparison of soil erosion severity between pre‐conservation and post‐conservation revealed that soil loss has been obviously diminished and the measures were quite effective. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The use of the ingrowth core method for measuring root production of arable crops — influence of soil conditions inside the ingrowth core on root growth

The ingrowth core method can be used to measure root gross growth (i.e. root production). A mesh bag filled with root free soil is buried into the root zone. After about 14 days, the bag is pulled out and root length inside the core can be determined. An objection against this method is the inability to obtain the same soil conditions inside the bag as outside, which can result in different root growth pattern in the ingrowth core compared to the bulk soil. To study this, mesh bags were buried in a stand of oilseed rape and were filled with soil at different nitrate, phosphate, moisture, and bulk density levels. Results showed that root growth was only influenced by a high nitrate content and a high soil density in the cores, which resulted in higher and lower root length densities (RLD), respectively. In a long‐term ingrowth experiment similar root length densities in the cores and in the bulk soil were measured, indicating that there were no root growth enhancing or impeding conditions inside the ingrowth cores. The conclusion is drawn, that the ingrowth core method gives reliable results, provided the N content and the soil density inside the bags are comparable to the bulk soil.     

黄土高原典型流域土壤侵蚀对退耕还林土地利用变化的响应

黄土高原土壤侵蚀严重,为此中国从1999年起实施了大规模的退耕还林工程。为了分析退耕还林土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响,该研究以黄土高原清水河流域为研究区域,将2000—2020年流域退耕还林工程的实施依据主要措施的不同划分为4个阶段,应用RUSLE（revised universal soil loss equation）模型分析土壤侵蚀强度的变化特征,采用情景模拟方法提出一个区分土地利用变化和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀影响程度的算法,判别土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响程度,将土地利用变化分解为土地利用转换和改造2种形式,在剔除降雨变化影响的基础上分析土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响过程。结果表明：1）2000、2005、2011、2014和2020年流域平均侵蚀模数分别为36.21、41.02、24.93、23.72和8.24 t/(hm²·a),土壤侵蚀强度明显下降;土地利用变化和降雨变化对土壤侵蚀的阶段平均影响程度分别为75.23%和24.77%,土地利用变化在流域土壤侵蚀的变化中起了主导作用。2）流域土地利用转换区侵蚀强度的变化直接受转换过程中地类类别变更及所实施主要相关措施差异的影响,改造区侵蚀强度的变化直接受改造过程中所实施主要相关措施的影响。剔除降雨变化的影响后：改造区的阶段平均起始侵蚀模数较转换区高43.47%,其水土流失综合治理的难度总体上大于转换区;转换区侵蚀模数的阶段平均下降量较改造区高50.80%,改造区侵蚀量的阶段合计减少量占流域阶段合计减少量的71.16%,土地利用转换在降低其实施地区土壤侵蚀强度方面发挥了重要作用,而土地利用改造因实施面积较大在减少流域土壤侵蚀总量方面发挥了重要作用。3）剔除降雨变化的影响后,草地侵蚀量的阶段合计变化量占流域阶段合计变化量的70.51%,且草地阶段合计变化量中改造区占67.41%,其变化特别是其改造对流域土壤侵蚀的影响最大。该研究在分析土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀的影响程度和过程方面作了一些尝试,研究结果可为黄土高原退耕还林成果巩固及高质量发展有效措施的制定提供科学依据。     

The natural environment of Cupressus sempervirens in Greece as a basis for its use in the Mediterranean region

This paper studies the natural stands of Cupressus sempervirens L. in Greece. C. sempervirens stands are located on the islands of Crete, Samos, Rhodes, Kos, Symi, and Milos, while populations on the islands of Chios and Kalymnos were discovered recently. Stands in the Peloponnese and in the Ionian Islands are considered introduced and naturalized. Data on natural populations show that C. sempervirens is indifferent to physiographic factors, substrate material, and physicochemical soil properties. The species grows on sites ranging from the semiarid bioclimatic zone with warm winters, to the wet zone with cold and fairly harsh winters. According to the xerothermic index in the taxon's natural distribution area, all Mediterranean bioclimate characters may appear, from intense thermo‐Mediterranean to weak meso‐Mediterranean. Cypress participates in all the vegetation zones from the thermo‐Mediterranean to mountainous Mediterranean and a cluster analysis (TWINSPAN) of sixty‐two cypress relevés led to the recognition of six woodland types defined by species composition, and assigned to three alliances: Oleo‐Ceratonion, Quercion ilicis, and Acero‐Cupression. This great plasticity of the species with regard to natural environmental factors, together with its relative resistance to fire, renders cypress one of the most valuable forest species for a large part of the Mediterranean region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.