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作物残茬对农田土壤风蚀的影响 总被引:28,自引:4,他引:28
通过对不同留茬高度对地表风速的影响以及留残茬(保护性耕作主要方式)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对土壤风蚀的影响进行比较研究,得出如下结果:留茬高度对地表风速的影响程度不明显,仅与地面有无留茬有关,留茬20cm左右即可有效降低地表风速,减少田间扬沙,抵抗土壤风蚀,是比较适宜的留茬高度;留茬(保护性耕作)、旋耕和常规翻耕3种耕作方式对田间扬沙情况的影响差异明显,其中在60cm高度以内,留茬比常规翻耕减少田间扬沙量34.9%,比旋耕方式减少61.5%,因此,留茬(保护性耕作)是一种有效防止农田土壤风蚀的耕作方式。 相似文献
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Seyed Abdolreza Kazemeini Mohmmad Jafar Bahrani Hadi Pirasteh-Anosheh Seyed Mohammad Mehdi Momeni 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(11):1543-1552
Determining the proper rate of wheat residues incorporation into the soil under a wheat–maize double cropping system is an important issue in southern parts of Iran, where these two irrigated crops are consecutively grown. A 2-year experiment (2010–2011) was conducted to evaluate the effect of wheat residue incorporation rates (25%, 50% and 75%) and irrigation intervals (12, 16 and 20 days) on yield and growth of maize under no-tillage system compared to control without residue and under conventional tillage (CT) at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. The experiment was conducted as a split plot arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that increased irrigation intervals reduced the plant height (14.6%), leaf-area index (12.9%), rows (10.1%) and grains per ear (29.8%), thousand grain weight (6.9%), grain (33.8%) and biological yield (24.2) and harvest index (23.2%). Water deficit had no significant effect on soil organic matter and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio. Under 12 and 20 days irrigation intervals, the highest grain yields were obtained with 12.7 and 8.6 t ha?1 in CT and 25% residue incorporation into soil, respectively. Therefore, according to the results of this 2-year study, realized incorporation of 25% wheat residue soil covering percentage is recommended for this area with limited water resources. 相似文献
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Sayyed Shahaboddin Moinoddini Mehdi Nassiri Mahalati Azam Borzooei 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(8):1150-1162
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage methods (conventional tillage (CT) and minimum tillage (MT)) and N rates (0, 50, 150, 250 kg N ha?1) on crop yield, N uptake and soil organic carbon (SOC), bulk density (BD), total N (TN), electrical conductivity (EC), pH and soil nutrient contents on a clay-loam near Hashtgerd, Iran. A successive corn-based rotation (2012–2014) was conducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design in which tillage methods were considered as main plots, and N rates as subplots. Tillage had no significant effect on corn 2012 and canola 2012–2013 grain yields. CT and MT systems showed different critical N rates to reach their maximum grain yield in corn (2013) and wheat (2013–2014). MT system required more N application to reach its maximum grain yield. Tillage × N rate effect on none of the soil properties was significant. Tillage had no significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on soil pH, BD, TN and SOC. However, soil EC of 0–5 cm depth in MT system was higher than CT system by 64%. MT system under higher N application could increase corn grain yield, but on the other hand probably adversely changes soil chemical properties. 相似文献
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土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)是土壤有机物中的高活性组分,在土壤养分的生物地球化学循环、重金属和有机污染物的迁移转化、土壤矿物质的活化及土壤肥力的保持等过程中发挥着重要作用。农艺措施可通过内外源同步作用显著影响土壤DOM的含量、组分及性质,本文综述了近年来相关研究中不同农艺措施下土壤DOM的变化,总结了不同耕作管理、种植制度、施肥措施以及新型土壤改良剂等对土壤DOM的影响。分析表明,免耕加秸秆覆盖方式可显著提高土壤DOM含量,与单一耕作相比轮作可提升土壤DOM含量,绿肥配施有机肥较单一化肥施用可显著改善土壤DOM的组成和结构,合理调控热解炭和水热炭等土壤调理剂的施用时间、施用量、C/N等性质可优化土壤DOM结构和性能。本综述分析了农艺措施对土壤DOM的影响效果及作用途径,指出了当前的研究热点和难点,并对未来研究方向进行了展望,可为今后合理的农艺措施管理和土壤健康调控提供科学指导。 相似文献
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Camila V. V. Farhate Zigomar M. de Souza Newton La Scala Allan Charlles M. de Sousa Ana Paula G. Santos Joo Luis N. Carvalho 《Soil Use and Management》2019,35(2):273-282
Soil tillage is an agricultural practice that directly affects the global carbon cycle. Our study sought to assess the implications of adopting sunn hemp cover crops with different tillage practices on CO2 emissions for two soil types (clayey and sandy soil) cultivated with sugarcane in Brazil. The experimental design was a split‐plot with randomized blocks, with the main plots being with cover crop or fallow and sub‐plots being under conventional or minimum tillage. Our results indicate that during the first 50 days after soil tillage, the variation in soil CO2 emissions was stimulated by cover crop and soil tillage, while after that, it became dominated by the root respiration of sugarcane plants. We also found that over the first 97 days after the tillage, the clayey soil showed differences between minimum tillage with cover crop and fallow. Conversely, for sandy soil over the first 50 days following, there were differences between the tillage systems under cover cropping. Emissions from sugarcane rows were found to be greater than those from inter‐row positions. We concluded that soils under different textural classes had distinct patterns in terms of soil CO2 emissions. The correct quantification of CO2 emissions during the sugarcane renovation period should prioritize having a short assessment period (~50 days after soil tillage) as well as including measurements at row and inter‐row positions. 相似文献
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【目的】探明不同保护性耕作措施对黄土高原旱作土壤不同粒级复合体中有机氮含量与分配的影响,可对评价耕作措施的效果提供科学依据。【方法】基于黄土高原旱区14年的长期定位试验,采用Bremner法, 对传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、秸秆覆盖(TS)及免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)四种耕作措施条件下不同土壤粒级复合体中的有机氮含量和分配进行了研究。【结果】保护性耕作方式均增加了2~10 μm粒级土壤复合体的比例,增幅为20.0%~31.7%;降低了0~2 μm粒级土壤复合体在土壤中所占的比例,降幅为27.6%~31.0%。在所有耕作措施下,耕层土壤中不同粒级复合体所占的比例为10~50 μm>2~10 μm>0~2 μm>50~100 μm>100 μm。保护性耕作方式均明显提高了耕层0~2 μm粒级土壤复合体中氨基糖氮的含量,增幅在46.9%~107.1%,降低了单位质量0~2 μm粒级土壤复合体中的NH+4-N含量,降幅在14.8%~27.0%;明显提高了耕层单位质量2~10 μm粒级土壤复合体中酸解总氮、氨基酸氮和氨基糖氮的含量,增幅分别为8.2%~14.3%、16.2%~31.5%和154.9%~184.3%;降低了单位质量2~10 μm粒级土壤复合体中NH+ 4-N的含量,降幅为28.7%~46.6%。传统耕作(T)条件下,与各粒级土壤复合体相结合的有机氮量顺序为10~50 μm>0~2 μm>2~10 μm>50~100 μm>100 μm以上,而保护性耕作条件下,与各粒级土壤复合体相结合的有机氮量顺序为10~50 μm>2~10 μm>0~2 μm>50~100 μm>100 μm以上;与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作措施显著地增加了耕层土壤中酸解总氮、氨基酸氮、氨基糖氮的含量,增幅分别为6.6%~20.4%、89.0%~113.0%和11.9%~31.6%,降低了NH+4-N的含量。【结论】与传统耕作(T)处理相比,保护性耕作(NT、TS、NTS)措施明显提高了土壤2~10 μm粒级复合体的比例,降低了0~2 μm粒级复合体的比例;增加了耕层土壤中酸解氮总氮、氨基糖态氮和氨基酸态氮的含量,降低了NH+ 4-N的含量。土壤中以氨基酸态氮占优势地位,其它形态的有机氮无明显分布规律。 相似文献
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土壤深松是解决长期旋免耕农田耕层浅薄化、亚表层(>15~30 cm)容重增加等问题的有效方法之一,而将长期旋免耕农田进行深松必然导致农业生态系统中土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)及碳固定速率的变化。因此,为对比将长期旋免耕转变为深松前后农田土壤有机碳库变化,该研究利用连续12a 的旋耕和免耕长期定位试验以及在此基础上连续6 a旋耕-深松和免耕-深松定位试验,对比了转变耕作方式对农田土壤0~30 cm有机碳含量、周年累积速率及其固碳量的影响。研究结果表明,经过连续12 a的旋耕和免耕处理(2002-2014),2014年免耕处理土壤0~30 cm有机碳储量比试验初期(2002年)提高38%,旋耕处理降低了30%,而对照常规处理无显著差异。免耕处理土壤0~30 cm有机碳储量比旋耕处理高约2.6倍(2014年)。长期免耕显著提高了土壤0~30 cm的有机碳含量,2002~2014年其土壤0~30 cm固碳量为16.69 t/hm2,但长期旋耕导致土壤0~30 cm SOC含量显著降低,表现为土壤有机碳的净损耗,年损耗速率为?0.75 t/hm2。而长期旋耕后进行深松(旋耕-深松处理)6年其土壤0~30 cm的有机碳含量较原旋耕处理提高32%~67%,且显著提高了土壤固碳量及周年累积速率;免耕-深松土壤0~30 cm的有机碳周年累积速率较免耕处理下降了42%。长期旋耕造成有机碳水平下降的条件下,将旋耕处理转变为深松处理在短期内更有利于促进土壤有机碳的积累,而将长期免耕处理转变为深松措施,降低了土壤有机碳的累积速率和固碳量。 相似文献
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长期保护性耕作通过增加土壤有机碳而成为稻田土壤结构改良的一项有效措施,而保护性耕作对土壤团聚体稳定机制的影响尚未完全清楚。本文供试土样采自耕作制定位试验水旱轮作、冬水免耕、垄作免耕和厢作免耕耕层(0~ 20 cm)土壤,土样经过糊化作用、湿润作用和再次糊化作用等预处理,用以阐明稻田土壤团聚体的破碎机制。研究结果表明:糊化作用和湿润作用后紫色水稻土团聚体稳定性差异不明显,而保护性耕作显著影响团聚体的稳定性。糊化作用后团聚体水稳性强弱顺序为:垄作免耕>厢作免耕>冬水免耕>水旱轮作,湿润作用后团聚体水稳性强弱顺序为:厢作免耕>垄作免耕>冬水免耕>水旱轮作。糊化作用下团聚体稳定性与有机碳浓度相关性不显著(r=0.432,p>0.05),湿润作用下团聚体稳定性与有机碳浓度呈极显著正相关(r=0.626,p<0.01)。因此,研究结果说明保护性耕作有利于紫色水稻土大团聚体有机碳含量提高,进而增强团聚体的水稳性。 相似文献
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为了探讨黑河流域保护性耕作对土壤生产力的影响,设计20cm留茬(NS20),20cm留茬压倒(NPS20),40cm留茬(NS40),40cm留茬压倒(NPS40)和传统耕作(CT)5个处理,研究了黑河流域保护性耕作对农田土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C、土壤微生物量N以及作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,保护性耕作农田0—20cm土层土壤有机质、土壤微生物量C和N的含量均高于传统耕作,且其在剖面中的变化趋势基本一致,即随土层深度增加下降;土壤微生物量N有明显的\"表聚现象\";相关分析表明土壤有机质和土壤微生物量C之间显著正相关(r=0.85,p0.05),与土壤微生物量N之间无明显的相关关系(r=0.47,p0.05);保护性耕作提高了春小麦的产量,NPS20和NPS40增产效果最好,较CT分别增产53.08%和46.59%,与CT之间差异达到极显著水平;保护性耕作提高了春小麦的水分利用效率(WUE),NPS20,NS40,NPS40,NS20分别较CT的WUE提高了58.02%,43.40%,47.27%,23.78%。 相似文献
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Regina Skuodienė Danutė Karčauskienė Regina Repšienė Gintaras Šiaudinis 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2018,68(7):643-648
Long-term soil cultivation at the same depth affects soil characteristics and crop productivity. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of a long-term different intensity soil tillage methods and deep loosening on weed number, weed agrobiological group and soil seed bank changes in till Bathygleyic Dystric Glossic Retisol soil under the climatic conditions of the Western Lithuania (geographical coordinates 55°43′38″N, 21°27′43″E). The study included different soil tillage methods (conventional ploughing, shallow ploughing and shallow ploughless tillage) and deep loosening. During investigational years, the greatest weed number in crops and the greatest weed seed number in the seed bank were determined in the soil reduced tillage (shallow ploughing and shallow ploughless tillage). The weed number in crops of conventional ploughing soil was 35.8% lover compared to reduced tillage soil. The weed seed number in the seed bank of conventional ploughing was 49.6% lover compared to reduced tillage Decreasing soil tillage intensity resulted in weed seeds concentration in the upper topsoil. A one-time deep loosening had a significant effect during the crop rotation: the weed number in crops and weed seed number in the seed bank were determined to have increased by 26.6% and 51.6% in conventional ploughing soil and by 11.9% and 23.2% shallow ploughless soil respectively. However, after deep loosening, the number of Poa annua in crops decreased 2.9 times in plots of conventional ploughing and 1.7 times – in plots of shallow ploughing soil. 相似文献
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翻耕和覆盖对我国黄土区麦田土壤水分的影响 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Effects of different methods of tillage and mulch on soil moisture at fallow stage were studied in rainy and rain-deficient years.Soil moisture content per 20 cm was measured vertically within 0-300 cm soil layers in an experiment with five treatments:deep-loosening tillage(DLT),traditional tillage(TT),plastic mulch(PM),straw mulch(SM) and plastic plus straw mulch(PSM),All mulch treatments were under no tillage conditions.Total storage of precipitation in soil from 0 to 300cm was determined before sowing,Results showed that the new methods of tillage and mulch were the basic ways to improve water condition in dryland wheat fields.In a rainy year,PM with no tillage played a significant role in storing and conserving precipitation.while in a rain-deficient year,the role was not significant,Due to evaporation.DLT did not promote the storage of soil moisture,SM was the best way to store and conserve soil moisture,In SM treatment the wheat yields increased by more than 20%. 相似文献
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保护性耕作对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
为了探讨保护性耕作对旱作农田套作模式土壤团聚体的影响,在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场对传统耕作(T)、垄作(R)、传统耕作+覆盖(TS)和垄作+覆盖(RS)4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作体系玉米大豆共生时期土壤团聚体进行筛分和测定分析.结果表明:在玉米条带,随着团聚体粒级的减小各处理间水稳性团聚体质量分数差异降低,且差异主要出现在>0.25 mm粒级的大团聚体中.但是在小麦—大豆条带,不同处理的水稳性团聚体含量没有明显差异.不同土层的土壤水稳性团聚体含量趋势一致,大小排序为A1(>2 mm粒级的团聚体)>A2(2~0.25 mm粒级的团聚体)>M2(<0.053mm粒级的团聚体)>M1(0.25~0.053 mm粒级的团聚体).0-5 cm土层>2 mm粒级的团聚体含量在36.31%~54.84%之间,低于5-10 cm土层的含量(55.22%~70.73%),耕作处理对土壤水稳性团聚体的影响主要表现在0-5 cm土层中,5-10 cm土层各处理间没有差异.不同粒级团聚体内有机碳含量大小排序为A2>A1>M1>M2,有机碳主要富集在2~0.25 mm粒级的团聚体内,其中的水稳性团聚体有机碳含量变化尤其敏感.保护性耕作措施能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,虽然2~0.25 mm粒级中的有机碳含量最高,但是它的质量分数较低,土壤总有机碳增加主要是由于>2 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳含量提高.在西南紫色土丘陵区小麦—玉米—大豆套作模式下,保护性耕作有利于改善土壤团聚体结构,增加大团聚体含量,促进土壤有机碳的固定. 相似文献
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保护性耕作下土壤团聚体组成及其有机碳分布特征 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
依据吉林省德惠市田间定位试验(始于2001年),对玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作模式下秋翻(MP)、垄作(RT)和免耕(NT)3种耕作方式的机械稳定性团聚体和水稳性团聚体粒级分布、水稳性团聚体有机碳含量及团聚体稳定性进行了研究。结果表明,3种耕作方式下,〉0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量均在70%以上,最高可达93.29%,各粒级含量在两个土层中表现规律性不强。水稳性团聚体含量均在20%以上,最高可达35.5%,且表层高于底层。与干筛法测定的团聚体相比,〉0.25 mm团聚体含量明显减少,最大减少幅度为58.76%。两个土层中玉米-大豆轮作和玉米连作下的机械稳定性团聚体与水稳性团聚体对耕作处理的响应表现出一定的相似性,即RT〉NT〉MP。水稳性团聚体有机碳含量随粒径的减小而增大,3种耕作方式下有机碳含量表现为NT〉RT〉MP,表层高于底层,且玉米-大豆轮作高于玉米连作。比较3种耕作方式,垄作更有利于团聚体的形成和稳定,且玉米-大豆轮作好于玉米连作。 相似文献
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保护性耕作对于培肥地力、保障粮食安全、缓解气候变化等具有重要意义.本研究搜集了1980 ~2012年8月有关中国农田保护性耕作的157个试验点的303对田间定位试验数据,采用Meta分析方法定量分析了保护性耕作下我国农田耕层土壤(旱地0~ 20cm,水田0~15cm)有机碳(SOC)变化特征.结果表明,与传统耕作(CT)相比,传统耕作+秸秆还田(CTS)、免耕(NT)和免耕+秸秆还田(NTS)三种保护性耕作均能显著提高SOC含量,变化速率分别为NTS(0.52 g kg-1 a-1) >NT(0.35 g kg-1 a-1) >CTS(0.22 g kg-1 a-1);三种保护性耕作下SOC变化速率为水田>旱地,一年两熟制>一年一熟制;保护性耕作下,SOC积累与否及其幅度并不完全取决于其初始有机碳含量,短期试验(≤5a) SOC增加速率是长期试验(>5a)的1.75倍,如果仅采用短期试验结果可能高估保护性耕作的固碳潜力. 相似文献
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Any soil deformation induced by agricultural machinery is transmitted three‐dimensionally and the “kneading effect” of tractor wheeling further rearranges soil particles and aggregates anisotropically. In this work, we investigated how heterogeneous soil structure remained 10 y after a complete wheeling of fields in 1995 with a single pass of 2 × 2.5 Mg and of 6 × 5 Mg on a silty loam Luvisol derived from loess. Control plots received no tractor wheeling. We also analyzed how soil physical properties responded to the tractor wheeling under two management systems: continuous conservation tillage (chisel plow = CS) with mulch cover and conventional tillage (plowing to 25 cm depth annually = CT). We compared three sampling dates: done before wheeling in 1995, after wheeling in 1995, and in 2004. Results showed that applying tractor wheeling in 1995 not only reduced total soil‐pore volume but also increased soil strength as expressed by precompression stress. The reduction of total pore volume at 30 cm depth was more pronounced in CS than in CT. After 10 y of continuous use of the two tillage systems, the precompression stress of the wheeled soils was greater in the vertical direction than in the horizontal direction. This anisotropy of soil strength and its load dependency were also more pronounced in CS than in CT. The effect of wheeling on the fluxes of gas and water was covered up by the effects of biochannels, causing a prevailing vertical passage. From this study, we conclude that heavy, agricultural machinery causes soil degradation, which is more evident in CS than in CT. 相似文献
19.
C.W. Watts W.R. Whalley D.J. Longstaff R.P. White P.C. Brook A.P. Whitmore 《Soil Use and Management》2001,17(4):263-268
Abstract. Soil management studies show that intensive arable agriculture can lead to a decline in both organic matter levels and the stability of the soil structure. It is a priority to understand how soil structure responds when fresh organic materials are added to poor quality degraded arable soils. This is of particular interest because of its implication for carbon sequestration. We investigate whether the addition of organic materials can form stable aggregates in a degraded soil. Grass or peat residues were added to samples of soil obtained from the continuous grassland and arable plots of the long-term experiment at highfield, IACR-Rothamsted (UK) and incubated at 2° and 24°C, for upto 8 weeks at -5 kPa. At 1 day and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks the soil was slaked in de-ionised water and the aggregate size distributions were measured. The data was used to calculate mean weight diameters (MWD). The treatments with added grass showed increased aggregated relative to the control; the treatments with added peat did not. At 24°C the value of MWD increased with the incubation period, but at 2°C there was no further aggregation beyond week two. Respiration measurements were made and the samples that released the most CO2 were also those which re-aggregated the most. This suggests that the process of aggregation is microbiologically mediated. The results are discussed within the broader context of the implications of soil organic matter content on soil management. 相似文献
20.
耕作、残茬及施肥管理对土壤有机质动态变化影响的情景分析 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Based on data from 10-year field experiments on residue/fertilizer management in the dryland farming region of northern China, Century model was used to simulate the site-specific ecosystem dynamics through adjustment of the model's parameters, and the applicability of the model to propose soil organic carbon (SOC) management temporally and spatially, in cases such as of tillage/residue/fertilization management options, was identified v/a scenario analysis.Results between simulations and actual measurements were in close agreement when appropriate applications of stover,manure and inorganic fertilizer were combined. Simulations of extreme C/N ratios with added organic materials tended to underestimate the measured effects. Scenarios of changed tillage methods, residue practices and fertilization options showed potential to maintain and enhance SOC in the long run, while increasing inorganic N slowed down the SOC turnover rate but did not create a net C sink without any organic C input. The Century model simulation showed a good relationship between annual C inputs to the soil and the rate of C sequestration in the top 20 cm layer and provided quantitative estimations of changes in parameters crucial for sustainable land use and management. Conservation tillage practices for sustainable land use should be integrated with residue management and appreciable organic and inorganic fertilizer application, adapted according to the local residue resource, soil fertility and production conditions. At least 50% residue return into the soil was needed annually for maintenance of SOC balance, and manure amendment was important for enhancement of SOC in small crop-livestock systems in which crop residue land application was limited. 相似文献