EMS诱变小麦愈伤组织选择抗旱突变体的研究

以抗旱性差的小麦品种温麦6号和周麦17的花药愈伤组织和幼胚愈伤组织为材料,进行EMS诱变处理,结果表明：EMS溶液处理花药愈伤组织相对分化率近50%的浓度和时间组合为0.20%＋（2~6h）;处理幼胚愈伤组织相对分化率近50%的浓度和时间组合为（0.20%~0.40%）＋（2~4h）。将EMS诱变处理后分化的224株再生植株接种到PEG浓度为80g/L的生根培养基中,进行抗旱筛选,共得到13株抗旱植株,平均变异率为5.8%。花药愈伤组织和幼胚愈伤组织EMS溶液诱变处理的适宜浓度和时间组合为0.20%＋4h。     

基因枪轰击后大麦幼胚的组织培养及植株再生研究

以基因枪轰击后的6个大麦品种的幼胚为材料，研究了不同质量浓度的ABA，2，4-D，ZT和IAA对胚幼的出愈率、愈伤组织分化特性和植株再生能力的影响。结果表明：用1．0mg／L的ABA在诱导培养基上处理幼胚能大大降低胚芽鞘发生率，并对出愈率和胚性愈伤组织的形成无不良影响；经1．0mg／L的2，4-D诱导产生的胚性愈伤组织转到分化培养基上以后，芽分化率可达8％～17％，而4．0mg／L 2，4-D处理芽分化率极低。1．0mg/L ZT与0．1mg／L IAA配比能降低分化过程中不定根的发生率，有利于芽的分化。通过植株再生系统的优化，6个大麦品种的转化幼胚植株再生率达到2％～8％。     

玉米幼胚培养能力性状QTL分析

以18-599（红）和R15组配的F₂群体,构建了含88对SSR标记的玉米遗传连锁图谱,覆盖基因组1 636.6 cM,标记间平均距离为18.6 cM。结合幼胚组织培养试验将幼胚发生胚性愈伤组织诱导率和胚性愈伤组织绿苗再分化数作为反映玉米培养过程中胚性愈伤组织诱导力和胚性愈伤组织绿苗再分化力的性状指标,以此调查玉米幼胚培养能力。利用复合区间作图法进行QTL分析,共检测到5个与胚性愈伤组织诱导率有关的QTL,位于第1、3、7和8染色体上,可解释5.25%～23.4%的表型变异;检测到1个与胚性愈伤组织绿苗发生数有关的QTL,位于第3染色体上,可解释表型变异率为13.42%。     

冬小麦成熟胚高频愈伤组织形成和分化的适宜条件研究

以4个冬小麦品种的成熟胚为外植体,研究了温度预处理、愈伤组织诱导培养基中2,4-D浓度和分化培养基激素种类及其配比对小麦成熟胚愈伤组织形成和分化的影响。结果表明,与室温25℃相比,低温4℃预处理能明显改善愈伤组织的形成率。适宜愈伤组织形成的诱导培养基中2,4-D浓度以4 mg/L为宜,分化培养基中含有1 mg/LKT 2 mg/L 6-BA较仅含有1 mg/L KT或2 mg/L 6-BA能明显促进愈伤组织的分化。相同培养条件下,不同品种间的愈伤组织形成和再生能力存在较大差异。因此,进行低温种子预处理、愈伤组织诱导过程中采用适宜的2,4-D浓度,以及分化过程中采用适宜的激素组合是冬小麦高频愈伤组织形成和分化的重要条件。     

玉米幼胚培养胚性愈伤组织诱导力的遗传变异分析

用6个玉米自交系,配制完全双列杂交组合进行幼胚培养,测定胚性愈伤组织诱导率作为评价指标,用Hayman双列杂交分析法和Griffing配合力分析方法1进行遗传分析.结果表明,胚性愈伤组织诱导率在基因型间差异显著,其性状遗传为加性-显性模型,加性变异占94.41%,显性变异仅占5.59%,显性变异表现为部分显性;该性状遗传力高,表现为受主     

组织培养途径改良定型小麦品种的研究

选用ＣＡ９０７０、ＣＡＤ８６９４,京４１１三个定型品种进行组织培养,比较了三种培养方式的培养效果,调查了Ｈ２,Ｒ２株系主要农艺性状的遗传变异情况,结果表明,幼胚培养效率最高,基因型间差异小,花药培养的基因型间差异显著,花药培养后代农艺性状的变异率高于幼胚培养,且其性状值向更小的方向变异,而幼胚培育诱花的变异范围大于花药培养,获得了ＣＡＤ８６９４的花培变异株系９５Ｈ０５５,株高降低了１１．５ｃｍ,获     

橡胶树胚性愈伤组织对添加外源抗氧化剂低温冷藏的响应

为探讨低温冷藏对橡胶树胚性愈伤组织的影响,以(25±2)℃、常规增殖培养的胚性愈伤组织为对照,测定在(6±2)℃、添加外源抗氧化剂的低温保存培养基上生长25 d的胚性愈伤组织的相对生长量、抗氧化酶活性、恢复生长、体细胞胚诱导和植株再生能力。结果表明:低温冷藏胚性愈伤组织的相对生长量比对照的显著降低83.1%,但细胞活力相对强;低温冷藏胚性愈伤组织的SOD、POD、CAT和APX等抗氧化酶活性与对照无显著差异,但GR酶活性比对照的显著增加4.21倍;恢复(25±2)℃、正常增殖培养,胚性愈伤组织的存活率、相对生长量、体细胞胚诱导率与对照的无显著差异,但植株再生能力提高47.2%。综上所述,低温冷藏条件下,外源抗氧化剂能有效保护橡胶树胚性愈伤组织,可进一步优化保存条件以延长保存时间,为今后利用低温保存橡胶树优质胚性愈伤组织,避免因频繁继代引起胚性愈伤组织生长和胚性的衰退,妥善保存橡胶树种质资源提供理论依据和技术保障。     

VB1和干燥处理对小麦幼胚愈伤组织培养的影响

以14个小麦品种为试验材料，研究不同浓度维生素B1和分化前的干燥处理对小麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导、分化过程的影响。结果表明，小麦幼胚愈伤组织的分化率在不同基因型之间差异显著，其中最高的为郑新992(71．9％)；在愈伤组织诱导、继代以及分化培养的Ms培养基中添加维生素B1(盐酸硫胺素)10mg／L有利于小麦幼胚胚性愈伤组织的发生，同时对促进小麦幼胚愈伤组织的分化也有显著影响；在转入分化培养基前对愈伤组织进行干燥处理(12h)可有效提高其分化频率。     

甘啤4号大麦幼胚愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究

本研究以甘啤4号的幼胚为外植体材料,以模式品种Golden promise为对照,研究了不同培养基和激素配比对甘啤4号幼胚愈伤组织的诱导及植株再生的影响。研究结果表明,在同一培养基上,甘啤4号出愈率低于Golden promise,但都达到50%以上;在诱导愈伤组织的过程中,甘啤4号在IM2培养基上的出愈率较高,达71%,IM1与IM2培养基上形成的愈伤质量较IM3好,说明培养基对愈伤组织的出愈率起决定作用;且研究发现dicamba较2,4-D能提高大麦幼胚的出愈率。在相同的培养基上,Golden promise的诱导率明显高于甘啤4号,可见基因型对大麦愈伤组织的诱导率起决定作用。且不同的培养基和不同激素配比对幼胚愈伤组织的诱导率及分化率不同,分化培养基DM1的分化率高于DM2,这说明除基因型外,激素也对植株再生产生重要影响。研究证明甘啤4号愈伤组织诱导率及分化率均较高,适合于作为遗传转化的受体材料。     

适用于4种玉米基因型的农杆菌转化方法的探讨

利用改良的农杆菌培养液、侵染液、共培养培养基和筛选培养基等技术体系,对4个玉米基因型Hi-Ⅱ、H99、国内2个优良自交系R18-599和齐319的新鲜幼胚、预培养幼胚、胚性愈伤组织进行了农杆菌转化研究,并比较了不同共培养方式对农杆菌侵染不同玉米组织的影响。结果表明,Hi-Ⅱ新鲜幼胚在固体培养基上共培养和滤纸上共培养后GUS基因瞬间表达率分别为83.7%和4.4%,前法优于后法;Hi-Ⅱ新鲜幼胚、预培养3 d的幼胚愈伤组织经农杆菌侵染后GUS基因瞬间表达率分别为83.7%和12.1%,新鲜幼胚比预培养的幼胚愈伤组织更适合于农杆菌转化。用上述优化的条件对另外3个不同基因型的2种不同外植体H99、齐319(新鲜幼胚)和R18-599（胚性愈伤组织）进行遗传转化,共培养3 d后的GUS基因瞬间表达率分别为65.2%、52.6%和58%,表明该转化体系适合于上述4种基因型的幼胚和胚性愈伤组织的遗传转化。此外农杆菌侵染Hi-Ⅱ新鲜幼胚后经在含巴龙霉素25~100 mg L^-1培养基上3轮选择后,抗性愈伤组织获得率为2.4%,近似反映了本研究的遗传转化率。其他3个基因型的抗性愈伤也正在筛选中。结果初步表明,本研究建立的农杆菌介导的玉米遗传转化体系可能对4种基因型均适用。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.