Effect of inoculation with different strains of Azospirillum brasilense on cotton (Gossipium barbadense)

Summary The response of the cotton plant to inoculation with six strains of Azospirillum brasilense was investigated under subtropical conditions in Egypt. Azospirilla populations and activities were increased as a result of root inoculation with liquid inoculum of Azospirillum sp. Highest C₂H₂ — reduction activities on roots were obtained with strains S631 and Sp Br 14 (means of 216.85 and 209.50 nmol C₂H₄g^–1 root h^–1 respectively) while strain M4 gave the lowest activity (mean of 100.8 nmol C₂H₄g^–1 root h^–1). Statistical analysis showed that Azospirillum strains 5631, Sp Br 14, E15 and SC22 significantly increased the plant dry weight and nitrogen uptake while inoculation with strains M4 and SE had no significant effect in that respect.     

Yield response of spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum and T. turgidum) to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense under field conditions

Summary Eight commercial Israeli spring wheat cultivars (six Triticum aestivum and two T. turgidum) grown with 40 and 120 kg N/ha were tested for responses to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. At the low level of N fertilization (40 kg/ha), five cultivars showed significant increases in plant dry weight measured at the milky ripe stage; however, by maturation only the cultivar Miriam showed a significant increase in grain yield. Two cultivars, which had shown a positive inoculation effect at the earlier stages, had a significant decrease in grain yield. No significant effect of inoculation was found at the high N level. To confirm those results, four wheat (T. aestivum) cultivars were tested separately over 4 years in 4 different locations under varying N levels. Only Miriam showed a consistently positive effect of Azospirillum inoculation on grain yield. Inoculation increased the number of roots per plant on Miriam compared with uninoculated plants. This effect was found at all N levels. Nutrient (N, P and K) accumulation and number of fertile tillers per unit area were also enhanced by Azospirillum, but these parameters were greatly affected by the level of applied N. It is suggested that the positive response of the spring wheat cultivar Miriam to Azospirillum inoculation is due to its capacity to escape water stresses at the end of the growth season.     

Growth stimulation and nitrogen supply to wheat plants inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense

Twelve Azospirillum brasilense strains isolated from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots were compared for root colonization, growth stimulation, and nitrogen (N) supply to young wheat plants cv. Klein Chamaco grown in sterile nutrient solutions without N. All the strains inoculated colonized both the root surface and interior, and most strains stimulated root and shoot growth, although the degree of stimulation was different for the different strains. Some strains increased the total N content of roots and tops at the end of the experiment, in one case up to 80% of the uninoculated plants, while others produced no effect on N content. No correlation could be found between growth stimulation or the amount of N supplied to the plant with the degree of root colonization. When the most efficient strain for N fixation was inoculated to different wheat cultivars, it stimulated growth and supplied N to the five cultivars tested, although the degree of root colonization, growth stimulation and N supply showed differences among the cultivars. Our results suggest that there exists the potential of A. brasilense to supply N to wheat plants in considerable amounts, although an adequate strain are still to be identified.     

Effect of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation on root morphology and respiration in tomato seedlings

Summary The level of Azospirillum brasilense strain Cd colonization in the rhizosphere of some vegetables was 10⁴–10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU) per root of one plant in 2-week-old plants inoculated with 5 × 10⁸ Azospirillum cells. Significant increases in root length (35%) and in top (90%) and root (50%) dry weight and total leaf area (90%) were observed in 18-day-old inoculated tomato plants compared with non-inoculated controls. An inoculum concentration of 1 × 10⁸ to 5 × 10⁸ CFU/ml stimulated the appearance of root hairs. Large numbers of bacteria (1 × 10⁹ CFU/ml) caused asymmetrical growth of the root tip. In a petri dish system, Azospirillum (1 × 10⁸ CFU/ml) increased root dry weight (150%), protein content (20%), respiration rate per root (70%) and the specific activity of malate dehydrogenase (45%–65%) over non-inoculated controls. The specific respiration rate, expressed as micromol of O₂ per minute per milligram of dry weight of roots, was significantly lower in inoculated roots, suggesting that less energy was spent for accumulation of more dry material.     

Dual inoculation with strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense to improve growth and biological nitrogen fixation of soybean (Glycine max L.)

The effects of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Azospirillum brasilense strains on the growth of soybean were evaluated with regard to the estimation of N₂ fixation using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. Inoculation, in general, increased the dry mass of soybean as well as nitrogen content. Dual inoculation with a mixture of B. japonicum and A. brasilense strains was superior over single inoculation with B. japonicum. Nitrogen fixed (Ndfa) varied according to inoculant and soil conditions. Percentages of nitrogen derived from air (% Ndfa) using a non-nodulating isoline were 72% and 76% for B. japonicum and B. japonicum plus A. brasilense, respectively, in non-sterile soil. A similar but higher trend was recorded in sterilized soil, in which the percentages of N₂ fixed were 81% and 86% for single and dual inoculation, respectively. The correlation coefficient between N₂ fixed and N uptake (r=0.94) and dry mass (r=0.89) was significant. Application of special bacterial inoculants in agricultural systems of Egypt seems to be a promising technology and could be used for improving soybean growth as well as soil fertility, thus minimizing environmental pollution. Received: 10 January 1996     

不同施氮方式对春玉米产量、氮素吸收及经济效益的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同施氮方式(习惯施氮量、推荐施氮量及等氮量下有机肥替代)对春玉米产量、氮素吸收及经济效益的影响。结果表明:施氮能显著提高春玉米产量,2008年和2009年分别提高11.2%～16.8%、10.9%～24.2%。等氮量下,30%有机肥氮替代模式能够维持或显著提高春玉米产量。除2009年推荐施氮量下有机肥氮替代处理春玉米产量低于习惯施氮量外,其它相同施氮模式间春玉米产量均无显著差异。有机肥氮替代模式氮素吸收量和肥料利用率较等氮量下100%化肥氮偏低,但施氮效益较高,因此,有机肥氮部分替代化肥氮可作为东北春玉米的有效施氮措施。     

小麦/玉米间作根系相互作用对氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

通过在甘肃河西灌区的田间试验,该文探讨了地下部分隔作用对小麦/玉米间作氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。研究结果表明：小麦/玉米间作,间作小麦和间作玉米吸氮量在没有地下部分隔条件下都高于分隔。小麦收获后,间作小麦地下部分隔与没有地下部分隔之间土壤硝态氮累积量接近;间作玉米不分隔土壤硝态氮含量和累积量高于分隔。玉米收获后,小麦不分隔土壤硝态氮累积量低于分隔,间作玉米不分隔土壤硝态氮含量和累积量都高于分隔。小麦/空带和玉米/空带间作时,作物氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮含量都没差异。     

Effect of nitrogen on the yield response of Pennisetum americanum,Triticum aestivum and Zea mays to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense under temperate conditions

Summary A nitrate-respiring strain, a denitrifying strain, and a non-nitrogen-fixing strain of Azospirillum brasilense were compared for their effect on the growth of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays) under temperate conditions in nitrogen-limited pot cultures. Increases in yield of Z. mays shoots occurred with all three strains when inoculation coincided with the addition of low levels of combined nitrogen. The inoculation of A. brasilense did not show any effect on the yield of P. americanum and T. aestivum. Increased numbers of A. brasilense became associated with Z. mays roots following the addition of low levels of combined nitrogen. Low and very variable rates of acetylene reduction activity were observed from excised roots of inoculated Z. mays plants without preincubation. Results indicate that inoculation of cereals with A. brasilense under temperate conditions has only a limited effect on plant growth.     

Growth and yield responses of a Nepalese spring wheat cultivar to the inoculation with Nepalese Azospirillum spp at various levels of nitrogen fertilization

The Azospirillum 10SW used in our experiments was isolated from roots of wheat growing in nitrogen-poor soil of a hilly region of Nepal, where inorganic nitrogen fertilizers were never used. The main objectives of this work were to assess the effects of inorganic nitrogen fertilization in the yield responses of wheat grown in association with the bacteria. The in vitro experiments were done in laboratory, whereas the pot experiments were performed in a greenhouse. The nitrogenase activities of in vitro grown Azospirillum were repressed by nitrate. The magnitude of repression was lower when the bacteria were growing in association with wheat. The number of roots per plant was increased significantly in inoculated plants irrespective of the nitrate concentration of the medium. Inoculation with Azospirillum 10SW also increased the yield of wheat grown in pots with medium levels of nitrogen fertilization. These data show the possibility of inoculation of this Azospirillum spp. in combination with nitrogen fertilizer to improve the yield of wheat. Azospirillum inoculation enhanced the development of roots and shoots in the early growth stages of wheat. It may be one of the factors responsible for the yield increases. Received: 11 December 1996     

Implications of Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and nutrient addition on maize in soils of the Brazilian Cerrado under greenhouse and field conditions

The combination of nitrogen and Azospirillum can ensure greater nutrient absorption and crop yield in agricultural areas using high technology. Thus, the objective was to evaluate maize response to Azopirillum brasilense (AZ) inoculation and nutrient (macronutrients and micronutrients) application under greenhouse and field conditions in clay and sandy soils of the Brazilian Cerrado. In the greenhouse assays, the following parameters were measured: shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), and root volume (RV). In the field experiments, the maize yield was determined after drying the grains at 60 °C for 48 h. In clay soil, there was a significant increase in the SDW, RDW and RV in the treatment with AZ concentrated (10¹¹ cells ml⁻¹ of inoculum) when compared with the control treatment and the treatment with AZ diluted (10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ of inoculum). In this soil, adding micronutrients did not affect the maize response under greenhouse conditions. In sandy soil, there was no difference between the AZ treatment and the control, except for treatments where nutrients and AZ were both added leading to a significant increase in the maize response. In both soils, the RV:RDW ratio was higher in the treatment with AZ concentrated compared to that in the treatment with AZ diluted, but the yield response depended on the addition of nutrients. Inoculation with A. brasilense gave comparable yield to the nitrogen treatment. The grain production was increased by 29% in the treatment with A. brasilense and nitrogen compared to nitrogen fertilization alone. In this study, the yield response was affected significantly when maize was inoculated with A. brasilense, but this response was dependent on the soil type under greenhouse conditions.     

Macronutrient accumulation in wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) with Azospirillum brasilense associated with nitrogen doses and sources

Abstract

New studies are needed to optimize the nitrogen (N) amount that can be applied to utilize the Azospirillum brasilense benefits. In addition, information regarding the interaction between the urease inhibitor and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and how they affect the macronutrients accumulation are also needed. We evaluate the effect of N sources and doses associated with A. brasilense regarding the macronutrients accumulation in straw and grains and wheat grain yield in tropical conditions. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications in a 2?×?5?×?2 factorial arrangement as follows: two N sources (urea and urea with urease enzyme inhibitor NBPT; five N doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200?kg ha^?1) applied in topdressing; with and without A. brasilense inoculation. We found that an increase in N doses positively influenced the accumulation of macronutrients in straw and grains and the wheat grain yield. N sources have similar effects. Inoculation with A. brasilense increased accumulation of Mg and S in straw and P, Ca, and Mg in grains, regardless of the N dose. The inoculation with A. brasilense associated with 140?kg ha^?1 of N increased wheat grain yield. The inoculation can contribute in a more sustainable way to wheat nutrition and optimizing N fertilization.     

Peculiar effect of Azospirillum inoculation on growth and nitrogen balance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Summary Wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) grown in pots and in the field under the Mediterranean climate of the south of France were inoculated with a strain of Azospirillum brasilense. Comparisons with non-inoculated plants grown under the same conditions showed significant responses to inoculation with an increase in the number of fertile tillers, shoot and root dry weight, and root to shoot biomass ratio. The roots of inoculated plants attracted relatively more assimilates than those of the control plants until a late stage of growth (heading stage) but the rhizosphere respiration expressed per unit of root growth was not increased by inoculation. Nitrogen yield, both total and in grains, was also enhanced; however, N percentages of all aerial parts of the plants grown in pots were always statistically lower after inoculation than in the control. At maturity, the N % in seeds was 1.81 and 2.45, respectively. The possible mechanisms of this effect of inoculation under the experimental conditions of this study are discussed.     

玉米联合固氮工程菌的增产和节约氮肥的效果

连续两年 (1999～ 2 0 0 0年 )在肥力中等的轻质砂壤土中 ,对玉米联合固氮工程菌 UB37和野生菌 UB1进行了玉米小区田间接种试验。试验结果表明 :在不同水平氮肥的条件下 ,接种工程菌比接种野生菌和不接菌的对照都有不同程度的增产。特别是在施 N水平为尿素 180 kg/hm2 的试验田中 ,接种工程菌比接种野生菌平均增产 10 % ,比不接菌对照平均增产 19% ,生物统计差异显著 (P=0 .0 5 )。在尿素 180 kg/ hm2条件下接种工程菌的玉米产量与在尿素 2 2 5 kg/hm2 下接种工程菌的产量相当 ,既可节省 2 0 %氮肥 ,又可达到增产 19%的效果     

Effect of Azospirillum inoculants on arbuscular mycorrhiza establishment in wheat and maize plants

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi represent two main groups of beneficial microorganisms of the rhizosphere. The role of different strains of Azospirillum on AM fungi development was evaluated by measuring the percentage of AM colonisation of the root system in durum wheat and maize plants, grown under both greenhouse and field conditions. The effect of wild-type Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp245 and genetically modified (GM) derivatives overproducing indole-3-acetic acid was assessed at greenhouse level in (1) three different cultivars of durum wheat, in the presence of indigenous AM fungi and (2) maize plants artificially inoculated with Glomus mosseae and Glomus macrocarpum. In addition, the establishment of natural AM fungal symbiosis was evaluated using Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 in maize plants at field level. Despite the stimulatory effect of the different Azospirillum inocula on root growth, no significant differences in AM colonisation were found, independently of the AM fungus involved, either in wheat or in maize plants. Similarly, GM A. brasilense, which strongly stimulates root development, did not affect AM formation. Although these results were obtained in conditions in which the mycorrhization rate was moderate (15–30%), overall considered they indicate that the use of wild-type or GM Azospirillum phytostimulators does not alter mycorrhization.     

冷型小麦氮素吸收积累特性的研究

2002至2004年,通过田间小区试验,研究了4种施肥条件下(不施肥、单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施)冠层温度持续偏低的冷型小麦氮素吸收积累特性。供试小麦品种为小偃6号、陕229、NR9405和9430,前两者为冷型小麦品种,后两者为暖型小麦品种。结果表明,花前冷型小麦叶片具有较高的氮素积累量;花后氮素吸收积累量在单施磷肥、单施氮肥和氮磷配施条件下比暖型小麦分别高168.6%、144.6%和217.4%。成熟期冷型小麦子粒中氮素积累量大,功能叶片中氮素残留量多。冷型小麦叶片较高的氮素含量为维持叶片较高的光合速率奠定了良好的氮营养基础;花后氮素吸收积累量较多的特点,与冷型小麦灌浆结实期具有较高的代谢生理活性,根系吸收氮能力强有密切关系。     

稳定性氮肥减施对春玉米氮素吸收及土壤无机氮供应的影响

  【目的】  稳定性氮肥减量施用在玉米上表现出良好的稳产和增产效果,但缺乏针对不同土壤和气候条件下春玉米生产的推荐施用量。为此,我们在辽中、辽南地区春玉米上开展了稳定性氮肥一次性施用最佳用量试验。  【方法】  2017年在辽宁省沈阳市和海城市两地开展田间试验。供试稳定性氮肥中同时添加了脲酶抑制剂和硝化抑制剂。两个试验区均设置了不施氮处理 (CK)、普通尿素常规施氮量 (CK1) 和普通尿素减氮10%对照 (CK2)。沈阳试验区设置稳定性氮肥比其CK1 (244 kg/hm2) 分别减氮10%、15%、20% 3个处理 (S1、S2、S3),海城试验区设置比其CK1 (217 kg/hm2) 分别减氮10%、15% 2个处理 (S1、S2)。采集玉米生长季内各生育时期的土壤样品和植株样品,测定土壤无机氮含量和植株不同部位养分含量,每个小区单独采收,记录产量。  【结果】  与CK1相比,稳定性氮肥能显著提高玉米产量 (P < 0.05),且以减氮15%的S2处理肥效稳定,沈阳试验较CK1增产、增收幅度分别为7.5%、1795元/hm2,较CK2增产、增收幅度分别为11.1%、2808元/hm2;而海城试验产量与CK1没有显著区别,收入减少184元/hm2,与CK2相比,增产19.5%,增收2685元/hm2。与CK1相比,稳定性氮肥处理氮素表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力依次提高10.4%～12.4%、3.4%～6.2%和6.5%～10.8%;与CK2相比,分别提高10.2%～12.2%、3.3%～6.1%和3.3%～7.6%。与普通尿素相比,施用稳定性氮肥显著提高了玉米生育中后期植株氮素吸收强度,稳定性氮肥各处理氮素总积累量表现为S2 > S1 > S3 > CK1 > CK2。土壤无机氮含量主要在0—20、20—40 cm土层表现出较大差异,总体上稳定性氮肥处理 (S1、S2、S3) 耕层土壤无机氮含量在玉米生育前期 (苗期、拔节期) 低于普通尿素处理 (CK1、CK2),在玉米生育中后期 (大喇叭口期至成熟期) 0—40 cm土层无机氮含量显著高于普通尿素处理,但总体上无机氮含量在0—40 cm土层中变化幅度较普通尿素处理平缓。  【结论】  稳定性氮肥减施可以维持或提高土壤无机氮含量。在沈阳试验点,稳定性尿素施氮量减少15％时,玉米的产量和经济效益、氮素累积总量和氮素表观利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力等都最高;而在海城试验点,由于普通尿素投入量相对较低,最佳稳定性尿素推荐量为减氮10%。     

春玉米产量、氮素利用及矿质氮平衡对施氮的响应

通过在辽宁省昌图县的田间试验,研究了不同施氮水平(0、60、120、180、240和300 kg hm-2)对春玉米产量、氮素利用及农田矿质氮平衡的影响。结果表明:春玉米产量随施氮量增加而显著提高,当施氮量高于N 240 kg hm-2时,产量有减少趋势;氮素当季利用率随施氮量增加先增加后降低,在施氮量180 kg hm-2时达到最大,为27.95%。随着施氮量增加,氮肥农学利用率、氮素吸收效率和氮素偏生产力均显著降低,而氮肥生理利用率和氮肥表观残留率均先增加后降低,这与氮肥表观损失率的变化正好相反。作物吸氮量随施氮量增加而显著增加,氮盈余主要以土壤残留为主,表观损失在氮盈余中的比例虽小,但随着施氮量增加而明显增加。低量施氮(<180 kg hm-2)主要引起土壤矿质氮残留量的显著增加,而高量施氮(240 kg hm-2和300 kg hm-2)主要引起土壤氮素表观损失量的显著增加。在本试验条件下,合理施氮量应控制在180～209 kg hm-2左右。     

氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米氮素吸收及分配的影响

【目的】通过田间试验探究黄土旱塬氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对春玉米干物质累积、产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2016年和2017年在中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行。该站位于陕西省咸阳市长武县洪家镇,地貌为高原沟壑区,地带性土壤为黑垆土,供试作物为春玉米。试验采用裂区设计,主区为地膜覆盖和不覆盖,副区为4个施氮水平(0、100、250和400 kg/hm^2)。在玉米六叶期(V6)、十叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)及完熟期(R6) 5个时期采集植株样品,测定生物量并按照需要分为不同部位测定植株全氮含量。【结果】1)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖显著提高春玉米籽粒产量,地膜覆盖条件下氮肥提高春玉米籽粒产量效果更显著。地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理春玉米籽粒获得高产,产量达12.8～16.4 t/hm^2,两个施氮量间春玉米籽粒产量差异不显著;不覆盖条件下,施氮量400kg/hm^2处理春玉米籽粒产量显著低于250 kg/hm^2处理。2)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖及二因素互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后氮素累积量,二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素和干物质累积作用较花前更大,地膜覆盖条件下施氮处理花后氮素和干物质累积量比例分别为51.5%～54.9%和51.1%～59.9%,为春玉米籽粒产量提高奠定物质基础,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理可获得高的花前和花后氮素和干物质累积量,但施氮量400 kg/hm^2处理的氮素和干物质累积量与施氮量250 kg/hm^2处理的均差异不显著。3)由于氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高花前氮素累积和促进花后的生长发育,二因素协同促进春玉米营养器官氮素转移量,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理均能有效促进花前储存更多的氮素向籽粒转运,提高花后期氮同化量,促进籽粒产量的提高。相同覆盖条件下,施氮量400 kg/hm^2处理营养器官氮素转移量与施氮量250 kg/hm^2差异不显著。4)地膜覆盖显著提高相同施氮量下氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;地膜覆盖和氮肥用量及二因素互作显著提高氮收获指数,地膜覆盖条件下,施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理可获得较高的氮收获指数,氮收获指数达65.1%～75.4%,但施氮量250 kg/hm^2和400 kg/hm^2处理氮收获指数差异不显著。【结论】在该试验条件下,氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后的氮素吸收和干物质累积,但二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素吸收和干物质累积影响更大,从而促进了营养器官氮素转移,提高了春玉米产量和氮收获指数。     

氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和镉吸收的影响研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了Cd污染土壤上,不同氮肥品种和用量对水稻产量和Cd吸收的影响。结果表明,与磷钾配施的4个氮肥处理中,施用尿素处理水稻产量最高,其次为施(NH4)2SO4和NH4Cl处理,施NH4NO3处理水稻产量最低。与施(NH4)2SO4、NH4NO3和尿素处理相比,施NH4Cl处理可显著增加水稻对Cd的吸收,并促进Cd由秸秆向籽粒的转移;而其他3种氮肥对水稻秸秆和籽粒中Cd含量的影响效应相当。适量尿素[0.2g(N)·kg-1]处理能显著降低水稻籽粒Cd含量,而不施尿素和高量尿素处理都显著提高了水稻籽粒中的Cd含量。研究表明,在Cd污染的水稻土上,采用抗Cd污染的水稻品种和优化肥、水管理措施,可使稻米中Cd含量低于国家无公害大米的限量指标。     

黑、紫粒小麦对氮素吸收及同化特性的初步研究

以3个不同类型小麦品种为试材,通过对幼苗期根系氮素吸收Vmax和Km的测定及灌浆期剑叶中NR、GS活性的比较分析,初步探讨了黑、紫粒小麦根系对氮素吸收的动力学和同化特性及其与营养品质间的相互关系。结果表明,同普通的白粒小麦相比,黑、紫粒小麦在对氮素的吸收、转运和同化等方面均具有较强的优势,这可能是其蛋白质等营养成分富积的主要原因之一。