大豆灰斑病叶部病害普遍率与严重度关系初步探讨

 1992~1995年在田间接种条件下对大豆灰斑病叶部发病情况进行系统调查,获得86组感病品种(合丰22)和66组抗病品种(合丰25)普遍率与严重度间对应关系数据,在计算机上分析了两者的关系(I-S关系)。结果表明,感病品种和抗病品种叶部病害的I-S关系均可用直线方程描述,其直线回归方程分别为:#br#SS_感=-2.8029+0.5252IS±6.4364(SS、IS-感病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#SR_抗=-0.3843+0.6334IR±3.7679(SR、IR-抗病品种严重度和普遍率)#br#协方差分析结果表明,大豆品种的抗病性对大豆灰斑病叶部病害的I-S关系有一定影响。     

小麦叶锈病、白粉病和条锈病普遍率与严重度间的关系

 在田间接种条件下,详细地观察了小麦叶锈病、白粉病和条锈病普遍率与严重度之间的关系(I-S关系)。结果表明供试三种病害的I-S关系均可用指数函数描述;在普遍率小于70%左右时,用直线方程拟合效果更好;普遍率大于90%时,对严重度的预测效果较差。分别建立了各病的I-S关系式。小麦生育阶段(拔节期、抽穗开花期、灌浆期)对叶锈病和白粉病I-S关系没有明显的影响,而条锈病的I-S关系在不同生育阶段有一定的差异。文章最后对I-S关系的使用进行了讨论。     

稻瘟病普遍率与严重度关系初步探讨

作者对田间自然发病情况的观察和盔栽接种试验,获得92组叶稻瘟和80组穗颈稻瘟普遍率和严重度间对应关系的数据,在计算机上分别分析了叶瘟和穗颈瘟普遍率与严重度之间的关系(I-S)。结果表明:叶瘟I-S关系和穗颈瘟I-S关系均可用直线方程描述,其直线回归方程为:叶瘟:SL=-1.104+0.455IL(SL,IL——叶瘟严重度和普遍率)穗颈瘟:SE=-3.717+0.737IE(SE,IE——穗颈瘟严重度和普遍率)协方差分析结果表明:水稻品种的抗病性对稻瘟病 I-S 关系有一定影响。     

水稻不育系粒黑粉病普遍率与严重度间的关系

 稻粒黑粉病(病原菌Neovossia horrida (TaK.)Padw. et A. Kahn)是杂交稻繁殖制种田不育系上的主要病害,流行频率高,危害损失大。普遍率和严重度的关系(I-S关系)是植病流行学观测技术上的一个重要问题。     

水稻白叶枯病菌诱导水稻悬浮细胞防卫基因表达的初步研究

 以感病品系沈农103及其携带Xa-4抗病基因的近等基因系CBB₄为材料(均由中国农科院作物所章琦研究员惠赠)。     

烟草花叶病对烤烟产值、产量的影响以及不同抗性品种(系)间损失当量的比较

通过大量田间病情调查并收集众多烟农烘烤后出售烤烟的数据,研制了田间烟草花叶病情指数与烤烟亩产值之间相互关系的数学模型。感病品种NC89在中上等生产水平的烟田亩产值(Y)与病情指数(x)的关系可用下述经验方程表示: Y=612.276-7.207X………(1)感病品种NC89在中下等生产水平的烟田亩产值与病情指数的关系式为: Y=393.335-10.422X……(2)另选转基因NC89抗花叶病新品系的烟田若干地块,在中上等生产水平下,其田间病情指数与产值的关系式为: Y=619.448-8.1.40X……(3)将方程(1),(3)进行比较,两者截距相似,b值(斜率)差异不显著,故将两方程合并成为: Y=614.085-7.281X…(4)以上情况说明,在生产水平和烤烟技术相同的条件下,转基因抗病品系的产值损失相比,在组建方程的病指范围(20%以下)内,两者的损失当量相同。     

烟草花叶病对烤烟产值、产量的影响以及不同抗性品种(系)间损失当量的比较

 通过大量田间病情调查并收集众多烟农烘烤后出售烤烟的数据,研制了田间烟草花叶病情指数与烤烟亩产值之间相互关系的数学模型。感病品种NC89在中上等生产水平的烟田亩产值(Y)与病情指数(x)的关系可用下述经验方程表示:Y=612.276-7.207X………(1)感病品种NC89在中下等生产水平的烟田亩产值与病情指数的关系式为:Y=393.335-10.422X……(2)另选转基因NC89抗花叶病新品系的烟田若干地块,在中上等生产水平下,其田间病情指数与产值的关系式为:Y=619.448-8.1.40X……(3)将方程(1),(3)进行比较,两者截距相似,b值(斜率)差异不显著,故将两方程合并成为:Y=614.085-7.281X…(4)以上情况说明,在生产水平和烤烟技术相同的条件下,转基因抗病品系的产值损失相比,在组建方程的病指范围(20%以下)内,两者的损失当量相同。     

黄淮区大豆花叶病毒株系组成与分布

 用8个大豆品种作为一组株系鉴别寄主,将黄淮豆区8省市202个毒株划分为7个株系(y₁~y₇)。y₁及y₂为弱毒株系,仅侵染感病品种(1138-2、文丰5号);y₃、y₄、y₅为中毒株系,分别侵染感病和中抗品种(齐黄10号、徐豆1号、诱变30、鲁豆4号);y₆及y₇为强毒株系,除侵染以上品种外,还侵染高抗品种(齐黄22、密荚1号)。全区弱毒株系占55.9%,中毒株系占28.7%,强毒株系占15.3%。江苏、山东、河南、河北、安徽和北京市以弱毒株系为主(43.5%~88.9%),山西省以中毒株系为主(50.0%),陕西省弱毒株系、中毒株系各占50.0%,山东、河南、河北3省强毒株系所占比例较高(22.4%~33.3%)。株系分布具有一定的稳定性。     

水稻纹枯病流行、预测及损失测定

1982年在美国路州大学水稻试验站进行本试验。流行学研究结果表明,品种抗病性、接种体数量是影响纹枯病发展的重要因素。Mars、Melrose 等品种具有中等抗病性,Lebonnet、Belmont 和 Labelle 等品种最感病,Saturn、Le-ah 和 Brazos 则属中等感病。从品种抗病性和接种量的相互作用关系中看出,品种抗病性在决定病害严重度上作用更大。病害系统观察发现,水稻不同生育期的感病率与成熟期病害严重度呈高度正相关。据此建立了不同抗病水平品种的病害严重度预测模式。纹枯病对不同抗病水平品种的为害损失测定结果表明,感病品种损失率为29%,中等感病种为22%,中等抗痫种为9%。试验发现,水稻拔节期及孕穗期的稻秆感病率与产量损失有中度至高度正相关。据此,亦建立了产量损失预测模式。结论认为防治水稻纹枯病的根本途径是选育和推广抗病高产品种;中抗以上的品种能满足生产防治需要,不必施行其他防治措施。     

H2S位于H2O2下游介导葡萄抗霜霉病过程

 以霜霉病抗性葡萄品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽为材料,研究硫化氢(H₂S)在葡萄应答霜霉病过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的相互关系。结果表明,接种霜霉病菌后,抗性品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽叶片均出现H₂S含量的猝发、H₂S合成酶基因表达量增加、抗病相关蛋白多酚氧化酶(PPO)和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(Glu)活性显著升高现象;且H₂S清除剂次牛磺酸(HT)可以显著抑制霜霉病菌诱导的PPO和Glu活性升高,并导致葡萄的感病率和病情指数显著升高;同时外源H₂S可降低两个葡萄品种的感病率和病情指数。说明,H₂S是参与葡萄抗霜霉病过程的新的信号物质。受霜霉病菌侵染后,葡萄叶片H₂O₂含量猝发早于H₂S,并且H₂O₂清除剂抗坏血酸(AsA)可显著抑制霜霉病菌所诱导的H₂S含量的上升,而H₂S清除剂HT对霜霉病菌诱导的H₂O₂含量变化影响不显著,推测,H₂S作用于H₂O₂的下游参与葡萄抵御霜霉病过程。     

Influence of cultivar resistance and inoculum density on root hair infection of canola (Brassica napus) by Plasmodiophora brassicae

The impact of cultivar resistance and inoculum density on the incidence of primary infection of canola root hairs by Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causal agent of clubroot, was assessed by microscopy. The incidence of root hair infection in both a resistant and a susceptible cultivar increased with increasing inoculum density, but was two‐ to threefold higher in the susceptible cultivar; the relationship between root hair infection and inoculum density was also substantially stronger and more consistent in the susceptible cultivar. In the susceptible cultivar, the root hair infection rate peaked between 6 and 8 days after sowing and then declined. In the resistant cultivar, it increased over the 14‐day duration of each study. It appears that examination of root hair infection by microscopy in a bait crop of susceptible canola could serve as a useful tool for estimating P. brassicae inoculum levels in soil. In a separate trial, the relationship between inoculum density and clubroot severity, plant growth parameters, and seed yield was assessed under greenhouse conditions. Inoculum density in the susceptible genotype was strongly and positively correlated with clubroot severity and negatively correlated with plant height and seed yield. In addition, a single cropping cycle of the susceptible cultivar contributed significantly higher levels of resting spores to the soil in a greenhouse test than did a cycle of the resistant cultivar, as assessed by quantitative PCR and microscope analysis.     

核基质结合区对马铃薯Y病毒全长非翻译CP基因介导抗病性的影响

 为探索核基质结合区(matrix attachment regions,MARs)对RNA介导的病毒抗性的影响,我们将从烟草中克隆到的核基质结合区TM2构建在包含马铃薯Y病毒全长非翻译CP基因的植物表达载体pRPVYCPN的表达盒的两侧,构建了植物表达载体pRTM2CPNTM2。采用农杆菌介导基因转化法,将表达载体pRPVYCPN和pRTM2CPNTM2转入烟草品种NC89中,分别获得了144株和344株转基因烟草。抗病性检测发现,核基质结合区的存在能明显提高RNA介导抗性的产生效率。在含MARs转基因植株中,抗病植株的比率为15.1%,而不含核基质结合区的转基因植株的抗病比率则为8.3%。这一研究结果对抗病毒植物的分子育种和转基因表达调控有指导意义。     

hpRNA的茎环比例对RNA介导的病毒抗性产生的影响

 以马铃薯Y病毒坏死株系(PVY^N)的外壳蛋白(coat protein,CP)基因3'端50bp片段为hpRNA的茎,以pUC19不同长度的序列为hpRNA的环,构建了茎环比例分别为4:1、2:1、1:1、1:2、1:4和1:8的植物表达载体。利用农杆菌介导法转化烟草品种NC89,获得了多种转基因植株。室内抗病性检测发现:不同茎环比例的hpRNA介导的病毒抗性效率不同;茎环比例为4:1、2:1和1:1时效率较高,抗性植株的比例达60%左右;随着环长度的逐渐增加,抗性植株的比例逐渐降低;当茎环比例为1:8时,抗性植株的比例仅为9.52%。Southern blot分析结果表明:外源基因已整合于烟草的基因组中,且转基因植株的抗病性与转基因的拷贝数之间无明显的相关性。Northern blot分析结果表明:目的片段转录产物的积累量与植株的抗病性呈负相关,证明所获得的抗病性是RNA介导的。     

Assessment of the impact of resistant and susceptible canola on Plasmodiophora brassicae inoculum potential

The impact on clubroot severity of growing susceptible canola or mixtures of resistant and susceptible canola genotypes was examined. Bioassays revealed greater clubroot severity and incidence, and reduced plant height, where 100% of a susceptible cultivar had been grown. A higher proportion of susceptible plants within a resistant canola crop increased root hair and secondary infections. Regression analysis of root hair infection and the amount of Plasmodiophora brassicae DNA (as determined by quantitative PCR) revealed strong linear relationships between the two parameters. The linear relationships between root hair infection and P. brassicae DNA were stronger for the resistant cultivar than for the susceptible cultivar when regression analysis was conducted by cultivar over the sampling dates. In conclusion, the cropping of a resistant cultivar reduced clubroot severity, while the presence of susceptible volunteer canola increased inoculum potential. Quantitative PCR was a reliable tool for the quantification of root hair infection.     

Nucleocapsid Gene-Mediated Transgenic Resistance Provides Protection Against Tomato spotted wilt virus Epidemics in the Field

ABSTRACT Transformation of plants with the nucleocapsid (N) gene of Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) provides resistance to disease development; however, information is lacking on the response of plants to natural inoculum in the field. Three tobacco cultivars were transformed with the N gene of a dahlia isolate of TSWV (TSWV-D), and plants were evaluated over several generations in the greenhouse. The resistant phenotype was more frequently observed in 'Burley 21' than in 'KY-14' or 'K-326', but highly resistant 'Burley 21' transgenic lines were resistant to only 44% of the heterologous TSWV isolates tested. Advanced generation (R(3) and R(4)) transgenic resistant lines of 'Burley 21' and a 'K-326' F(1) hybrid containing the N genes of two TSWV isolates were evaluated in the field near Tifton, GA, where TSWV is endemic. Disease development was monitored by symptom expression and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis. Whereas incidence of TSWV infection in 'Burley 21' susceptible controls was 20% in 1996 and 62% in 1997, the mean incidence in transgenic lines was reduced to 4 and 31%, respectively. Three transgenic 'Burley 21' lines were identified that had significantly lower incidence of disease than susceptible controls over the two years of the study. In addition, the rate of disease increase at the onset of the 1997 epidemic was reduced for all the 'Burley 21' transgenic lines compared with the susceptible controls. The 'K-326' F(1) hybrid was as susceptible as the 'K-326' nontransformed control. ELISA analysis demonstrated that symptomless plants from the most resistant 'Burley 21' transgenic lines accumulated detectable nucleocapsid protein, whereas symptomless plants from more susceptible lines did not. We conclude that transgenic resistance to TSWV is effective in reducing incidence of the disease in the field, and that accumulation of transgene protein may be important in broad-spectrum resistance.     

Two‐component cultivar mixtures reduce rice blast epidemics in an upland agrosystem

The effect of two‐component rice cultivar mixtures on the control of rice blast disease was studied in three different experiments under rainfed upland conditions in the Madagascar Highlands. The mixtures involved a susceptible cultivar (either susceptible or very susceptible) and a resistant cultivar in different mixture arrangements (random or row mixtures) and with different proportions of the susceptible cultivar (50, 20 and 16·7%), which were compared to the susceptible cultivar grown in a pure stand. The effect of these mixtures on the incidence and severity of leaf and panicle blast was measured weekly, and on yield and yield components at harvest time. The mixture effect was more efficient in reducing disease with a proportion of 16·7% susceptible component than with a proportion of 50%. Blast epidemic was significantly reduced in all three experiments. However, under high blast pressure, there was no reduction in the disease by the end of the epidemic and yields of the susceptible cultivar were almost zero whatever the mixture. In two other experiments performed under lower blast pressure, disease incidence and severity were significantly lower in mixtures, and yields of the susceptible cultivars grown in mixtures were higher than those of their respective pure stands. Cultivar mixtures are a promising strategy that could contribute to a more sustainable cultivation of rice under upland conditions in the context of subsistence agriculture in Madagascar, where all cropping operations are manual.     

AT毒素胁迫的再生烟草及后代对赤星病的抗性

从4个烤烟品种幼苗心叶叶碟产生的愈伤组织(CA)在含AT毒素的培养基上经两轮筛选,获得的抗毒素CA用于产生了抗病的一次再生植株。用来自抗病性提高50％以上的一次再生株的二代CA产生了抗病的二次再生植株,品种NC89的二次再生抗病植株被称为NC89—TT。获得种子后,NC89—TT二代苗显示出抗毒素损伤、抗病菌侵入、抗病斑扩展的能力,与NC89比,毒素引起的根和叶部病变至少晚8小时、轻64％,病菌孢子侵染率低60％以上,病斑面积减小92％。