Long-Term Variable Rate Lime and Phosphorus Application for Piedmont No-Till Field Crops

Variable rate (VR) fertilizer application is a paradigm with potential to improve input efficiency and farm profitability. It is widely marketed by commercial applicators in the southeastern US. However, field studies comparing VR with traditional management have not demonstrated consistent, positive results. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the soil impact, crop response and economic potential of VR phosphorus (P) and lime application in a North Carolina Piedmont no-till field crop system using intensive soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production and (2) to economically evaluate alternatives to standard commercial grid soil sampling for directing VR P and lime. A 23-ha long-term no-till field in the SE Piedmont was divided into 0.4ha plots assigned to either VR or uniform P and lime application. Grid soil sampling and VR P and lime application were done prior to four crops over 3 years: full season soybean, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–double cropped soybean, and full season soybean. Soil test P, pH and crop yield response to VR P were inconsistent. Soil pH in areas with low pH initially did increase in response to VR lime, but it took two to three applications to bring all of these areas to the target pH. Once VR-liming raised initially low soil pH to levels close to target, yield of soybean, but not wheat, were up to 0.74Mgha^–1 higher than with uniform lime. Even with significantly higher soybean yields associated with VR lime, 3 years of grid sampling and VR application were not profitable compared to uniform application. The results indicated that VR lime could be profitable if the initial grid sampling data were used either for 2 consecutive years, or if it was used to restrict future grid sampling to specific areas requiring further VR lime.     

城市园林绿地土壤肥力调查与评价研究

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了西安泸灞地区不同绿地类型下土壤的理化特性。结果表明：沪灞生态区城市绿地0～20cm土层的土壤容重平均为1．54/cm^3,土壤密度偏大,不利于园林植物根系的生长;土壤整体呈碱性,pH在8．5以上的占80％;除雁鸣湖区域外,土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮含量普遍较低,全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾含量较高。泸灞生态区绝大部分绿地土壤肥沃程度均处于中等以下水平（P〈1．5）,整体肥力偏低。     

Monitoring nitrogen status of potatoes using small unmanned aerial vehicles

Small unmanned aircraft vehicles (UAV) are potential remote sensing platforms for precision agriculture. However, to be useful for in-season management, nitrogen status needs to be estimated sufficiently early in the growing season. To determine when differences in nitrogen status of irrigated potatoes could be detected, an experiment was established in 2013 with a randomized block design with four N fertilization rates and three replicates. Over the growing season, a small parafoil-wing UAV was used to acquire color-infrared images with pixel sizes between 20 and 25 mm. Two normalized difference spectral indices were determined from image digital numbers, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI), which were then calibrated using reflectance-based NDVI and GNDVI. Unexpectedly, there were decreases in the NDVI and GNDVI calibrations with increased camera exposure time. After calibration, both NDVI and GNDVI were about equal to indices calculated using reflectances from high-altitude aerial photography and the WorldView-2 satellite. During tuber initiation and early tuber bulking, differences in measured leaf area index (LAI), chlorophyll meter values and spectral indices were only detectable at the lowest N fertilization rate. Later in the growing season, all N treatments could be distinguished in the imagery, but too late to mitigate yield losses from N deficiency. Linear relationships between plot GNDVI and NDVI were hypothesized to differ among N treatments because there would be less chlorophyll content per leaf area. Contrary to the hypothesis, there were no differences among fertilization rates on either of the two sampling dates. Compared with alternative technologies, small UAV platforms and sensors may not provide value to farmers for in-season nitrogen management.     

上海市浦东公路绿地土壤肥力质量评价

采集了上海市浦东新区主要公路绿地0～30 cm及>30 cm土壤,测定分析了土壤质地、容重、通气孔隙度、阳离子交换量(CEC)、pH、电导率(EC)、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾等理化性质。结果表明:上海市公路绿地土壤以粉砂质粘壤土和粉砂壤土为主;土壤容重大,通气性差;土壤pH高,属于碱性或强碱性土壤;有机质、阳离子交换量较低,土壤EC值大小适中;速效养分中,碱解氮和有效磷含量属中等偏下水平,速效钾含量较高。根据上海市浦东新区公路绿地土壤质量状况,提出了加强上海市公路绿地土壤科学管理的措施和建议。     

部分茶花品种在上海的栽培土壤及生长状况分析

茶花Camellia spp.在上海各公园绿地中广泛应用,但长势差异明显。为更好地提升茶花在上海的应用效果,对上海茶花栽培土壤的理化性质及不同品种的生长状况等进行了探讨。结果表明:氢离子浓度指数(pH)和水溶性盐浓度(EC)是影响茶花生长的重要土壤因子。金华8个栽培样地的pH 6.66,上海8个样地为pH 7.77;上海地区长势差的品种‘红露珍’‘Hong Luzhen’栽培土壤水溶性盐浓度(EC)为0.22 mS·cm-1,显著高于金华和上海长势良好的栽培土壤。在上海弱碱性土壤条件下,不同茶花品种的适应性差异显著,‘大红金心’‘Dahong Jinxin’‘状元红’‘Zhuangyuan Hong’‘十八学士’‘Shiba Xueshi’等品种在偏碱性土壤中具有较好的适应性。上海植物园培育茶花新品种‘小粉玉’‘Xiao Fenyu’可以在pH 8.16的土壤中正常生长,为茶花在偏碱性土壤中生长和应用提供了可能。图1表3参10     

武汉城市园林绿地土壤现状分析

采集武汉市中心城区主要公园绿地、道路绿化带、住宅区绿地和单位附属绿地土壤,研究其pH值、有机质、有效养分含量等理化性质,以摸清园林绿地土壤的基本性状.结果表明,土壤pH值较自然土壤明显偏高,以偏碱性为主;土壤有机质、速效磷和速效钾处于较高水平;碱解氮偏低;土壤主要是壤质土壤和粘质土壤;阳离子交换量较高.根据结果评价了武汉城市园林绿地土壤肥力状况,可为园林植物适地种植和科学合理配置与管理提供科学依据.推动城市绿化事业的发展.     

张家界市土壤硒分布规律和富硒作物研究

基于张家界市各乡镇位置对土壤中总硒含量进行普查(采样点不包括岩石露头、严重的工业污染和垃圾倾倒点),结合张家界市土壤背景值及采样点的经纬度,划分出张家界市富硒土壤分布图,发现其总硒含量平均值为0.38 mg/kg,富硒地区分布呈斑点状、零星状。其中,永定区和桑植县的大部分土壤中硒含量≥0.40 mg/kg,属于典型富硒区。不同土壤类型中硒含量差异显著,其中黑色石灰土高山草甸土石灰性黄壤肥熟旱耕人为土中性石质土钙质石质土水稻土。此外,发现富硒土壤上生长的植物基本达到富硒食品标准;土壤中总硒含量高的情况下植物中的硒含量相对较高。     

黑龙江省耕地黑土酸化的治理措施研究

文章针对黑龙江省耕地黑土发生酸化的现象,分别采取不同的治理措施,发现在白浆化黑土、草甸黑土中施用有机肥料和草木灰、生石灰后大豆株高、荚数均有增加;白浆化黑土中施用有机肥料增产效果最显著,与对照相比增产428.4kg.hm-2,增产百分率为19.87%;其次是施用草木灰,增产14.81%。施用生石灰增产效果不明显,在草甸黑土中施用草木灰时大豆增产效果要好于生石灰,与对照处理相比,施用草木灰处理增产7.77%。施用有机肥料和草木灰、生石灰都能使土壤的pH提高,对治理土壤酸化具有一定意义。     

Low altitude remote sensing technologies for crop stress monitoring: a case study on spatial and temporal monitoring of irrigated pinto bean

Site-specific crop management is a promising approach to maximize crop yield with optimal use of rapidly depleting natural resources. Availability of high resolution crop data at critical growth stages is a key for real-time data-driven decisions during the production season. The goal of this study was to evaluate the possibility of using small unmanned aerial system (UAS)-based remote sensing technologies to monitor the crop stress of irrigated pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with varied irrigation and tillage treatments. A small UAS with onboard multispectral and infrared thermal imaging sensors was used to collect data from bean field plots on three growth stages in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Indicators including green normalized vegetation index (GNDVI), canopy cover (CC, ratio of ground covered by crop canopy to the total plot area) and canopy temperature (CT, °C) of crops were extracted from imaging data and correlated with ground-reference crop yield and leaf area index (LAI) estimated with a handheld ceptometer. Results show that GNDVI, CC and CT were able to differentiate crops with full and deficit irrigation treatments at each of the three growth stages in both years. Developed indicators were strongly correlated with to the crop yield with Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of approximate 0.71 and 0.72 for GNDVI and CC, respectively, in the early growth stage (54 days after planting) in both years. Canopy temperature showed even stronger correlation (r > 0.8) with yield at early growth stage. Performance of small UAS-based imagery-based indicators in crop stress monitoring and crop yield estimation was better than or comparable to that of the ground-based LAI estimates, indicating the potential of such remote sensing tool in rapid crop stress monitoring and management.     

西南乌江流域石灰岩风化过程中锰和磷的迁移富集

如何提高石灰土中锰和磷矿质养分的植物利用效率,已成为喀斯特地区面临的重要问题。选取乌江流域9条石灰岩风化剖面,运用R型聚类分析和质量平衡法,研究了石灰岩风化过程中锰和磷迁移富集行为。结果表明,区内石灰土中锰和磷的富集程度远高于上陆壳、桂林石灰土和世界土壤。土壤中锰的富集是钙等易溶元素迁出以及锰从剖面上部淋滤到下部并沉淀的结果。磷在石灰土中的富集主要是钙等更易溶组分迁出的结果。研究区石灰土相对于桂林石灰土具有低pH值特征,相对于桂林石灰土、世界土壤和上陆壳具有低盐基度特征,其富集的锰和磷具有一定的迁移活性。图4表1参23     

深圳湾红树林保护区土壤营养状况研究

2009年11月至2011年10月期间每月对深圳湾红树林保护区6个采样点进行土壤样本采集,并对土壤的理化性质和营养元素含量进行测定,结果发现:土壤含水量高,存在一定的季节性变化;土壤pH值在6.5～7.5之间;土壤电导率高,含盐丰富;土壤粉粒含量所占比例最大;有机质含量极其丰富,各样点差异较大;各采样点速效氮含量在100 mg/kg左右;有效磷含量在30 mg/kg左右;速效钾含量在750 mg/kg左右,比农田土壤丰富得多;说明流经市区的两条河流将丰富的营养物质带入深圳湾.在2011年年初,监测到的各项营养元素的含量骤然降低,与深圳筹备26届世界大学生运动会期间环境治理密切相关,而在2011年年底各项指标出现反弹.     

四川省三个自然保护区箭竹生长与土壤条件关系的研究

通过对蜂桶寨自然保护区、喇叭河自然保护区、王朗自然保护区的调查研究,结果表明:冷箭竹在酸性、盐基饱和度小、土层深厚而石砾含量少的灰化土类上,生长良好;在石灰土类、土壤碱性、含CaCO_3、土层浅薄夹砾量高的土壤上,开花死亡。     

吉林省大豆种植区土壤的机械组成、pH值及营养元素与产量的关系

试验研究了吉林省大豆种植区土壤的机械组成、pH值及主要营养元素与产量的关系。结果表明：粘粒、粉粒与大豆产量具有显著相关关系(r=0．734，r=0．788)。大豆生长理想的土壤质地条件为粉砂粘壤土和粘壤土，土壤中的粘粒含量为15％～25％、粉砂粒含量为25％～45％有利于大豆的高产；土壤pH值与大豆产量具有显著负相关关系(r=-0．834)，但土壤pH值为5．5～6．5有利于大豆的高产；土壤碱解氮与产量具有显著正相关关系(r=0．899)，碱解氮为80～140mg／kg大豆的产量较高；土壤速效磷和钾与大豆产量无显著相关性；大豆种植区养分有效性的发挥与土壤的pH值、机械组成及氮磷钾的比率等有一定的关系。     

长江三角洲绰墩遗址埋藏古水稻土肥力特征研究

 【目的】了解绰墩遗址古水稻土的基本性质，阐明水稻土的可持续利用机理。【方法】以绰墩遗址埋藏的古稻田土壤为研究对象，根据14C和考古学方法确定了土壤成土年龄和分布；按照中国土壤学会编汇的《土壤农业化学分析方法》测定了土壤pH，有机碳、营养元素含量。【结果】碳化稻和土壤有机质中14C分析证实绰墩遗址最古老水稻土为距今6 000年马家浜时期，该时期古稻田位于表层以下1 m左右，平均每块稻田面积5.2 m2。古水稻土（每克土中水稻植硅体含量>5 000颗）有机碳平均含量9.7 g·kg-1；N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的全量平均含量分别为0.8、1.58、18.2、7.6、6.3 、0.1、22.、0.51 g·kg-1和40.9、80.8 mg·kg-1。【结论】古水稻土的有机碳、全氮含量、C/N比显著大于同期种植强度较弱的古水稻土（水稻植硅体含量<5 000颗/g），其它元素差异不显著；不同种植强度古水稻土有效态养分含量和pH差异不显著。古水稻土N、S、Cu全量含量显著低于现代表层水稻土，而有机碳、P、Fe、Mn全量含量则相反；现代表层水稻土有效态养分含量一般大于古水稻土。     

腾冲火山灰母质不同类型植烟土壤养分状况分析

[目的]分析腾冲县火山灰母质不同类型植烟土壤养分状况。[方法]对云南省保山市腾冲县烟区火山灰母质的旱地与水田土壤样品各81个进行了土壤养分的测定及比较。[结果]腾冲县烟区火山灰植烟土壤整体偏酸,旱地土壤的pH平均值低于水田。腾冲烟区火山灰母质植烟土壤的有机质和碱解N含量整体偏高;水田土壤的速效K含量偏低,而旱地土壤速效K含量锿丰富,其有效Mg含量则偏低;腾冲烟区有效zn、有效B和水溶性Cl含量整体偏低。[结论]为腾冲县烟区的土壤改良与平衡施肥提供了参考。     

Soil Sampling Techniques for Alabama,USA Grain Fields

Characterizing the spatial variability of nutrients facilitates precision soil sampling. Questions exist regarding the best technique for directed soil sampling based on a priori knowledge of soil and crop patterns. The objective of this study was to evaluate zone delineation techniques for Alabama grain fields to determine which method best minimized the soil test variability. Site one (25.8 ha) and site three (20.0 ha) were located in the Tennessee Valley region, and site two (24.2 ha) was located in the Coastal Plain region of Alabama. Tennessee Valley soils ranged from well drained Rhodic and Typic Paleudults to somewhat poorly drained Aquic Paleudults and Fluventic Dystrudepts. Coastal Plain soils ranged from coarse-loamy Rhodic Kandiudults to loamy Arenic Kandiudults. Soils were sampled by grid soil sampling methods (grid sizes of 0.40 ha and 1 ha) consisting of: (1) twenty composited cores collected randomly throughout each grid (grid-cell sampling) and, (2) six composited cores collected randomly from a 3×3m area at the center of each grid (grid-point sampling). Zones were established from (1) an Order 1 Soil Survey, (2) corn (Zea mays L.) yield maps, and (3) airborne remote sensing images. All soil properties were moderately to strongly spatially dependent as per semivariogram analyses. Differences in grid-point and grid-cell soil test values suggested grid-point sampling does not accurately represent grid values. Zones created by soil survey, yield data, and remote sensing images displayed lower coefficient of variations (%CV) for soil test values than overall field values, suggesting these techniques group soil test variability. However, few differences were observed between the three zone delineation techniques. Results suggest directed sampling using zone delineation techniques outlined in this paper would result in more efficient soil sampling for these Alabama grain fields.     

Cr3+对土壤脲酶活性特征的影响

采用模拟方法对Cr~(3+)的土壤脲酶效应进行了研究,结果表明,土壤pH对Cr~(3+)的生态毒性有重要影响;酸性土壤脲酶受到显著抑制,活性及动力学特征参数与Cr~(3+)浓度间达显著或极显著负相关,而且模型U=β0/(β1xC+1)揭示其间机理为完全抑制,动力学则进一步细化为非竞争性抑制;获得土壤轻微和中度污染时的生态剂量ED10和ED50分别为50.59和865.7 mg·kg~(-1);酸性土壤中脲酶活性、Vmax、k可作为土壤Cr~(3+)亏染的监测指标之一,而碱性土壤则反应不敏感,其随铬浓度增加,脲酶活性及动力学参数呈先增加后降低的规律性变化,总体变幅较小;两类土壤的差别可能主要是由于土壤环境引起了不同价态铬转变的缘故.     

山核桃林地土壤肥力状况及其空间分布特征

为探明山核桃Carya cathayensis产地土壤肥力质量状况和空间分布特征,指导林农合理施肥,选取杭州市临安区山核桃产区为研究区域,以土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾为研究对象,开展了该区土壤养分状况等级评价,并采用地统计学等空间分析方法对土壤养分空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:研究区土壤pH值平均为pH 5.23,87%土壤pH值为pH 4~6,研究区土壤酸化严重。土壤有机质平均为31.6 g·kg-1,土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均分别为155.40,14.04,85.73 mg·kg-1。根据《浙江土壤》肥力等级划分标准（1级土壤成分质量分数低,4级土壤成分质量分数高）可知:土壤有机质质量分数主要处于第3等级和第4等级,比例为54%。土壤碱解氮质量分数处在分级标准的第3等级且所占比例为76%。土壤速效钾大于50 mg·kg-1的区域占80%。相反,土壤有效磷不足,63%的土壤有效磷不足10 mg·kg-1,处在第1等级和第2等级标准,难以满足山核桃生长。土壤各养分变异系数为27.15%~141.03%,表明研究区林地土壤养分具有不同程度的变异性。空间分析结果显示:研究区土壤pH值和养分均具有明显的空间分布格局。山核桃产量高低不一,与土壤养分具有一定的空间对应关系。山核桃林地土壤严重酸化,土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾都比较充足,而大部分地区有效磷不足。     

6种典型农田土壤的锌吸附-解吸特性

研究了中国6种典型农田土壤对锌的吸附-解吸特性,其中采自西北陕甘地区和东南地区浙江省的农田土壤各3种。结果表明,6种农田土壤对锌的吸附量均随平衡液锌浓度的增加而增大,均可用Langmuir方程、Freundlich方程和 Temkin方程来描述,相关系数均达到显著或极显著水平;6种土壤对锌的解吸量随吸附量的增大而增加,它们的相关性也达到了显著或极显著水平。东南地区土壤对锌的最大吸附量明显高于西北地区,其中青紫泥的吸附量最大,达到3 333 mg·kg^-1,黄绵土的最小（909 mg·kg^-1）;而西北地区土壤对锌的缓冲能力、吸附固定能力和固定量方面强于东南地区的红壤和青紫泥,利用Langmuir方程得出6种土壤（黄绵土、石灰性褐土、塿土、红色石灰土、红壤和青紫泥）对锌的最大缓冲容量依次为213,164,263,294,16和25 mg·kg^-1;根据土壤锌吸附?鄄解吸的线性回归曲线,计算出当土壤锌解吸量为0时,这6种土壤锌的固定量分别为56,97,126,135,55和98 mg·kg^-1。浙江红色石灰土由于其pH值与西北地区土壤相似,而有机质质量分数和阳离子交换量又比较高,故对锌的缓冲能力、吸附固定量高于西北地区土壤。图2表2参23     

紫色土可溶性有机碳的吸附-解吸特征

选择代表性的酸性、中性和石灰性紫色土为实验材料,采用平衡吸附和动力学吸附法研究了紫色土对可溶性有机碳(DOC)的吸附-解吸特征,分析了土壤理化性质与DOC吸附量之间的关系.结果表明,紫色土对DOC的吸附容量呈以下顺序:酸性紫色土＞中性紫色土＞石灰性紫色土.石灰性紫色土对DOC的解吸率明显高于酸性、中性紫色土,其迁移淋失问题值得重视.紫色土对DOC的吸附过程包括快速吸附和慢速吸附2个阶段,0～0.5 h内吸附速率最大,随后吸附速率逐渐减小,4～6 h内基本达到吸附平衡.土壤pH值、有机质、粘粒和活性铁铝氧化物含量是影响土壤DOC吸附量与解吸率的重要因素.通径分析表明,土壤理化性质对DOC吸附量的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铝含量＞土壤pH值＞有机质,对DOC解吸率的直接作用系数大小顺序为活性铁含量＞粘粒＞有机质.多元线性回归模型能较好地预测土壤对DOC的吸附及解吸的变化.