杂交水稻蓄留再生经济性状及其相关性研究

考察了9个杂交水稻头季稻与再生稻的经济性状和产量,分析了它们之间的相关性.结果表明,除头季稻有效穗组合间差异不显著外,其它经济性状包括头季稻每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重,再生稻有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重组合间差异显著;头季稻产量、再生稻产量组合间差异显著;头季稻产量与头季稻结实率、千粒重呈正相关,再生稻产量与再生稻每穗总粒数、结实率呈正相关;再生稻千粒重与头季稻结实率呈显著正相关;再生稻每穗总粒数、千粒重分别与头季稻每穗总粒数、千粒重呈正相关.     

“粳不籼恢”杂交稻主要农艺性状的遗传参数分析

为探究“粳不籼恢”配组的杂交水稻遗传特性，挖掘优异的种质资源，选取4个BT型粳稻不育系和13个广亲和偏籼型恢复系，按照不完全双列杂交配制了52个杂交组合，分析了8个主要农艺性状的遗传参数。结果表明：1A/R12、ZJ7A/R3961、J14A/R86是综合农艺性状较好的苗头组合；产量与结实率、每穗实粒数和每穗总粒数呈极显著正相关，且在特殊配合力效应上，每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数发挥了重要作用；株高、穗长、有效穗数、千粒重主要受基因加性效应的影响，结实率主要受基因加性效应和非加性效应互作的共同影响，每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、产量主要受基因非加性效应影响；株高主要依赖不育系，而穗长、有效穗数、千粒重、结实率主要依赖于恢复系。因此，以BT型粳稻不育系与广亲和偏籼型恢复系配组时，应侧重于选育半矮秆型粳稻不育系，以及穗长、有效穗数、千粒重较高的恢复系，把大穗型、高结实率作为杂交组合选育的主要指标。     

杂交粳稻产量性状的相关和通径分析

通过对1995～1997 年度江苏省杂交中粳稻区试组合的产量性状分析,结果表明:穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重间存在较复杂的相关。就产量构成三因素而言,与产量相关程度顺序为千粒重> 穗数> 每穗实粒数,直接通径系数大小顺序为每穗实粒数> 千粒重> 穗数。高产育种应着重于每穗实粒数的提高,即选育穗型较大,结实率较高的组合较易获得高产。     

杂粳常优1号产量750 kg/667m2群体质量指标及配套栽培技术

常优1号是江苏常熟市农业科学研究所育成的三系杂交粳稻新组合，分蘖力中等，成穗率高，单穗重。研究表明，常优1号产量750kg／667秆水平的穗粒结构量化指标为：有效穗16～18万／667m^2，每穗粒数200粒左右，结实率85％以上，千粒重27g左右。配套栽培技术应根据其分蘖力中等、对肥水敏感等特性，在培育壮秧、合理控制中期群体、提高成穗率、保证适宜穗数的同时，主攻大穗，提高结实率和千粒重。     

培矮64S系列杂交稻组合再生特性研究

以培矮64S/E32、培两优500、培矮64S/B52和两优培九等4个以培矮64S为母本的两系杂交组合为材料,研究了其生育特性和再生特性.主要结果如下:1)两季总产以培矮64S/E32最高,培矮64S/B52次之;2)再生稻产量构成因素对产量的作用大小顺序为有效穗数＞每穗总粒数＞结实率＞千粒重;3)头季稻产量构成因素影响再生率:有效穗数、千粒重与再生率呈正相关,每穗总粒数、结实率与再生率呈负相关;4)头季稻源库特性影响再生率:最大LAI与再生率呈正相关,粒叶比与再生率呈负相关,茎鞘物质输出率与再生率呈正相关;5)再生稻品种以选择穗粒数适中、千粒重大而粒叶比适中的杂交中稻组合为好;6)提高头季稻成穗率有利于提高再生率及再生稻产量.     

两系杂交水稻Y两优1号母本直播制种特性初步研究

2009年在湖南绥宁县武阳制种基地对两系超级杂交水稻Y两优1号母本直播制种技术进行了试验研究,结果表明:母本直播制种抽穗开花早且集中,单位面积母本最高苗数、有效穗数、总颖花数均高于移栽制种,但每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重均略低于移栽制种,产量与移栽制种相当。在同等产出的条件下,母本直播制种省去了移栽环节,缩短了播始历期,达到了省工、省时、省成本的目的。     

杂交中籼稻产量与主要经济性状关系的分析

通过对16个杂交中籼稻新组合的主要经济性状进行相关分析、偏相关分析、通径分析和主成分分析,结果表明：（1）各主要经济性状中,每穗粒数对产量的直接贡献率最大,其次是结实率;（2）构成杂交中籼稻产量的主成分因子是粒数、粒重、结实率和穗数等。其中,粒数因子贡献率最大,其次为粒重因子,结实率因子和穗数因子贡献率相对较小;（3）杂交中籼稻高产组合单产9t／hm^2以上的产量构成因素为：穗数247．2～279．3万／hm^2,每穗粒数157～193粒,结实率84．0％以上,千粒重25．9～26．9g。笔者认为,江苏省扬州市丘陵地区杂交中籼稻高产栽培应在保证适宜穗数的基础上,主攻每穗粒数和结实率,同时稳定提高千粒重,选择大穗型杂交中籼稻组合容易获得高产。     

不同类型土壤对早籼稻产量性状的影响

试验于2004年在中国农业科学院衡阳红壤实验站进行。采用冲积土、板页岩、紫色土、石灰土和红壤及4个早籼稻品种：湘早籼24、湘早籼31、湘早籼32和湘早籼33,研究了土壤因素对早籼稻产量性状的影响。结果表明：土壤因素和品种遗传特性共同影响早籼稻的产量性状。千粒重、每穗总粒数、穗数和小区产量受遗传因素的影响大于土壤因素,结实率则相反;实粒数主要受土壤因素的影响。在紫色土中,早籼稻千粒重、实粒数、结实率和穗数均显著高于其他土壤的,但每穗总粒数最低。石灰土的早籼稻每穗总粒数较高,但千粒重、实粒数、穗数和结实率显著低于其他土壤的。红壤的早籼稻实粒数和穗数比较高,每穗总粒数、千粒重和结实率居中。板页岩的早籼稻每穗总粒数显著高于其他供试土壤,实粒数较高,千粒重、结实率居中,穗数比较低。冲积土的早籼稻结实率、千粒重和穗数较高,每穗总粒数和实粒数较低。     

鲁南地区水稻产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

为明确鲁南地区水稻主要农艺性状对产量的影响关系,运用灰色关联度分析法对21个中晚熟中粳稻品种的10项主要农艺性状与产量关系进行分析.结果 表明,农艺性状对水稻产量的关联度从高到低依次为千粒重＞全生育期＞成穗率＞结实率＞有效穗数＞株高＞最高苗数＞穗长＞实粒数＞总粒数.在鲁南地区水稻品种改良和应用的过程中,应重点选择千粒重...     

福建省近年育成的中籼杂交稻品种产量结构特征分析

对2005--2013年通过福建省审定的63个中籼杂交稻品种的产量结构及其构成因素间的相关进行了分析,并研究了产量与产量相关性状间的相关关系。结果表明：近年育成的中籼杂交稻品种平均产量为584．79kg／667m^2、比对照增产7．62％。产量与株高、穗长、每穗总粒数以及千粒重呈极显著正相关,而与生育期、结实率相关不显著;每穗总粒数对产量贡献率最大,其次是结实率、生育期和千粒重,再次是有效穗数。因此,在福建生态条件下,应在适宜的穗数基础上,增加每穗总粒数,适当提高结实率和粒重有利于进一步提高中籼杂交稻产量水平。     

籼爪交和粳爪交杂种F1代性状间关系的研究

对229个籼爪交组合、98个粳爪交组合的农艺性状进行了相关分析,对籼爪交和粳爪交组合的单株粒重、结实率进行了通径分析,对籼爪交组合农艺性状和品质性状进行了典型相关分析.籼爪交和粳爪交组合间性状相关性表现不同,独立性强的性状籼爪交组合中为谷长、粳爪交组合中为谷宽,其余性状间表现出复杂的相关关系.籼爪交和粳爪交组合均表现每穗实粒数和单株穗数对单株粒重的直接正效应大;每穗实粒数多、单株穗数多且生育期短或适中是提高籼爪交组合单株粒重的选育方向;粳爪交杂种提高单株产量的育种方向是选育每穗实粒数多并且单株穗数也多的组合,同时要兼顾增加每穗总粒数.每穗实粒数对籼爪交杂种结实率的直接正效应大,籼爪交杂种结实率的提高主要依赖每穗实粒数的增加,而其它性状的选择和改良作用不大.提高粳爪交杂种结实率可从3个方面入手,即选育每穗实粒数较多、每穗总粒数较多、且千粒重较大的组合,但主要是提高每穗实粒数.农艺性状和品质性状间存在典型相关.     

Effects of the erect/bushy habit, single/double pod and late/early flowering genes on yield and seed size and their stability in chickpea

The development of ascochyta blight resistant chickpea lines has allowed autumn sowing of this crop, and increased seed yields as result of higher biomass production than the traditional spring sowing in the Mediterrranean region. A second step in the chickpea yield improvement could be to increase harvest index. In this sense, the effect of the erect/bushy habit, single/double pod and late/early flowering genes on yield and seed size and their stability was studied using eleven F_6:7 ascochyta blight resistant chickpea lines. These lines were derived from a cross between an erect, single podded and late flowering line and a bushy, double podded early line. Six lines out of eleven were erect and late flowering (three being single and three double podded), two were single podded, bushy and late flowering, two double podded, bushy and early flowering, and finally one single podded, bushy and early flowering. A multilocation trial during four and 3 years under autumn and spring sowing, respectively, in the south of Spain was performed for yield and seed size. The stability of these lines was studied by AMMI analysis. Our results suggest that the double pod gene has no effects on both yield and seed size, although, confers a higher yield stability than the single pod gene. The mean yield of the lines with bushy growth habit, across all environments, was higher than that of the erect habit lines; 208.1 and 179.8 g/m² in autumn and 120 and 101.4 g/m² in spring sowing, respectively. Mean yield of the early lines, across all environments was higher than that of late lines; earliness was more important under spring sowing with yields of 130.2 and 102.3 g/m² for early and late lines, respectively. Thus, for developing new chickpea cultivars under Mediterranean conditions, breeding programs should consider that (i) for spring sowing, early flowering and bushy types are the characters with greater influence on yield and yield stability, respectively, and (ii) for autumn sowing, the important characters are bushy habit on yield and double pod and earliness on yield stability.     

两系杂交稻两优培九产量构成及其生态关联

为探明两系杂交稻两优培九在不同生态条件下的产量水平及其构成,揭示引发产量变异的主要构成因素及其与生态因子的关联性,应用2006和2007年中国南方稻区8个气候生态试验点的生育进程、茎蘖消长、籽粒灌浆、产量及其构成与同期气象数据,建立了产量与其构成因素、各构成因素与温光因子的统计关系。两优培九稻谷产量变幅为5~18 t/hm2。以每平方米总粒数引发产量变异的贡献率最高(60.5%),其次为结实率(32.9%)。扩增总粒数主要依赖每平方米穗数与每穗粒数的平衡增加。华南双季早稻生育中期的梅雨寡照对于每穗粒数、开花期持续高温对于结实率、长江中下游麦(油)茬稻生育前期高温对于穗数、乳熟期日照骤减对于结实率都有负面影响。云南河谷地区稻作期的适温、长日、强辐射,促成每平方米425穗、7.2万粒、结实率90%的产量结构,产量高达18.2 t/hm2。结实率累积动态呈左偏不对称的S形曲线。谷粒干物质积累呈Logistic曲线,拐点在花后8~14 d。穗数与本田营养生长期、每穗粒数与生育中期日照时数、结实率与后期日照时数都呈极显著正相关。开花期持续高温、乳熟期障碍型冷害和台风等气象灾害制约结实率的提高。每平方米总粒数是影响两优培九产量的主要因素,发挥其大穗优势、在有效分蘖临界期形成目标穗数的茎蘖数、构建足穗大穗群体,是进一步提高其产量的主攻方向。     

龙粳38的覆膜高产栽培技术研究

对起垄覆膜、起垄无膜处理与常规进行对比试验研究,结果表明:起垄覆膜处理水稻株高增加18.4 cm,分蘖起始时间早9 d、最高分蘖时间早7 d、最高分蘖增加47.5株/m2、穗数增加57.4穗/m2、齐穗和成熟早2 d和3 d、穗粒数增加6.15粒,而千粒重降低1 g、最终水稻理论增产102.8 kg/667 m2,实测产量增加26.6 kg/667 m2,增产达4.36%;起垄无膜处理水稻株高降低4.8 cm、收获穗数降低13.3穗/m2,理论产量减少19 kg/667 m2实测产量减少94.4 kg/667 m2,最终常规处理比起垄无膜处理增产14.65%。     

Seed yield,oil content and fatty acid composition of Oenothera biennis L. affected by harvest date and harvest method

Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis L.) has become a subject of agricultural interest because of the potential market for γ-linolenic acid, which is useful in medicine and nutrition. O. biennis has good potential for agricultural production, but due to its indeterminate growth it can not be harvested at once as seed are formed and ripened heterogeneously. As a result there is high seed wastage due to shattering. Field experiments were carried out to verify the influence of the harvest time (early, middle and late) and harvest method (conventional harvest method, defoliation by herbicide and defoliation by flame) on the seed yield, seed yield components, oil content, fatty acid composition and protein content of the O. biennis L. cv. “Anothera”. From the results of the three harvest times in the autumn-sown experiment, a significant influence on seed yield was observed in the late harvest. Of all the three harvest times in the spring experiments, not showed any significant influence on seed yield. However, the harvest method did produce a significant influence on seed yield in the first spring experiment. Different harvest times did not have significant influence on oil content except the second spring trial. The harvest method led to significant differences on the oil content when the plants were sown in autumn. In the second spring experiment seed protein content was significantly influenced by harvest time. In all experiments, the content of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) was influenced by harvest time. Based on obtained results, it can be concluded that 75–80 and 100 days after flowering could be recommended as harvest times for spring and autumn-sown O. biennis L. cv. “Anothera” in Germany, respectively. Desiccation as a harvest technique in some cases tended to influence on seed yield, PDM, SDM, oil content, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Defoliation by herbicide was more effective than those of flame in our experiments.     

论生态条件与超高产制种的关系

湖南省的籼型杂交水稻三系制种,呈现出季别性与地域性两大特征。亲本生物学特性在最佳生态条件下充分表现,是构成两大特征的主导因子。充分认识到生态条件与超高产制种的关系,可为杂交稻制种新体制的建立,提供理论与决策依据。     

杂交稻早夏制亲本生育特性研究及相关技术

１９９０～１９９２年对密阳４６、珍汕９７Ａ等６个主要制种亲本的生育特性和开花习性进行了观察、研 究，掌握了亲本在早夏制的变化规律及相关技术。     

PANICLE DEVELOPMENT AND PLANT VIGOUR IN DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L. IN RELATION TO DATE OF SOWING AND PLANTING

Cocksfoot sown late in summer or early in autumn to provide a seed crop the following year generally produces a disappointing yield. The experiments described were set up to study this problem. Seeds of four varieties, American, Danish and two British cocksfoots, were sown at fortnightly intervals during the spring and summer of 1956. The sowings were repeated in 1957 with the addition of Potomac, a bred variety from USA, and an ecotype from Israel.
Plants sown after mid-May showed a diminishing capacity to produce panicles the following summer. The last sowing in 1957 caused the weight of green hay per plant in 1958 to be at least 50% below that of the spring-sown plants, and panicle number to drop 60–80%. Sowing after mid-May affected panicle development in the autumn and in the following hay crop. Date of sowing had no effect on mean date of panicle emergence in the following summer. In the populations as a whole, neither the presence nor the number of panicles in the first autumn was related to productivity in the hay stand.     

三系和两系杂交中籼组合间产量优势比较

对供试２１ 个杂交中籼三系组合和两系组合产量优势及构成因素进行了分析比较,表明两系组合产量相对有较高潜力,表现为库大粒多,相对差异极显著,且穗数、结实率并不因穗大而降低。认为三系和两系组合提高产量途径相同之处是要保证穗数,不同之处是三系组合的选育要着眼于增大穗型,提高结实率,两系组合则在大穗基础上增加实粒数,并提高籽重。     

贵州不同生态区密度对春玉米干物质积累、转运及产量的影响

采用裂区设计,以5个春玉米品种为材料,设置3个种植密度,研究密度对各生态区春玉米干物质积累、转运和产量的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,密度与群体干物质积累量呈二次曲线关系,密度在9.11万株/hm²时积累量达最大值;各生态区总干物质积累量差异显著,其中威宁点最大,兴仁点最小。春玉米干物质总积累量与产量呈极显著正相关,叶片和子粒分配比例及对子粒贡献率与产量均呈显著正相关。密度与产量呈二次曲线关系,平均密度在8.86万株/hm²时产量最大,为11 844.22 kg/hm²;密度每增加1万株/hm²,有效穗数平均增加0.7万株,穗粒数降低20粒,千粒重降低14 g。各生态区产量表现为威宁>毕节>铜仁>安顺>兴仁。