Inheritance of Partial Male-Sterility in Guar

A partial male-sterility system was found in a released guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. (2n = 2x = 14), breeding line, TX76-3285. Partially male-sterile plants produce some functional pollen, but with suitable genetic markers may be used to facilitate crossing in breeding programs. In addition, self fertilization allows partially male-sterile plants to be propagated sexually as homozygotes, once placed in breeding lines. The objective of the present study was to determine the inheritance of a partial male-sterility system in guar. Partial male-sterility appeared to be controlled by two genes, with one gene acting in a dominant epistatic manner and the second gene by incomplete dominance. The trait was expressed on every raceme beginning at about 4 to 6 weeks after planting in field-grown plants. The gene symbols, “pms ₁” and “Pms ₂” are proposed for the new trait. Segregation data indicated that alleles for pubescence segregated independently of alleles for partial male-sterility. Partial male-sterility in guar may be useful in the production of hybrid seed for breeding and genetic research.     

Effect of Water Stress on Yield Components in Guar

This study was undertaken to measure the effect of water stress on yield and yield components in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub.) grown under water-stressed and water-optimal field conditions. Fifteen guar germplasms were grown in irrigated and dryland tests at Lubbock, TX on an Amarillo loam (fine-loamy, mixed thermic Aridic Paleustoll). Plants in each germplasm were hand harvested at maturity and data recorded for number of racemes/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, weight/100 seeds and g/seed/plant. We found differences among germplasms for yield components under both dryland and irrigated conditions. Germ-plasms responded statistically the same in both moisture levels. Among three pre-selected cultivars, water use efficiency did not differ statistically. Our analyses indicated that the component of yield most affected by water stress was number of pods/plant. Seed weight, seeds/pod, and racemes/plant each had progressively smaller effects on seed yield.     

Heritability and Interrelationships of Pod Length and Seed Weight in Guar

This study was undertaken to estimate heritability of pod length and seed weight in guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub., and to determine genetic relationships between the two traits. Narrow-sense heritability (h²) estimates ranged from 0.63 to 0.68 for pod length and from 0.54 to 0.57 for seed weight. An additive-dominance model was adequate to explain gene action involved in the inheritance of both traits. Estimates indicate a minimum of 5 loci or chromosome segments control pod length and 2 control seed weight. Phenotypic correlations between pod length and seed weight were highly significant and positive. Genotypic correlations between the two traits were low and positive. Moderate to high heritability values for the two traits indicate that selection for improvement in either trait should be fairly rapid. Low genotypic correlations between the traits should not pose a significant barrier in developing large seed, grain-type cultivars.     

Dry Matter Accumulation in Different Guar Genotypes Under Irrigated and Dryland Conditions

This investigation measured plant dry matter accumulation in guar [ Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] grown under water-optimal and water-stressed field conditions. Twelve guar genotypes were planted in irrigated and dryland tests at Chillicothe, TX on a Miles fine sandy loam (fine-loamy mixed, thermic Udic Paleustalf). Dry weight harvests were made at 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after planting (DAP).
Significant variation was found among guar genotypes within maturity groups for plant dry matter accumulation. Percentage shoot dry weight in reproductive parts (pods) ranged from 41 to 79 % among the 12 genotypes at 150 DAP. Percentage stem weight, expressed as a percentage of shoot weight, averaged 36% at 60 DAP and 40% at 150 DAP. Percentage leaves decreased from 60% at 60 DAP to 0 at 150 DAP.
Genotypic differences were found in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). IWUE was highest for Lewis (28.3) and lowest for Hall (5.4). Medium maturing genotypes, with the exception of Lewis , had similar IWUE's ranging from 16.3 to 19.2. Early and late maturing genotypes generally had relatively low IWUE's. Genotypes differed significantly in harvest index (ratio of seed to shoot weight). Harvest indices ranged from 0.20 to 0.48. Harvest indices of the same magnitude were found in the water-optimal and the water-stressed tests.     

脱落酸与赤霉素对瓜尔豆蔗糖代谢酶类的影响

研究了脱落酸与赤霉素对瓜尔豆叶片和种子发育过程中糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,脱落酸与赤霉素处理均能降低酸性转化酶活性,赤霉素(500mg/L)对中性转化酶与酸性转化酶活性降低程度最大。赤霉素(500mg/L及750mg/L)在整个生育期增加叶片蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,脱落酸(2.64mg/L,1.32mg/L及3.96mg/L)及赤霉素(250mg/L)均不同程度地降低蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性。各处理间差异达到显著水平。低浓度的脱落酸(1.32mg/L)降低种子中性转化酶和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性;高浓度的脱落酸(2.64mg/L及3.96mg/L)能提高种子的中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性。低浓度的赤霉素(250mg/L)能相对降低瓜尔豆种子内的中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,而高浓度的赤霉素(500mg/L及750mg/L)则明显地升高中性转化酶、酸性转化酶、蔗糖合成酶与蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,表现出较强的蔗糖合成与分解能力。 ;     

百日草雄性不育杂交育种初探

为了选育出矮型（株高20~40 cm）、大花（花径7~10 cm）、重瓣性佳、抗逆性强、生长健壮、整齐一致,尤其是适合北京园林景观应用的百日草F1代新品种,以收集到的Zinnia elegans种的资源为主要材料,开展百日草雄性不育系杂交育种工作。经过大田试验研究,结合北京夏季天气高温、高湿、连续降雨的特点,确定翌年大田百日草父本播种时间为5月中旬,母本播种时间为5月下旬;小植株地栽之前,增加大田里基肥施用种类及力度,以使植株生长更加健壮,能有效提高植株本身对逆境的抵抗能力;获得一个有潜力的杂交组合,颜色遗传规律为红色雄性不育系母本与红色自交系父本杂交,得到红色杂交F1后代。通过将杂交F1后代与国内外其他F1代品种进行性状对比试验,发现其重瓣性好、颜色鲜艳、不褪色、生长健壮且有较好的抗逆能力,但株型松散、株高偏高,需进一步改良亲本,加大其纯化力度,尤其需进一步提高其抗逆性。另外,还需要对这对杂交组合连续多年进行杂交改良,确保其具有稳定的优良性状遗传能力。     

金盏花雄性不育两用系的选育

为了选育适宜于甘肃省种植金盏花杂交新品种,彻底扭转甘肃省金盏花生产用种依赖引进的局面,确保金盏花产业的可持续发展。从2002年开始,利用田间发现的不育株,对金盏花GM-1和GM-2后代分离群体采用二环系选育法进行了大量的保持系及其测交组合的配制,选择出了符合雄性核不育两用系。根据两用系可育株花朵的重瓣或单瓣特性,对获得的株系进行育性比较,从中选出了LYX-1（重瓣）和LYX-2（单瓣）两个优良的雄性不育两用系,不育率达到50%,不育性由一对隐性基因控制,并且生物学性状也基本稳定,可用于杂交组合的配制。     

外源基因在转基因植物中的遗传稳定性及其转育研究进展

利用基因工程方法获得的转基因植物是一种人工创造的新种质.外源基因在无性培养阶段和有性阶段的稳定性,直接影响着转基因植物的利用.外源基因拷贝数、整合位点、位置效应、外源基因丢失、甲基化、共抑制等均影响其在转基因植物中的稳定性;同时也影响外源基因在转育材料中的表现;最后简单讨论了外源基因鉴定方法的优缺点.     

甜椒核型不育系AB91的选育及杂优利用

利用在英格拜尔甜椒中发现的甜椒雄性不育源,经采用杂交、自交、测交、兄妹交等方法,选育出雄性不育性与优良农艺性状、抗病性、高配合力高度统-的甜椒雄性不育两用系AB91,其不育性由一对隐性核基因控制,遗传简单、不育性稳定、恢复源广泛、配合力高、可较快地培育出不同类型的优良一代杂种.利用AB91已选育出早、中、晚熟配套的系列甜椒杂交种,解决了我国甜椒一代杂种种子生产人工去雄的难题.     

Mo17Ht雄性不育系的选育和利用

以Mo17Ht自然群体为背景，利用天然变异株筛选出Mo17Ht雄性不育系材料Mo17HtA及其同名保持系Mo17HtB。二者综合性状较Mo17Ht为优，可直接在生产上利用。     

雄性不育野生茶树开花生物学特性

为观察野生茶树雄性不育株开花生物学特性,探讨野生茶树雄性不育表型特征。以野生茶树雄性不育株及可育株为试材,田间观察了野生茶树的开花物候期、单花发育进程和花器形态特征,并采用离体萌发法、染色法测定其花粉活力和柱头可授性。结果表明：野生茶树雄性不育株开花物候期为9月上旬—10月上旬,全花期持续约29~33天,花期与对照材料相近。雄性不育花从花芽分化至花瓣凋谢平均历时约107天,比对照长14天。雄性不育花器结构具有典型的雄不育特征,表现为花冠开展度小,花丝弯曲畸形,花药彼此粘连,皱缩干瘪,不裂药,花药内无花粉或有微量败育花粉。雄性不育花雌性器官发育正常,柱头从开花前1天至开花后4天具有可授性,最佳授粉时间为开花后1天。所调查的野生茶树雄性不育类型属于花药败育型和花粉败育型。     

3个玉米细胞质雄性不育系的选育及分组鉴定

从地理远缘杂交和亲缘远缘杂交群体中，分离选育川G、类2、类3三个玉米细胞质雄性不育系。恢保关系鉴定和线粒体DNA的RFLP分析表明，三个不育系均属C组细胞质雄性不育。但是，从线粒体DNA的RFLP带型可以推断，川G与类2、类3以及参试C组不育系属于不同亚组，对克服C组细胞质雄性不育的遗传单一性具重要意义。这三个不育系的不     

乌塌菜核基因雄性不育系的选育及利用

为解决乌塌菜杂种优势利用中的杂交制种手段问题。以复等位基因遗传的小白菜核基因雄性不育系作不育源,采用杂交一代连续与乌塌菜轮回亲本回交,同时测交筛选基因型的方法,选育乌塌菜核基因雄性不育系。育成了具有100%不育株率和100%不育度,园艺学性状与目标品系相似的乌塌菜核基因雄性不育系GMSW,利用该不育系配制并筛选出2个产量高于对照品种的优异杂交组合GMSW×A2、GMSW×A1。解决了乌塌菜雄性不育系转育和利用的难题。     

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）新质源雄性不育恢复系的研究

发掘野生稻（O. rufipogon）新型雄性不育细胞质源,育成新质源优质米不育系的基础上进一步研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的育种技术—FA型细胞质雄性不育恢复系定向育种。用野生稻（非轮回亲本）与籼稻品种明恢63（轮回亲本）杂交和多次回交,后代再经过自交,将野生稻中的可育基因分离、转移、重组、整合到明恢63遗传背景中,获得农艺性状似明恢63,花粉和小穗全可育不分离的野生稻新质源恢复系金恢1号。用新质源不育系与金恢1号组配两个组合,其花粉和小穗育性都恢复到正常可育水平,产量高,米质优,实现了新质源不育系三系配套应用和大幅度提高杂交稻稻米外观品质的目的。这项育种新技术可以将水稻可育基因（恢复基因）转移到任一水稻品种中育成细胞质雄性不育恢复系,突破了新质源恢复系育种的技术瓶颈,极大地提高了恢复系利用稻种资源的育种潜力,为FA型新质源优质米不育系的杂交稻育种开辟了一条崭新的途径。新型（FA）细胞质源杂交稻可能对丰富杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性、提高杂交稻亲本对稻种资源的利用潜力、以及实质性提高杂交稻的稻米品质和产量水平都将产生积极和深远的影响。     

太谷核不育小麦在育种上的应用

利用太谷核不育小麦受单个显性雄性不育基因控制的遗传特点,建立了一系列的育种方案,并付诸实施,已选育出21个品系和一大批优异单株材料.其中Ta_186221品系两年比对照冀麦7号分别增产24.2%和13.7%,且早熟6天.     

对两个玉米雄性不育系的细胞质分类研究

本文从普通遗传学、植物病理学和分子生物学的水平对玉米雄花不育系—元徐cms—小黄和恩二激cms—大黄进行了综合性的分类研究。大田的育性反应表明，这两个不育系的育性恢复受一对显性基因控制。对花粉染色的观察发现F1可育花粉与败育花粉基本上呈1：1分离。用小斑病T小种接种，这两个不育系不表现专化感染。通过mtDNA的分析     

谷子不育系及杂交种再生植株性状的表现

从谷子不育系及杂交种服性愈伤组织产生的再生植株当代和二代调查中,发现再生植株及后代普遍出现了株高降低、穗长缩短、穗型紧密和分蘖、分枝性增强的趋势。其中产生一些特殊表型株及株型好、抗虫性强的植株,再生不育株不育度提高,再生杂交种R_2代出现了三个饱满度好的大粒性穗行。     

奶白菜核基因雄性不育系的选育与利用

为解决奶白菜杂交种生产中的杂交制种手段问题,配制优良杂交种.以核不育“复等位基因遗传”假说为指导,以青梗白菜核基因雄性不育系00S107作不育源,采用连续回交转育同时测交鉴定基因型的方法,定向转育奶白菜核基因雄性不育系.并利用转育成的不育系与奶白菜优良自交系配制杂交组合,进行了杂种优势分析.选育出园艺学性状与目标品系相似,具有100％不育株率和不育度的奶白菜核基因雄性不育系GMS3,筛选出2个产量高、整齐度高的优异杂交组合GMS3×B1、GMS3×B2.定向转育模式兼顾了不育基因和园艺学性状的转育,解决了奶白菜核不育系转育和利用的难题.     

甘蓝型油菜(B.napus L.)细胞质雄性不育系MICMS的选育

本研究选用“陆奥”油菜为母本,“五十铃”油菜为父本进行品种间杂交,以父本连续回交,育成了新的质核互作结构的甘蓝型油菜雄性不育系 MICMS。该不育系花器官形态和花药解剖结构的变异现象与已知的油菜细胞质雄性不育系相似。通过不同品种测交,已鉴定出对 MICMS 具有较好恢、保能力的品种。     

野生稻（Oryza rufipogon）新质源雄性不育恢复系的研究

发掘野生稻（O. rufipogon）新型雄性不育细胞质源，育成新质源优质米不育系的基础上进一步研究新质源雄性不育恢复系的育种技术—FA型细胞质雄性不育恢复系定向育种。用野生稻（非轮回亲本）与籼稻品种明恢63（轮回亲本）杂交和多次回交，后代再经过自交，将野生稻中的可育基因分离、转移、重组、整合到明恢63遗传背景中，获得农艺性状似明恢63，花粉和小穗全可育不分离的野生稻新质源恢复系金恢1号。用新质源不育系与金恢1号组配两个组合，其花粉和小穗育性都恢复到正常可育水平，产量高，米质优，实现了新质源不育系三系配套应用和大幅度提高杂交稻稻米外观品质的目的。这项育种新技术可以将水稻可育基因（恢复基因）转移到任一水稻品种中育成细胞质雄性不育恢复系，突破了新质源恢复系育种的技术瓶颈，极大地提高了恢复系利用稻种资源的育种潜力，为FA型新质源优质米不育系的杂交稻育种开辟了一条崭新的途径。新型（FA）细胞质源杂交稻可能对丰富杂交稻细胞质遗传多样性、提高杂交稻亲本对稻种资源的利用潜力、以及实质性提高杂交稻的稻米品质和产量水平都将产生积极和深远的影响。