甜菜遗传单粒型多倍体杂交种九甜单一号的选育

九甜单一号系采用单粒二倍体雄不育系九三ＭＳＡ－１为母本，多粒四倍体授粉系ＧＷ６５－３为父本配制而成的遗传单位型多倍体杂交种。经生产试验鉴定，其稚产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照品种甜研３０１提高１６．５％、０．６８度、２１．４５％。该品种丰产性突出、含糖率稳定、抗病性强，适宜大面积机械化精量点播和纸筒有苗移栽，属丰产型甜菜品种。     

甜菜新品种吉甜206的选育

甜菜新品种吉甜２０６是以普通二倍体有性杂史后代单株系７３２－３和７５３－８互为父母本杂交而成。该品种在吉林省区域试验表现根产量、含糖率与产糖量分别比对照品种范育一号提高６．０％、１３度与１４．４％，在吉林省生产示范根产量、含糖率与产糖量分别比对照品种吉甜２０１提高１３．２％、１．６度与２５．４％，吉甜２０６是一个适应性广、抗病性强的高糖型甜菜新品种。     

甜菜遗传单粒型三倍体杂交种甜单二号的选育

甜单二号（原代号ＴＤ８７１６）系以ＴＤｍ１０６为母本，Ｔ４１０为父本，按母父本３∶１自然杂交而成。该品种在黑龙江省甜菜品种生产示范试验中（１９９５～１９９６年），平均根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别为３４９８０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、１７．５７度、６１０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，分别比对照品种甜研３０１提高１０．３％、０．１０度、１２．４％。甜单二号品种稳定性好，抗褐斑病，耐根腐病，适宜在黑龙江省的红兴隆、肇源、拉哈、绥化等地种植。     

甜菜新品种中甜—甘糖5号的选育

中甜－甘糖五号是高产糖量的多粒雄性不育杂交种。在气候条件适宜的区域，丰产性好，含糖稳定，较抗黄化毒病和白粉病。参加全国甜菜品种区域试验，在新疆石河子，新疆和静，宁夏银川，甘肃武威４点达到丰产甜菜新品种标准，平均块根产量较对照提高２２．９％，含糖率较对照提高０．６２度，产糖量较对照提高２９．２％。     

甜菜杂交种—内甜201的选育

内甜２０１系以本所育成的二倍体雄性不育系１４４０３Ａ为母本，以二倍体自交系ＡＢ８３０１为父本，按母：父＝４：１杂交制种育成。经生产示范试验，平均根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比对照品种工农４号高１７．５％、０．２１度和１８．９％，褐斑病罹病率也低于对照品种，属多粒型二倍体雄性不育杂交种，适宜在内蒙古土默川地区和条件相同的甜菜种植区推广。     

饲用甜菜新品种新甜饲2号的选育

新甜饲2号（原代号JZSL-18）是以多粒四倍体自交系NXSL-4为母本，以多粒二倍体授粉系SL-2和SL2-job为父本，通过杂交选育而成。杂交种父母本配制比例为2：6。该品种2005～2006年参加省饲用甜菜品种区域试验．平均块根产量152104．5kg／hm^2，较对照新甜饲1号增产20．0％；平均含糖率6．22％，较对照提高0．22度：块根千基粗蛋白含量13．95％。该品种2006年参加生产示范试验，2007年2月通过新疆维吾尔自治区品种审定委员会审定命名．丰产性强，耐甜菜褐斑病、白粉病，适宜在新疆的南疆、北疆等地区推广种植。     

甜菜新品种吉甜204的选育

甜菜新品种吉甜２０４是由３个自交系杂交而成的二倍体甜菜品种。该品种根产量稳定。含糖率较高，抗褐斑病能力较强。吉林省区域试验结果，块根产量、含糖率、产糖量分别比对照品种范育１号提高１０．３７％、０．５６度、１４．１％。吉甜２０４属标准偏高糖型甜菜新品种。     

乌兰浩特糖厂引种鉴定试验简报

经过１９９６￣１９９８年引种对比试验示范，证明甜研３０３品种适应当地的土壤、气候等环境条件，比原主栽品种协作二号表现突出，平均根产量为４０．０７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，较对照增产９．９％，平均含糖为１７．８度，比对照提高０．８９度，平均产糖量为７．１７ｔ／ｈｍ＾２，比对照增产１５．８％。甜研３０３丰产性能好、适应性强、尤其在１９９８年洪涝灾害严重年份，仍表现稳产、抗病、耐涝，已被确定为本地区的主栽品种。     

甜菜多倍体新品种甜研309的选育

甜研３０９是由四倍体甜４２７与二倍体甜２１１杂交而成的普通多倍体品种。该品种具有抗病性较强、含糖较高、丰产性稳定、适应性广等优点。区试中，平均根产量３０５６２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，分别比统一对照甜研３０２、当地对照增产５．０１％、１１．１２％；平均含糖率１５．１８％，分别较上述对照提高０．１６度、０．６７度；产糖量４６６１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，分别较上述对照提高５．８２％、１７．４７％。甜研３０９在“八五”国家甜菜育种攻关项目中的丛根病品系鉴定试验中，在内蒙、宁夏、甘肃、新疆等试验点表现出较强的耐丛根病性。     

甜菜多倍体新品种包育301的选育

甜菜多倍体新品种包育３０１是由四倍体Ｂ４０１与二倍体ＢＳ７９－１杂交而成的。该品种具有丰产性稳定、含糖率高、抗褐斑病、抗黄化毒病和丛根病，在内蒙古自治区区域试验及生产示范中，其平均块根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别比统一对照品种工农５号提高５％、１．０度和１３．４％，属于标准型优良品种。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Role of Benzoxazinones in Cereals

Summary

Heterocyclic 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones and related benzox-azolinones are important natural products of the cereal crops maize, wheat and rye. Much research has focused on the role of these compounds as defensive agents against plant diseases and pests. Studies of a wide variety of biological effects on herbivores and nematodes, plant pathogenic fungi and bacteria are reviewed in this article. Phytotoxic activity of the compounds is also considered with respect to allelopathic interaction with higher plants. Recent investigations of molecular aspects of interactions of cyclic hydroxamic acids and related benzoxazo-linones with acceptor organisms have demonstrated different effective detoxification strategies and tolerance mechanisms. This research has greatly advanced our knowledge about the multiple roles that these allelochemicals play in ecological systems.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part I: Influence of ultra-fine grinding

Wheat bran is an undervalued by-product of white flour and has great nutritional potential due to its high content in fibres and bioactive compounds. Micronized bran could be used as a food ingredient to improve the nutritional potential of cereal products, or be used as a starting material for other processes (bioactive compound extraction or bran fractionation). The aim of this work was to find a way to efficiently decrease the particle size of bran. The influence of the grinding temperature (ambient or cryogenic grinding) on the granulometric distribution of particles, their composition, and their microstructure was studied, at lab-scale and pilot-scale. It showed that the intrinsic characteristics of bran (glass transition within intermediate layers at −46 °C) had more influence on its grinding behaviour than the type of grinding device used: the particles size distributions obtained after grinding at lab-scale and pilot-scale were very similar. At both scales, the granulometric curves were narrow for cryogenic grinding, while for ambient grinding they were spread over the whole particle size range. Ultrafine particles were obtained in both ambient and cryogenic conditions. Negative temperatures, by increasing the material’s brittleness, favoured a fast fragmentation of bran: one step of cryogenic grinding allowed a median particle size of nearly 50 μm to be reached, whereas three successive steps of ambient grinding were needed for the same result. On the other hand, ambient temperature favoured the dissociation of the different constituent layers of wheat bran, and produced less composite particles than cryogenic grinding.     

Multiple use of plants: Studies on selenium incorporation in some agricultural species for the production of organic selenium compounds

The technique of spraying plants with inorganic forms of selenium can be employed for phytochemical production of organic selenium compounds. Fractionation of the plant material makes it possible to produce a highly concentrated and well defined selenium supplement with potential use in animal and human nutrition. The fractionation also gives opportunities to combine production of organic selenium compounds with other products, for example plant fibres. Multiple use of plants can contribute to a more efficient utilization of land area (in comparison to monocultures solely adapted to food production). It also gives the opportunity to develop systems suitable for long term fixation of carbon, as long as the plant material is not reoxidised to carbon dioxide. Plant fibres could provide raw material for the production of paper or building materials in combination with the production of organic selenium compounds preferentially accumulated in another fraction of the processed plant.     

Biological factors influencing the transmission of potato leafroll virus by different aphid species

Summary Macrosiphum euphorbiae, collected in the field from potato plants infected with potato leafroll virus (PLRV), transmitted the virus to fewer potato plants in a field trial than did laboratory-rearedMyzus persicae. In the laboratory,M. persicae was the only efficient vector of PLRV fromPhysalis floridana seedlings, potato sprouts or excised leaves toP. floridana. Two clones ofM. euphorbiae and one clone ofAulacorthum solani transmitted PLRV from infected potato plants toNicotiana clevelandii as effeciently asM. persicae but a clone ofAphis gossypii was an inefficient PLRV vector. An isolate of PLRV, whichM. persicae transmitted inefficiently from potato toN. clevelandii, was also transmitted inefficiently byM. euphorbiae andA. solani.