肉牛甲烷排放影响因素的试验研究

为考察不同粗饲料类型、日粮精粗饲料比、能量摄入水平等因素对肉牛甲烷排放量的影响,从而为控制甲烷排放提供理论依据,本研究选用4头18月龄的健康肉用公牛(鲁西黄牛),针对不同粗饲料类型、饲料精粗比和日粮能量摄入水平进行了试验,采用SF₆示踪法对甲烷排放量进行了测定。试验结果表明：SF₆示踪法可用来快速测定反刍动物的甲烷排放量;影响肉牛甲烷排放量因素的主次顺序依次为：饲料粗料类型＞饲料精粗比＞能量摄入水平;对肉牛饲喂紫花苜蓿和青贮玉米秸比饲喂稻草和干玉米秸时甲烷排放量要小;日粮中粗饲料越多,则肉牛的甲烷排放量越大;随着能量摄入水平的加大,肉牛的甲烷排放量也呈增加的趋势。     

开放式牛舍舍内喷雾和屋面喷淋通风降温改善肉牛生产性能

为缓解南方夏季高温高湿热应激对肉牛生产性能的影响,探讨不同降温方式对肉牛的降温效果。以江西省地方品种锦江黄牛为试验对象,试验分为3组,每组8头牛,试验1、2和3组分别为舍内通风组、舍内喷雾通风组和屋面喷淋通风组,3个组牛的平均体质量分别为(250.38±24.54)、(247.93±24.54)和(250.00±24.02)kg(P0.05),试验于2014年7—8月进行。分别测定了环境温度、湿度,肉牛直肠温度、呼吸频率和日增质量等,结果表明:屋面喷淋运行期间(10:00—18:00),与1组相比,3组舍内距屋顶0、1、2和3 m处温度分别降低4.79(P0.01)、2.13、1.37和1.42℃;湿度分别增加9.66%(P0.01)、6.76%(P0.01)、2.66%和1.80%;在14:00时,距离地面高度1.5和0.5 m分别降低1.20(P0.05)和1.07℃;呼吸频率降低12次/min(P0.01);直肠温度差异不显著;日增质量提高0.19 kg/d,提高率为26.38%(P0.05)。喷雾运行期间14:00时,与1组相比,2组肉牛体感温度喷雾前后分别降低0.51和1.43℃(P0.05),在18:00分别下降0.70和1.60℃(P0.05);呼吸频率降低13次/min(P0.01);直肠温度差异不显著;日增质量提高0.08 kg/d,提高率为11.11%。从以上结果可以看出,喷雾通风和屋面喷淋通风均可以一定程度缓解肉牛的热应激。     

Predicting perchlorate exposure in milk from concentrations in dairy feed

Perchlorate has been detected in U.S. milk samples from many different states. Applying data from a recently reported 9-week experiment in which 16 Holstein dairy cows were administered perchlorate allowed us to derive an equation for the dose-response relationship between perchlorate concentrations in feed/drinking water and its appearance in milk. Examination of background concentrations of perchlorate in the total mixed ration (TMR) fed in addition to the variable dose supplied to treated cows as a ruminal infusate revealed that cows receive significant and variable exposure to perchlorate from the TMR. Weekly examination of the TMR disclosed that a change in ingredients midway through the experiment caused a significant (78%) change in TMR perchlorate concentration. Analyses of the ingredients comprising the TMR revealed that 41.9% of the perchlorate came from corn silage, 22.9% came from alfalfa hay and 11.7% was supplied by sudan grass. Finally, USDA Food and Nutrition Survey data on fluid milk consumption were used to predict potential human exposure from milk that contained concentrations of perchlorate observed in our previous dosing study. The study suggests that reducing perchlorate concentration in dairy feed may reduce perchlorate concentrations in milk as well as the potential to reduce human exposure to perchlorate in milk.     

规模化肉牛场粪污收集与堆肥处理工艺设计

针对规模化肉牛场粪污的收集与处理问题,以干清粪工艺为研究对象,总结归纳了规模化肉牛场粪污收集量的计算公式,并以1万头肉牛养殖场为例计算了粪污的产生和收集量,在此基础上选取了堆肥技术处理牛粪,进行了牛粪堆肥处理工艺设计。结果表明:干清粪工艺下规模化肉牛场粪污收集量可由公式直接算出,粪污收集率系数为0.83。养殖规模为1万头的肉牛养殖场,每天的粪尿收集量为150 t,含水率为82%。日处理210 t原料(牛粪150 t+辅料60 t,含水率60%),可产生含水率35%的堆肥产品93.04 t;堆肥项目主要土建工程占地面积为17 738 m2,采用连续动态好氧堆肥处理工艺和配套设备后,实现了整个系统的自动化运行。     

南方开放式肉牛舍夏季喷雾降温效果

为缓解南方肉牛夏季养殖过程中的热应激,该试验采用喷雾联合悬挂式风机的降温措施对不同品种肉牛的降温效果进行了研究。试验以西门塔尔杂交牛和锦江黄牛为试验品种,测定了环境、直肠温度、呼吸频率和日增质量等评价指标。结果表明:喷雾运行阶段,处理舍空气温度平均可降低2.1℃(P<0.01),相对湿度增加5.8%(P<0.01),降低3.2℃的体感温度(P<0.01);对西门塔尔杂交牛,喷雾结合风机的降温方式可降低其12:00-18:00的平均直肠温度0.3℃和呼吸频率11次/min(P<0.01),有效解除热积聚状况,但对其日增质量无显著提高;对锦江黄牛,喷雾可以降低其呼吸频率14次/min(P<0.01),有效缓解其热应激,日增质量提高0.19kg/d(P<0.05),提高率为27.5%。     

Metabolism of oak leaf ellagitannins and urolithin production in beef cattle

Oak leaves have a high concentration of ellagitannins. These phytochemicals can be beneficial or poisonous to animals. Beef cattle are often intoxicated by oak leaf consumption, particularly after suffering feed restriction. The severity of the poisoning has recently been associated with the ruminal microbiota, as different bacterial populations were found in animals that tolerated oak leaves and in those that showed clinical and pathological signs of toxicity. Intoxication has previously been linked to the production of phenolic metabolites, particularly catechol, phloroglucinol, and resorcinol. This suggested that the microbial metabolism of ellagitannins could also be associated with its tolerance or intoxication in different animals. Therefore, it is essential to understand the metabolism of ellagitannins in cattle. Here we show that ellagitannins are metabolized in the cattle rumen to urolithins. Different urolithins were detected in ruminal fluid, feces, urine, and plasma. Oak leaf ellagitannins declined as they were converted to urolithins, mainly isourolithin A and urolithin B, by the ruminal and fecal microbiota. Urolithin aglycons were observed in rumen and feces, and glucuronide and sulfate derivatives were detected in plasma and urine. Sulfate derivatives were the main metabolites detected in plasma, while glucuronide derivatives were the main ones in urine. The main urolithins produced in cattle were isourolithin A and urolithin B. This is a relevant difference from the monogastric mammals studied previously in which urolithin A was the main metabolite produced. Low molecular weight phenolics of the benzoic, phenylacetic, and phenylpropionic groups and metabolites such as catechol, resorcinol, and related compounds were also detected. There was a large variability in the kinetics of production of these metabolites in individual animals, although they produced similar metabolites in all cases. This large variability could be associated with the large variability in the rumen and intestine microbiota that has previously been observed. Further studies are needed to demonstrate if the efficiency in the metabolism of ellagitannins by the microbiota could explain the differences observed in susceptibility to intoxication by the different animals.     

Wetland conversion to beef cattle pasture changes in soil properties

Background and Objective  Largely influenced by the passage of the Swamp Land Act of 1849, many wetlands have been lost in the coastal plain region of southeastern United States primarily as a result of drainage to convert land for agriculture. While further wetland conversion or loss is universally acknowledged, the process continues with little public recognition of the causes or consequences. This study examined changes in soil carbon, pH, and Mehlich extractable nutrients in soils following conversion of wetland to beef cattle pasture. Methods  To better understand the chemical response of soils during wetland conversion to beef cattle pasture, soil samples were collected from the converted beef cattle pastures and from the adjoining reference wetland. Soil samples were collected from eleven sites in the beef cattle pasture, and from four in the adjoining reference wetland. Data that were collected from the reference wetland sites were used as the reference/baseline data to detect potential changes in soil properties associated with the conversion of wetlands to beef cattle pastures from 1940 to 2002. Results and Discussion  Compared with the adjoining reference wetland, the beef cattle pasture soils in 2002, 62 years after being drained, exhibited: (1) a decrease in organic carbon, TOC (-172.3 g kg^-1), nitrogen, TN (-10.1 g kg^-1), water soluble phosphorus, WSP (-5.1mg kg^-1), and potassium, K (-0.7 mg kg^-1); (2) an increase in soil pH (+1.8 pH unit), calcium, Ca (+88.4 mg kg^-1), magnesium, Mg (+7.5 mg kgc), manganese, Mn (+0.3 mg kg^-1), and iron, Fe (+6.9 mg kg^-1); and (3) no significant changes in sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and aluminum (Al). In 2002, the amount of TOC and the concentration of soil organic matter (OM) in pasture fields were significantly lower than the concentration in the reference wetland with average values of 7.8 ± 8 g kg^-1 and 36 ± 26 g kg^-1 and 180.1 ± 188 g kg^-1 and 257 ± 168 g kg^-1, respectively. It appeared that conversion of wetlands was proceeding toward a soil condition/composition like that of mineral soils. Conclusion and Outlook  Overall, conversion of wetland had significant effects on soil carbon, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, and extractable nutrients. Results of our study have shown a decrease in TOC, TN, WSP, and K and an increase in soil pH, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe. These results are important in establishing useful baseline information on soil properties in pasture and adjoining reference wetland prior to restoring and converting pasture back to its original wetland conditions as a major part of the restoration effort being underway.     

饲养密度对饲养环境及肉牛生产性能的影响

为探究适宜肉牛生长的最佳饲养密度,提高肉牛场经济效益,该文研究了饲养密度对肉牛生产性能,行为活动及经济效益的影响.在江西省高安市肉牛试验站选取体质量182~282 kg的杂交牛,在固定圈舍面积(18 m2)内分别饲养3、4、5、6、9头肉牛,对应占地面积为6.0、4.5、3.6、3.0、2.0 m2/头,饲养密度依次增加.由于肉牛体型较大,每个处理2个重复.结果显示,2.0 m2/头的试验组每头牛日采食量为11.90 kg显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05),但每头牛日增质量仅为1.09 kg;3.6 m2/头时,每头牛日采食量处于居中水平为10.96 kg,每头牛日增质量最佳,达到1.41 kg.随着饲养密度的增加,舍内二氧化碳浓度分别为1056.38、1108.44、1172.65、1200.89、1398.19 mg/m3,呈上升趋势;占地面积为2.0 m2/头时,舍内氨气浓度最高达3.23 mg/m3,而6.0 m2/头时仅为1.13 mg/m3;不同处理组之间有害气体浓度存在显著性差异(P<0.05).2.0 m2/头处理组1 d内站立时间(含打斗)为11.84 h,站立时间最长,脏污程度评分为2.09,体表最脏,3.6 m2/头试验组在打斗时间及体表清洁度方面均处于居中水平.综合上述指标,182~282 kg的每头牛适宜占地面积为3.6 m2,此时饲料转化率高,动物福利水平较好,利于农场取得较好经济效益.     

Accumulation and perchlorate exposure potential of lettuce produced in the Lower Colorado River region

The Colorado River is contaminated with perchlorate concentrations of 1.5-8 microg/L, an anion linked to thyroid dysfunction. Over 90% of the lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) consumed during the winter months in the United States is produced in the Lower Colorado River region. Studies were conducted in this region to survey the potential for lettuce perchlorate accumulation and estimate potential human exposure to perchlorate from lettuce. Total uptake of perchlorate in the above-ground plant of iceberg lettuce was approximately 5 g/ha. Exposure estimates ranged from 0.45 to 1.8 microg/day depending on lettuce types and trimming. For all lettuce types, hypothetical exposures were less than 4% of the reference dose recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. Results show the relative iodide uptake inhibition potential because of lettuce nitrate was 2 orders of magnitude greater than that associated with the corresponding trace levels of perchlorate. These data support the conclusion that potential perchlorate exposures from lettuce irrigated with Colorado River water are negligible relative to acute or long-term harmful amounts.     

Soil nitrogen distribution and deposition on shortgrass prairie adjacent to a beef cattle feedyard

Cattle feedyards can impact local environments through emission of ammonia and dust deposited on nearby land. Impacts range from beneficial fertilization of cropland to detrimental effects on sensitive ecosystems. Shortgrass prairie downwind from an adjacent feedyard on the southern High Plains of Texas, USA changed from perennial grasses to annual weeds. It was hypothesized that N enrichment from the feedyard initiated the cascade of negative ecological change. Objectives were to determine the distribution of soil nitrogen and estimate N loading to the pasture. Soil samples were collected from 119 locations across the pasture and soil total N (TN), nitrate-N and ammonium-N (AN) determined in the top 30 cm. Soil TN concentration decreased with distance downwind from the feedyard from 1.6 ± 0.2 g kg⁻¹ at 75 m to 1.2 ± 0.05 g kg⁻¹ at 582 m. Nitrate-N concentration decreased within 200 m of the feedyard and changed little at greater distances. Ammonium-N concentration decreased linearly (P < 0.001) with increasing distance from the feedyard from 7.9 ± 1.7 mg kg⁻¹ within 75 m from the feedyard to 5.8 ± 1.5 mg kg⁻¹ at more than 550 m from the feedyard; however, distance only explained 12% of the variability in AN concentration. Maximum nitrogen loading, from 75 to 106 m from the feedyard, was 49 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ over 34 years and decreased with distance from the feedyard. An estimate of net dry deposition of ammonia indicated that it contributed negligibly to N loading to the pasture. Nitrogen enrichment that potentially shifted vegetation from perennial grasses to annual weeds affected soil N up to 500 m from the feedyard; however, measured organic and inorganic N beyond that returned to typical and expected levels for undisturbed shortgrass prairie.

堆积肉牛粪便甲烷排放影响因子试验

通过测定肉牛粪便在不同温度和堆高时的甲烷排放量,探讨了中国肉牛粪便甲烷排放量及其主要影响因素。采用动态箱法测定了肉牛粪便在15℃、25℃和35℃中,堆高分别为10cm、20cm和40cm时的甲烷排放通量,同时分析了试验前后粪便的性质。结果表明,15℃时肉牛粪便堆放15d的鲜牛粪甲烷排放通量为(0.031±0.002)～(0.002±0.000)g/(d·kg),累积排放量为0.17～0.18g/kg;25℃中堆放26d的甲烷排放通量为(0.323±0.018)～(0.051±0.063)g/(d·kg),累积排放量为3.8～5.1g/kg;35℃中堆放26d的甲烷排放通量为(0.414±0.073)～(0.033±0.050)g/(d·kg),累积排放量为3.6～6.6g/kg。15℃中粪便甲烷排放量显著小于25℃和35℃中的排放量(P<0.01)。粪便堆高与单位表面积的累积甲烷排放量相应也高。     

吊顶对湿帘风机纵向通风牛舍环境及牛生理的影响研究

为了改善湿帘风机纵向通风系统应用于肉牛舍的降温效果和气流分布的均匀性,同时提高肉牛活动区的风速,该试验在实测的基础上,采用流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)的方法对安装吊顶的湿帘风机纵向通风肉牛舍的气流场进行模拟。模拟时将牛只按与实物原型等比例引入到模型中,经吻合性验证,风速的平均相对误差,Y=0.7m截面为27%,Y=1.2 m截面为14%,Y=1.7 m截面为13%,认为模型有效。结果表明:安装吊顶后,舍内的气流分布均匀,肉牛活动区域风速适宜,可为肉牛提供更为适宜的饲养环境。舍内Y=0.7 m截面的平均风速为0.75 m/s,Y=1.2 m截面的平均风速为0.88 m/s,Y=1.7 m截面的平均风速为1.00 m/s。未安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(35.0±2.7)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(30.0±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(30.1±0.8)℃,较舍外平均降温14%;安装吊顶的牛舍,舍外平均温度(37.2±2.1℃)℃条件下,0.7 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,1.2 m高度处平均温度(31.1±0.7)℃,较舍外平均降温16%,说明安装吊顶后降温效果显著。安装吊顶后,舍内平均相对湿度80.9%,有害气体浓度均在饲养标准范围内;呼吸频率为36次/min,平均等温指数(equivalent temperature index,ETI)为23.96,均未达到热应激水平。     

电刺激对肉牛行为和生理指标的影响

为研究电刺激对肉牛行为和生理指标的影响,确定约束肉牛放牧边界的作用电压。以内蒙古鄂尔多斯\     

基于PDA和FSM的肉牛养殖可追溯信息采集与传输方法

为提高肉牛养殖信息采集与传输的自动化程度准确性,该文提出了基于个人数字助理（PDA）和有限状态机 （FSM）的肉牛养殖可追溯信息采集与传输方法。利用PDA采集肉牛的日常养殖信息;在信息传到PC的过程中,通过利用有限状态机原理,以事件驱动的方式实现了PDA与PC之间的串口信息传输。重点研究了串口传输过程中有限状态机的建模,该方法改变了肉牛养殖信息传统、人工的采集与传输的方式,实现了养殖场信息的快速、准确的采集与传输。     

塑料薄膜覆盖对牛粪便温室气体排放的影响

为控制短期贮存畜禽粪便的温室气体排放,该文研究了塑料薄膜覆盖对肉牛粪便短期贮存过程中温室气体排放量的影响。试验采用静态箱-气相色谱法观测了秋季(日均22.87℃)肉牛粪便自然露天堆放(对照组)和塑料薄膜覆盖堆放(覆盖组)时温室气体的排放通量。结果表明:秋季覆盖塑料薄膜贮存粪便可使N2O和CO2的日均排放通量分别降低94.85%(P0.01)和88.85%(P0.01),并在试验前期(0~9 d)使CH4的日均排放通量降低了43.37%(P0.05),但随后的10~30 d,覆盖组粪便CH4的日均排放通量极显著高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:当环境温度在17.23~30.35℃时,覆盖塑料薄膜可以降低堆放贮存(0~30 d)粪便N2O和CO2的排放通量以及堆放初期(0~9 d)CH4的排放通量。因此,塑料薄膜覆盖贮存法可显著降低粪便堆放初期的温室气体排放。     

开孔方案对肉牛舍湿帘冷风机-纤维风管送风降温效果的影响

该研究通过纤维风管4种开孔方案设置,结合湿帘冷风机,满足到达1.3 m高度时,1号、2号、3号及4号风管射流风速分别为1.5、2.3、3.1、3.9 m/s;测量牛舍的环境指标和试验牛的生理指标,比较缓解热应激效果,探索较优化的开孔方案。结果表明：测定期间,4个风管区域之间温度差异不显著（P>0.05）,平均比舍外低2.1℃（P<0.05）;相对湿度均低于85%。试验牛所在3号风管区域平均风速最高,为1.32 m/s;1号风管区域最低,为0.62 m/s。二氧化碳浓度3号风管区域最低,1号风管区域最高（P<0.05）。牛只呼吸频率3号风管区域最低,为42次/min,1号风管区域最高,为52次/min,肉牛呼吸频率与试验区风速显著负相关。该研究表明,湿帘冷风机-纤维风管系统可有效缓解肉牛热应激,开孔方案设置满足到达1.3 m高度时射流风速为3.1 m/s的风管效果最优。     

敞篷牛舍接力送风及饲粮添加铬改善肉牛生产性能

为了解肉牛舍安装接力送风和饲粮中添加烟酸铬对肉牛生长性能、肉牛生理和牛舍环境的影响,研究了南方夏季安装接力送风机和饲粮添加铬对拴系敞篷饲养肉牛舍热环境及对肉牛日增质量的影响。试验采用双因素设计,选取36头平均体质量为392.8 kg的西杂肉牛,随机分成4个处理,处理1组牛舍安装风机,并在饲粮中添加烟酸铬;处理2安装风机,饲粮中不添加烟酸铬;处理3组不安装风机,但饲粮中添加烟酸铬;处理4(对照组)不安装风机,不添加烟酸铬。铬的添加量为800μg/kg,进行为期30 d生长试验。试验分别测定了牛舍的环境指标、肉牛生理指标和肉牛日增质量,并对经济效益进行了分析。结果如下:1安装接力送风机牛舍14:00平均室温可降低1.9℃(P0.01),风速增加5.6倍(P0.01),降低温湿指数(temperature and humidity index,THI)5.65%(P0.01);2饲粮添加铬降低热应激肉牛呼吸频率2.37次/min(P0.01),降低直肠温度0.18℃(P0.01),安装风机降低呼吸频率6.97次/min(P0.01),安装风机和饲粮添加铬对肉牛呼吸频率和直肠温度无交互作用。3处理1组肉牛平均日增质量比处理2、处理3和对照组分别提高了44.16%(P0.05)、35.37%(P0.05)和79.03%(P0.05)。处理2组和处理3组比对照组平均日增质量提高了24.19%(P0.05)和32.26%(P0.05)。处理1组比对照组增加毛利8.72元/(头·d)。表明南方夏季肉牛舍安装风机和饲粮中添加铬800μg/kg均缓解了肉牛湿热应激,提高了平均日增质量和经济效益,二者结合使用效果较好。     

封闭型牛舍风机喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬改善肉牛生长性能

为了探索南方夏季缓解肉牛热应激的方法和措施,研究了安装接力送风机加喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬对封闭型房舍式小群饲养肉牛生产性能和牛舍热环境的影响。试验采用双因素设计,选取28头平均体质量379.3kg的西杂肉牛,随机分成4组,试验1组牛舍安装风机加喷淋,并在饲粮中添加烟酸铬;试验2组安装风机加喷淋,饲粮中不添加烟酸铬;试验3组不安装风机加喷淋,但饲粮中添加烟酸铬;试验4组(对照组)不安装风机加喷淋,不添加烟酸铬。铬的添加量为800μg/kg,进行为期30 d生长试验。分别测定了牛舍的环境指标、肉牛生理指标和肉牛增质量,并对经济效益进行了分析。结果如下:1安装接力送风机加喷淋系统牛舍14:00平均室温可降低1.84℃(P0.01),风速增加8.27倍(P0.01);2安装风机加喷淋降温降低肉牛呼吸频率4.93次/min(P0.01),饲粮添加铬降低直肠温度0.23℃(P0.01),安装风机加喷淋降温和饲粮添加铬对肉牛呼吸频率和直肠温度无交互作用。31组肉牛平均日增质量比2组、3组和对照组分别提高了12.37%(P0.05)、19.59%(P0.05)和34.02%(P0.05)。2组比对照组平均日增质量提高了24.71%(P0.05)。1组比对照组增加毛利4.44元/(头·d)。表明南方夏季肉牛舍安装风机加喷淋和饲粮中添加铬均缓解了肉牛热应激,提高了平均日增质量和经济效益,二者结合使用效果较好。     

遮阳网对西北地区夏季围栏牛场环境和肉牛生理特征的影响

为了研究遮阳网在中国西北地区应用于围栏育肥牛场以缓解夏季肉牛热应激的效果,该试验对现场环境指标进行实测,同时对肉牛的皮肤温度、呼吸频率进行了记录,通过数据分析,对不同时段牛场的温热环境进行了评价。结果表明:遮阳网在各个时段都能改善肉牛生长环境,在午时可减少87%的太阳辐射,使温度降低3.95℃,黑球温度降低19.9%,从而将环境从严重热应激状态转变为中度热应激状态;中午肉牛的躺卧行为百分比从14.21%升高至59.9%(P0.01),而站立行为的百分比从64.5%降至29.7%(P0.01),且各个时段肉牛饮水行为占比较低;非遮蔽区的黑球温度与肉牛皮温和呼吸频率的相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.53和0.20。以上结果通过环境和肉牛生理特征的变化,反映了遮阳网主要通过减少太阳辐射来降低肉牛热应激水平,改善肉牛的生长环境,从而在维持其生产性能的同时提高了动物福利。该研究可为遮阳网在中国肉牛行业中的应用效果提供参考。