The determination method of limit energy consumption of water supply in open-loop surface water source heatpump systems

For the open-loop surface water source heat pump systems, energy consumption of water supply is the key factor for energy saving of system. On the basis of energy consumption model of heat pump unit and energy consumption model of water supply etc., open-loop surface water source heat pump system energy efficiency ratio coupling model is established. Based on energy efficiency ratio,the coupling limit value of surface water source heat pump system in different temperature of water supply and different energy consumption of water supply is obtained.Through the actual case, energy saving rate of the system is calculated in different temperatures of water supply and different system modes. And the determination method of the limit energy consumption of water supply of open-loop surface water source heatpump systems is established.     

Energy Efficiency of Water Transportation System for Surface Water Source Heat Pump

The forms of water transportation, arrangement and operation of pumps contribute to the water transportation energy consumption, which influences the energy-saving effect of surface water source heat pump. The relation between the pumping height and energy consumption of pumps is found by analyzing the model of pump energy consumption. The concept and calculation of critical pumping height is presented considering the limited rate of system energy efficiency. Based on the principle that the pump power changes with water flow rate, the determination of pumps arrangement of one or two stage pumps is described with a concrete example. The influence of water flow rate on heat pumps and water pumps is analyzed, and the energy efficiency of constant and variable water volume are compared. The operation way of this example is concluded for the optimal system energy efficiency. It is found that there is a critical pumping height for the energy-saving effect of surface water source heat pump compared with the traditional system. Moreover, the operation strategies should be determined by the system optimal model since the energy consumptions proportions of heat pumps and water pumps are variable.     

Analysis of Adaptability for Water Surface Heat Pumps in China Climatic Region

Based on the application characteristics of Surface Water Source Heat Pump System(WSHPs),the condition for the high efficient application of the system was expounded.Meanwhile,the distribution of water source in China Climatic Region was analyzed,and combining with the condition under which the surface water heat pump system was applied,the application feasibility of the system was explored.On the basis of the present climate division,the water source in the climate zone was analyzed comprehensively in terms of water temperature and water quality.Based on practical data,HVAC style,characteristic and condition of WSHPs,the adaptability analysis of the surface water heat pump system used in the climate zones was also given.     

Energy efficiency analysis on intermittent operation based on life cycle cost in the vertical ground source heat pump system

Intermittent operation can affect the heat exchange performance of the vertical ground source heat pump system, thereby affecting life cycle cost (LCC) of the ground source heat pump system. The simulation analysis on the hourly load of an office building is implemented by using the DeST software.The heat exchange model of vertical ground heat exchanger pipe-group and energy consumption model of per part of heat pump system are established. Through the comparison between calculation results of continuous operation for 15 years and calculation results of intermittent operation 15 years of the heat pump system, it can be concluded that the LCC value of intermittent operation decreased by 13.45%,relative to the LCC value of continuous operation, and the average energy saving rate of intermittent operation mode is 17.20% in the entire life cycle. Intermittent operation mode can effectively improve energy efficiency of the ground source heat pump system and reduce the LCC value.     

River Water Quality Comprehensive Evaluation for Water Source Heat Pump

River water quality is one of the important conditions must be considered when river water source heat pump is used. It is also the key factor of efficiency of river water source heat pump. Based on analysis of the water quality factors which influence the river water source heat pump heat exchanger fouling, the main quality indicators and value are conformed. Using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the actual monitoring data, quality classification of river water which is the source of water source heat pump is analyzed. For the difficulty of multiple indicators which need to detect and meet the related national standard in practical engineering application, the definition of scaling potential value is put forward. As the water quality comprehensive evaluation index of water source heat pump, the scaling potential value not only can consider the influence of the main water quality parameters on water source heat pump heat exchanger fouling, but also can conveniently and quickly provide direct basis for water quality judgment and system selection in the engineering application.     

水源热泵在温室加温中的应用研究

采用多层覆盖、减小直接加热空间的温室节能设计措施,设计建造了试验温室,在水源热泵热风加温条件下,对试验温室的温度、空气相对湿度、水源热泵的实际制热系数进行了测定,对试验温室采用水源热泵加温的节能效果进行了评价,结果表明：夜间水源热泵加温条件下,温室东西方向的水平温度分布均匀,南北相距12m的水平方向上存在着0.9℃的温差,中部距地面2.2m的垂直空间上平均存在1℃的温差,24:00—08:00,空气相对湿度低于80%;试验用水源热泵实际热系数为3.31。与燃煤锅炉热水加温的玻璃温室相比,试验温室采用水源热泵加温相对节能46.5%,直接加温成本较燃煤锅炉加温高82.2%,经计算,当试验温室与对照玻璃温室面积相等时,采用水源热泵加温可相对节能69.1%,直接加温成本仅较燃煤锅炉加温的玻璃温室高5.8%。     

The Energy Saving Design of Domestic Water Supply for a Residential Quarter of High-rise Buildings

The schemes of domestic water supply for a residential quarter of high-rise building are introduced.The energy consumptions of water supply schemes selected are compared and analyzed.The energy saving of the water supply schemes with water tank and variable velocity variable frequency pump are obtained.And demonstrated the domestic water supply system of combination the roof water tank and variable velocity variable frequency pump is good at energy saving.Furthermore,by the comparison of the investment and cost of these schemes in their lives,the best choice of domestic water supply system is gained.     

民勤沙地樟子松温室育苗快繁节水技术探讨

为了探索民勤沙地樟子松温室快速繁育、节水育苗技术,以及沙地樟子松露天育苗与温室育苗的区别,对民勤沙地樟子松温室快繁节水育苗技术进行研究。结果表明：（1）温室育苗在出苗率和繁育周期上占有绝对优势,且受季节限制,1年内（春/夏/秋/冬）均可以播种,平均出苗率达到82.56%以上;（2）温室育苗对樟子松高生长和地径生长较露天育苗更有利;（3）樟子松温室育苗土壤含水率明显较露天育苗高,高4.79%。127天的耗水量为119.51 mm,耗水强度为0.94 mm/d,耗水量在接近一半的时间段内仅占总耗水量的1/3;129天的露天阶段耗水量为208.59 mm,耗水强度为1.62 mm/d,在近一半的时段内耗水量约占全部耗水量的2/3。民勤沙地水资源极度匮乏,研究樟子松在温室育苗条件下的耗水规律,提高樟子松育苗管理水平,培育高质量,高适应性的苗木,对合理科学的利用有限的水资源意义重大。     

Practical Probing Into Gas Instantaneous Water Heater with Condensation

According to the theoretical analysis of energy saving effectiveness of gas instantaneous water heater with condensation, the relationship between heat efficiency and flue temperature of natural gas instantaneous water heater with condensation has been obtained through experiment.Experiment results show that the natural gas instantaneous water heater with condensation has a high practical value.     

The Key Parameters Method of Calculating Geothermal Heat Exchanger Length

The geothermal heat exchanger is the key component of ground coupled heat pump systems. We discuss the key parameters method of calculating geothermal heat exchanger length based on line source theory. Typical meteorological year data is used to determine the hottest month, the coldest month and annual average surface temperature. The building hourly load can be obtained by introducing the concept of equilibrium temperature. The cooling fraction and the heating fraction then can be calculated using building hourly load and performance parameters curve fit of a water source heat pump unit. The method for selecting the hottest and lowest entering fluid temperature and calculating the borehole and ground thermal resistance is given. A vertical U tube heat exchanger length calculation procedure is proposed.     

Pump Selection in the Secondary Pump Station of Water Works

In this paper, the suitable conditions of using constant speed pumps, variable speed pumps or combination of both in the secondary pump station of water works are analyzed. Then, from the point view of energy saving and based on the principle of high efficiency operation, the method for selecting pumps in the secondary pump station of water works is provided. Eventually, the method is examined with examples.     

Study on Underground Hot Water Storage Tank Cooling of Solar Energy Heating System

In view of the different of the underground heat storage water tank of solar position arrangement, make use of the Fluent software program numerical simulation and calculation, it is concluded that under different conditions the heat storage water tank temperature field distribution of the soil around. At the same time, establishing physical model and mathematical model of underground heat storage water tank and combined with practical engineering, verify the underground storage tank for heat and energy storage, to obtain the relationship between the tank roof loss and total heat release. Calculation results show that under the same conditions, outdoor storage tank at the top of the heat dissipating capacity to reduce, so the method can be used to offset at the top of the energy required collector to reduce, so the method can be used to offset this part of the energy required collector area of the cut, improve thermal efficiency and reduce the user store hot water tank of the store.     

Experimental Analysis on Power Consumption of Chilled Water Pump by Constant Pressure Difference Method with Bypass Valve

The power consumption of frequency conversion chilled water pump of an office building regulated by constant pressure difference method with bypass valve is studied experimentally. A model of power consumption of chilled water pump is proposed. The effects of pressure difference set point of bypass valve on instantaneous and annual power consumption of chilled water pump are analyzed. The simulation results are validated experimentally, which shows that there is a maximum water flow rate which increases with the increase of the pressure difference set point of bypass valve at equilibrium state. There are three pressure operation regions of the bypass valve: under pressure region, constant pressure region and over pressure region. The power consumption of frequency conversion chilled water pump is affected by the pressure difference set point of bypass valve significantly, and it would be minimized as the pressure difference set point of bypass valve is equal to the pressure difference between supply water and return water of the farthest user.     

烟叶烘烤密集型烤房节能技术途径分析

简要分析了我国密集型烤房烟叶烘烤能耗现状及目前密集型烤房加热设备存在的主要问题。在此基础上,结合太阳能及低温余热利用、换热器强化换热、烤房内气流组织优化设计、围护结构隔热、空气源热泵等节能技术,初步探讨了密集型烤房的节能技术途径。     

Operational Analysis of Open Untreated Sewage Source Heat Pump System

The effective sewage intake technology is prerequisite for the untreated sewage source heat pump system to run steadily. In terms of the insufficiency of current sewage intake technologies, an open sewage intake integration technology is proposed. The mathematical model and the distinguish basis of critical state are established for the sewage intake characteristic by defining some important operating parameters, such as the blocking coefficient, the contamination density and the section coefficient. Furthermore, the change rule of each critical operation parameter is observed along with the various initial parameters. The result can provide the theoretical basis to design the open intake integration technology.     

咸-淡水交替漫灌淋洗改良滨海盐土效果

为探讨咸-淡水交替淋洗改良滨海盐土效果和节水潜力,通过土柱模拟试验,对咸-淡水交替淋洗下土壤溶液电导率变化、淋出液矿化度变化、淋洗用水量等进行了研究。结果表明,咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水(矿化度5.35 g L_-1)淋洗阶段,当100 cm深土体底部开始有淋出液时,距土表40 cm深处土壤溶液电导率下降已非常明显,而距土表80 cm、100 cm深处土壤由于盐分的聚积而电导率较高;咸水持续淋洗下40 cm深处土壤电导率始终缓慢下降,而80 cm、100 cm深处土壤电导率变化历经较快、快速、缓慢下降三个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水淋洗阶段,前期不同深度处土壤溶液电导率基本保持稳定;随着淋洗水量的增加,由土表向下不同深度位置土壤溶液电导率先后经过快速下降和缓慢下降两个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水淋洗阶段,淋出液矿化度变化经过快速、较快、缓慢下降三个过程,直至下降到7.32 g L_-1。淡水替换咸水继续淋洗下,前期淋出液矿化度保持稳定,当淡水淋洗水量增加到7 L(27.49 cm水层)时淋出液矿化度开始下降。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水、淡水淋洗阶段结束后100 cm深土体土壤平均含盐量从初始的23.92 g Kg_-1下降到5.92 g Kg_-1和1.46 g Kg_-1,咸、淡水淋洗水量分别为21.45 L和14.85 L,与对照淡水淋洗模式比较咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水节约率为25.38%。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式改良滨海盐土效果较好,且节水潜力较高,但相应需要更长的淋洗改良时间。     

Thermodynamic Analysis of River Water Fouling on Constant Wall Temperature Tube of Small Diameter

In order to improve utilization of cold and heat source from river, turbulence theory and entropy generation theory were adopted to analyze the effect of fouling on convective heat transfer performance in small diameter tube of constant wall temperature.It is found that the entropy generation caused by conduction of fouling plays a more important role in total entropy generation of heat transfer process through a duct than that in cveast rate of caused by temperature difference.The entropy generation caused by viscous flow is more than the entropy generation caused by temperature difference in flow with bigger Reynolds and small radius.The increase rate of entropy generation monotonically increase with Reynolds and the generation process of fouling resistance.Thereafter, the effect of fouling resistance on the heat transfer performance of water source heat pump heat exchanger should be paid more attention, when river water are used as the cold and heat source of heat pump.     

连栋温室水源热泵热水供暖系统研究

本文利用水源热泵热水供暖系统,对连栋温室加温进行了系统研究。通过自行设计的自动控制和耗热量计量系统,对连栋温室水源热泵热水供暖系统的耗热量、加温效果、温室内外环境进行了实测,得到较准确的连栋温室加温系统热负荷设计参数取值,论证了该供暖系统的可行性与经济性。本研究对水源热泵这项新能源技术在农业领域的应用具有重要的意义,该研究可减少连栋温室水源热泵加温系统一次性投资和运行成本,降低能源消耗。     

Energy Saving and Optimization of the Municipal Water-supply Systems

This paper describes the familiar ways for the energy saving of the municipal water-supply systems and the basic methodologies for the optimal pump operations. A recommendation of the most-used nonlinear programming and the lately developed genetic algorithm of the water distribution systems is also provided. Advantages and disadvantages of each approach are presented,along with the comment of the corresponding applications.At the last part of this paper, the author puts forward his suggestions, at the basis of the summary and conclusion of energy saving and optimization of the municipal water-supply systems.Through this paper, the author hopes to review the state of existing ways and methodologies of the water-supply systems,and to recognize the future work that for us to do.     

不同灌水处理对春小麦耗水特性及产量的影响

摘 要：为实现春小麦的节水高产栽培,提高麦田的水分利用效率,该试验选用了春小麦品种永良4号为试验材料,通过设计不同的灌水处理,系统的研究灌水量、灌水时间对麦田耗水量及小麦产量的影响,研究结果表明：随着灌水次数和灌水量增加,麦田总的耗水量增大,土壤水的消耗量减少。各生育阶段耗水量变化与水分供应量有关,阶段灌水量大则耗水量高。对产量构成进行分析得出,对亩穗数和穗粒数影响最大的灌水时期是拔节期,而孕穗期、开花期灌水对千粒重的增长具有明显的促进作用。不同处理之间,水分利用效率的差异表现为：2水>3水>4水>1水>CK。产量则随灌水次数的增加而增大,2水和3水处理与4水处理相比较,产量差异并不明显,但耗水量却明显减少,实现了节水与高产的统一。在各灌水处理中,以灌拔节水和开花水处理的效果最为显著,因此,在生产中可以将该确立为春小麦节水高产统一的灌溉制度。