Colour Hologram Making with Diffraction Colour Separation Method

Colour hologram making is an important part of research hologram display technology. Nowadays it has great influece upon improving the hologram display. Although different ways of producing colour hologram exist ,to get the better quality of colour hologram,a new way is found to produce it by diffraction colour separation method. The red,green and blue information code of a colour transparent film can be recorded on a black-and-white film with a three-colour grating. Monochromatic laser is used to reproduce at the same time the distributions of the recorded three-color colour information, and to record them on a holographic film to make a colour holographic image. The remarkable advantage is that there is no need to make three holographic images with information covered with colour selection, that the diffraction efficiency is high,and that the reproduced image is of clear and bright colour.     

THE METHOD OF A MAKING WIDE_ANGLED RAINBOW_HOLOGRAM

This paper has advanced a new kind of method for making wide-angle rainbow-hologram. It differs from Benton's two-step method in two aspect: (1) the replacement of the single slite by the rectanglar aperture, (2) the adoption of image-plane reception. Hence our making hologram is a wide-angle hologram, which has characteristics of a rainbow-hologram, an imaged-hologram and a three dimension hologram. Its images can be reappear by illuminating the hologram with an incandescent lamp at a short distance. This paper will introduce to the reader our optical design, relevant parameters and results of experiments.     

Multi-dot Synthetic Full-parallax Hologram

The synthetic holography is combined with the digital processing technology of the computer; full-parallax intensity information of a three-dimensional object has been obtained and encoded accurately and effectively by the computer. The encoded information from different visible units of the object is recorded with single-wavelength laser successively on the different dot area of one holographic film. When the obtained film is illuminated by a common lamp, the different intensity information of two view-angles is displayed in each eye, so the stereoscopic image can be obtained. When the line of sight change horizontally or vertically in observation area, the full-parallax reconstructed image will be observed.     

Automatic head recognition by integrating mean shift with multiple features

To improve the head detection accuracy in video sequences captured with fixed vertical monocular camera, a novel method of head recognition based on mean shift and multiple features is proposed. Firstly, mean shift based image segmentation algorithm with color information and spatial information is suggested to derive the candidate head components in images. Furthermore, by referring to two features that the contour of human head regions are approximate round and the hair color distribution is clustered, the evaluation models based on the contour information and inside color information of candidate head components are presented for head recognition. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the light interfere and eliminate fake target whose color information is similar to hair color distribution. The detection rate for static images can reach about 89.4%.     

Fusion method for infrared and visible light images based on image segmentation and stationary wavelet transform

A novel image fusion method based on image segmentation and stationary wavelet transform (SWT) is proposed to improve the visual effect of fused infrared and visible light images. Infrared image is firstly separated into object and background region utilizing Otsu combined with edge detection. Then a multiresolution decomposition using SWT is made to the background region of the infrared image and the visible light image. Neighborhood spatial frequency and absolute value are adopted as fusion rules in low-frequency and high-frequency coefficients. The background fused image is reconstructed by inverse SWT. The final infrared and visible light fused image is obtained by fusing the background fused image and the object region of infrared image base on weighted fusion rule. The experimental results show that the object information of the infrared image is obviously highlighted and the scene information of the visible light image is well represented. The visual effect of fused image is improved efficiently by utilizing the proposed method. The proposed method works better than the traditional Laplacian Pyramid and wavelet transform fusion algorithms in terms of standard deviation, comentropy and mutual information. Experimental results verify its effectiveness.     

随机森林方法在玉米-大豆精细识别中的应用

研究基于遥感影像的作物精确识别技术方法, 对获取作物分布信息具有重要意义。随机森林分类(random forest classification, RFC)是机器学习的一种, 本文使用Landsat-8 OLI卫星影像数据, 针对研究区内的大豆、玉米和其他地物等3种主要作物类型, 系统比较了该方法与较为成熟的最大似然分类(maximum likelihood classification, MLC)、支持向量机分类(support vector machine, SVM)方法的分类精度。结果表明, MLC、SVM、RFC的总体分类精度分别为91.68%、91.49%、94.32%, Kappa系数分别为0.87、0.87、0.91, RFC方法作物识别精度比MLC和SVM分类显著提升。对原始7波段影像进行主成分变换(principal component analysis, PCA), 提取前4个主成分分量, 同时计算归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)和归一化水体指数(normalized difference water index, NDWI), 将6个额外辅助特征波段叠加到原始7个波段影像上进行再次分类, MLC和SVM方法作物识别精度未有提升, RFC方法总体精度提高了1.49个百分点, Kappa系数提高0.03, 精度提升幅度有限, 主要原因是6个辅助波段在类型识别中作用较小。在分类耗时上, MLC、SVM、RFC分别为145 s、11 000 s、1800 s, 表明随机森林分类具有最好的分类精度和适中的耗时。综合评价后, 随机森林分类方法在进行大豆-玉米精细识别中具有较大优势, 具有业务应用的潜力。     

Multicriterion Optimization for Projection Data in Computerized Tomography

It is an effective way for improving quality of reconstructed images that projection data are optimized in the field of Computerized Tomography (CT). For lowering the fuzziness on projection data caused by lots of factors such as noise and getting the unigue optimal reconstructed image from noisy projection data further more, in this paper, the authors develop a new model named Multicriterion Optimization Model (MOP) for optimizing projection data. The model is structured based on the theories of fuzzy mathematics and decision making, via the method of deducing projection fuzzy exponent function and square error fuzzy exponent function. The experiments for validating the model have been carried out on personal computer (PC). At first, we make simulation collecting in the images presented and add Gauss Noise into the projection data obtained by simulation collecting, Then, complete the image reconstruction from noisy projection data by the solution without optimization and another solution with multicriterion optimization. Finally, compare and analysis the different results about images reconstructed by two different solutions. The experiment results indicate that the MOP in this paper has better consistency with the theory and practice as well as obvious advantage of antinoise ability.     

Machine Vision Aided Testing System for Flatness Based on Equal Inclination Interference Theory

An approach is described on the automated tracking of interference circle fringe to get the flatness accurately based on the Equal Inclination Interference Theory (EIIT). The system,based on the theory of EIIT, can be applied to grasp the changing fringe information, which is white alternating with black through the CCD camera. Following the basic principle of fringes image centro-symmetric, we create some windows, process only the interference fringes information in the windows. According to the position of the processed interference fringe and the position of the last adjacent interference fringe in the windows, the interference fringe variation value N from the starting measured point is received, it implies the changed altitude value from the starting measurement point. This method allows us not only get the fringe information of the half-wavelength integer multiple but also denote those of the half-wavelength decimal multiple. The system is proved to be effective experimentally. It is useful in metrology department for the high-precision flatness standard unit.     

不同光波、光源距离及环境温度对异色瓢虫成虫趋光行为的影响

异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyridis)是一种常见的农田天敌昆虫,了解不同光波、光源距离及环境温度对异色瓢虫成虫趋光行为的影响,为合理设计免伤天敌昆虫的安全杀虫灯提供理论依据。本研究通过设定16 种单色光和2 种固定的对照光波,将试虫置于3 个不同光源距离的感光箱中,并设定稳定的温、湿度,通过多批重复试验,测定不同日龄和不同性别异色瓢虫成虫在不同光波和光源距离条件下的趋光率,同时还研究了不同温度下异色瓢虫对光波趋向性的变化情况。结果表明异色瓢虫成虫最为喜好的光波为500、605、550 nm,而异色瓢虫成虫最为忌避的光波则为473、407 nm;距离光源0.65 m的趋光反应率显著高于距离光源1.15 m与2.15 m处的趋光反应率;高温或低温对异色瓢虫的趋向性有一定的抑制影响。异色瓢虫成虫的趋光行为对光波、光源距离及环境温度具有较强的选择性。     

Cotton Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on Fusion Method of Markov Random Field and Quantum Particle Swarm Cluster

[Objective] The aim of this study was to improve the cotton image segmentation accuracy in a picking robot image processing system. [Method] An image segmentation algorithm based on a fusion method of Markov random field and quantum particle swarm optimization clustering was proposed. The process of the proposed algorithm is as follows: first, transform the RGB (red, green, blue) images into grayscale; second, use it to segment these images; finally, the threshold of the connected area is set on the basis of the segmented image to obtain the target area. Then, the cotton front image and the cotton side image are selected from the images collected from different angles. The segmentation experiment was carried out by using this algorithm, and compared with the Otsu algorithm, the fuzzy C-means algorithm, the quantum particle swarm image segmentation algorithm and the Markov random field image segmentation algorithm. [Result] The results showed that the segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm were 98.94% and 77.48 dB. When compared with the Otsu algorithm, fuzzy C-means algorithm, quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm and Markov random field algorithm, the average segmentation accuracy and peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed algorithm increased by 2.47%–4.56%, and 9.81–13.11 dB, respectively. [Conclusion] The proposed algorithm had higher segmentation accuracy and higher peak signal to noise ratio than the other algorithms tested.     

无人机影像拼接软件在农业中应用的比较研究

无人机遥感为精准农业管理提供了新的工具。实现无人机影像高精度自动拼接是开展无人机遥感应用的基础。目前,已有不同无人机影像拼接软件在几何精度斱面性能比较的研究,但关于光谱精度斱面还未有相关研究,而其对定量遥感反演非常重要。本研究比较了目前最受欢迎的两款无人机拼接软件Pix4D和Photoscan在农业应用时,拼接影像过程对原始影像光谱信息的影响,以为用户推荐最优软件。为此,基于冬小麦氮肥梯度试验,本研究在小麦生长季利用无人机搭载多光谱传感器获取相关影像,幵将其分别基于Pix4D软件, Photoscan软件拼接处理。同时,基于传感器厂商提供的单张影像处理技术,将每次传感器拍摄数据处理成未拼接的单张多光谱影像。基于以上数据,在施肥处理小区随机布设样点,分别提取3种类型影像上的样点光谱信息,比较它们光谱反射率及其对比度的差异。结果表明,尽管Pix4D拼接影像和Photoscan拼接影像各波段光谱反射率都与单张影像的反射率有显著相关性,但与Pix4D拼接影像相比, Photoscan拼接影像的光谱反射率和变异系数与原始单张影像之间更为接近。Photoscan能保留更多的原始光谱信息。结合已有关于两款软件在几何精度和价格斱面的比较研究,本研究推荐Photoscan为农业应用时的最优性价比软件。     

Identification of the fourth allele of the ANS (anthocyanidin synthase) gene and its effect on red color intensity in onions (Allium cepa)

Bulb color in onions (Allium cepa) is an important trait, and homogenous red coloration is desirable in red onion cultivars. The gene encoding anthocyanin synthase (ANS) is required for anthocyanin biosynthesis in onions. We have previously described three different alleles of the ANS gene. Here we report identification of the fourth allele of ANS, ANS-h1, found in a dark red doubled haploid line. ANS-h1 is similar to a non-functional allele found in Brazilian yellow cultivars except that it has several point mutations and indels throughout the promoter and coding regions, none of which are predicted to inactivate enzymatic activity. F₂ and backcross populations originating from the crosses between wild-type (ANS-L) allele-containing red and pink (ANS-p) allele-containing white or yellow parents show a discrete segregation ratio of 3 red to 1 light pink, indicating that the wild-type allele is completely dominant over the pink allele. In contrast, segregating populations derived from the crosses between ANS-h1 allele-containing red and the same white or yellow parents show a gradient of red intensity from light pink to dark red, suggesting that other genetic factors may affect expression of ANS-h1. A newly developed PCR-based marker and two previously developed markers for allelic selection of the ANS gene were used to examine allele composition in fifty-six breeding lines and commercial cultivars. Most lines are heterogeneous for the ANS gene with two or three alleles detected. The frequency of the pink allele is low in red breeding lines, but it is predominant in white and yellow lines.     

多尺度积角点检测和视觉颜色特征的鲁棒车牌定位算法

为解决生鲜产品配送过程中的质量控制问题,将质量功能展开(QFD)与计划-实施-检查-处理(PDCA)循环相结合,运用QFD获得生鲜产品配送质量控制的关键指标,针对关键控制指标,将PDCA循环模型运用到预防措施和纠偏措施的制定和持续改进中,为生鲜产品配送中的质量控制提供指导,从而保证生鲜产品的质量。     

Image Reconstruction from Imcomplect Data by a Maximum Entropy Reprojecting Technique

In this paper,a new image reconstruction algorithm named maximum entropy reprojecting is developed for missing projection data from some objects are opaque for parts of ray.The results of comparing simulation experiments on the general computer indicate that the quality of reconstructed images by the new algorithm are much better than the tradional maximum entropy algorithm.So the algorithm has reliable propect in application.     

基于医学CT和工业CT扫描研究土壤大孔隙结构特征的区别

为探究医学CT与工业CT在土壤大孔隙特征扫描研究应用的区别,选取青海地区金露梅灌丛原状土壤样品,分别采用医学和工业2种CT对其进行扫描,通过对扫描图像的分析和处理,对比分析2种CT扫描的断层图像质量、土壤大孔隙三维图像以及孔隙度特征3个方面特征,分析2种CT研究土壤大孔隙特征的差异。研究结果表明:(1)从扫描土壤横断面图像质量来看,工业CT的图像质量要明显高于医学CT图像;(2)2种CT图像经处理堆栈出的三维图像在形态上相似,但是工业CT解析出的三维图能更好地体现出不同深度的土壤孔隙分布;(3)2种CT图像经处理得到的孔隙度,随着土壤深度的变化,其特征在整体趋势上大致相同,但工业CT能更准确地反映较深层次土壤的孔隙度。因此可以根据不同的需求选择适宜的CT。     

鲜香菇外部品质计算机视觉检测与分级研究

根据鲜香菇图像特点和分级标准,运用计算机视觉技术和神经网络算法对香菇进行自动检测与分级。采用掩模去背景、中值滤波、边缘亮度补偿等技术对图像进行处理。选取香菇菇盖最大直径、圆形度、色调均值及缺陷区域总面积与香菇图像总面积的比值作为鲜香菇分级的特征参数。通过BP神经网络建立了特征参数与鲜香菇等级之间的关系模型,试验结果表明,其预测识别结果达到94.2%。     

玉米光敏色素A1与A2在各种光处理下的转录表达特性

光敏色素是一类红光/远红光受体, 它们在植物体内有非活性形式的红光吸收型(Pr)和活性形式远红光吸收型(Pfr) 2种状态, 通常其活性形式负责调控植物的种子萌发、株高、开花时间和避荫性等生长发育过程。在禾本科中, 光敏色素只有PHYA、PHYB和PHYC三个基因亚家族, 古四倍体化造成的玉米光敏色素基因有6个成员, 即PHYA1、PHYA2、PHYB1、PHYB2、PHYC1和PHYC2。光敏色素A参与抑制下胚轴的伸长、促进张开子叶和花青素的积累、阻断持续远红光条件下的变绿。为了评价ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2对光的响应能力及其功能差异, 本研究采用实时定量PCR技术分析玉米自交系B73和Mo17中ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2对不同光照处理响应的表达模式。结果表明玉米光敏色素A主要在叶片和花丝中表达, 并且ZmPHYA1转录丰度是ZmPHYA2的2~8倍; 玉米自交系B73和Mo17中胚轴在黑暗、远红光和蓝光条件下较红光和白光下更长。ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2的转录水平在持续远红光和蓝光条件下均较高; 并且均较迅速响应黑暗到远红光和蓝光光质转换, 但是前者的丰度显著高于后者, ZmPHYA1在远红光下更重要, 而ZmPHYA2在蓝光下更重要。ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2同样响应于黑暗到红光和白光的转换, 并且ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2表达模式基本一致。ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2的表达均能响应长日照和短日照处理, 但是ZmPHYA1转录丰度高于ZmPHYA2的2~5倍。以上结果表明, ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2的转录能有效地响应各种光处理, 可能ZmPHYA1在作物改良上比ZmPHYA2更有效。本研究为进一步了解ZmPHYA1和ZmPHYA2基因功能以及评价二者的光反应能力提供了理论基础。     

Effectiveness of selection at microtuber crop level in potato

Correlation coefficients were computed between microtuber crops and normal seed crop in order to study the selection efficiency for agronomic characters in potato at microtuber crop level. Two types of microtuber, green and white, were produced by inducing microtuberization under light and dark conditions, respectively. Genotypic differences were significant for various characters in both microtuber and normal seed crops. Green and white microtubers were equally useful for selection, judging by the crops raised from them. Selection at microtuber crop level was found to be highly effective for plant height, stem habit, tuber colour and general impression, and moderately effective for internode length, leaf length, leaflet width, stem pigment, plant vigour and tuber shape. Selection efficiency was low for tuber yield, tuber number, average tuber weight, number of nodes, number of stems, leaf colour and number of eyes. The implications of these results for potato breeding and germplasm evaluation programmes are discussed and a procedure for selecting superior genotypes at microtuber crop level is outlined.     

Genetic characterization of the red coloured corolla phenotype for Gossypium arboreum accession PI 529731

Flower corolla colour is an important trait for the attraction of pollinators and for the horticultural industry. Gossypium arboreum (L.) accessions from the United States Department of Agriculture germplasm collection frequently show flowers with a yellow coloured corolla. Accession PI 529731 is unique in that the flowers have a red coloured corolla. Genetic characterization of corolla pigmentation was conducted by crossing PI 529731 with two white flower accessions. Flowers with a red corolla were observed in the F₁ generations suggesting a dominant trait. Variation in corolla colour was observed for plants in the F₂ populations including dark red, red, light red, white, yellow and white with petals having red coloured margins. These data support a single dominant gene conferring the four red corolla phenotypes. The yellow corolla phenotype also supported a single dominant gene model. Dominant alleles at both loci are required for expression of the PI 529731 phenotype and data support a two gene model with a 9:3:3:1 segregation ratio. These data are useful for the characterization of genetic mechanisms controlling tissue‐specific pigmentation.     

Construction of an image-based germplasm data base for Phaseolus spp.

Summary In this paper a hardware-software computer aided germplasm classification and evaluation system is described. Sample data (Phaseolus spp. seeds) were acquired into the system through a video camera. The resulting digital images were stored into an IPGRI-compliant database structure running in a graphical operating environment.The data base structure was based on a series of forms, with the capability of simultaneous display of image and data fields.Within the forms, an original system based on pop-up menus and icons for fast evaluation and classification of bean accessions was implemented. This gives the operator the possibility to choose among pre-stored standard sample images, the one which matches better the actual accession phenotype.Furthermore, prototype fundamental operating capabilities and possible implementations in the fields of genetics, breeding and germplasm storage and classification are discussed.Abbreviations IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (formerly IBPGR—International Board for Plant Genetic Resources) - TGA TARGA image file - GIF Graphic Interchange Format image file Published as paper n^o 110 of Centro Ricerche Miglioramento Genetico Ortaggi.