红松的化学防御及冷杉梢斑螟和赤松梢斑螟的生存策略

为了探讨冷杉梢斑螟和赤松梢斑螟幼虫的生存策略差异及与寄主红松化学防御的相互关系,研究1,3,5龄冷杉梢斑螟、赤松梢斑螟幼虫中肠解毒酶、保护酶的活性,同时分析相应生长发育期红松健康、受害球果及主梢内多种防御酶的活性。结果表明:健康红松球果及主梢中多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性变化与其生长发育时期有关。梢斑螟幼虫的取食可诱导红松球果及主梢内5种防御酶活性显著提高,寄主不同部位防御酶的活性变化与该龄期幼虫取食有关。不同生存策略的2种梢斑螟幼虫体内解毒酶、保护酶活性有差异。冷杉梢斑螟幼虫专食红松球果,其体内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、多功能氧化酶(MFO)显著高于果梢间转移为害的赤松梢斑螟。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和几丁质酶(CT)的活性与梢斑螟幼虫是否转移为害无相关性。赤松梢斑螟幼虫体内酚氧化酶(PO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性高于冷杉梢斑螟,表明这2种活性较高的保护酶,能够降低其在转移为害过程中面临的死亡威胁。冷杉梢斑螟幼虫主要通过生理解毒,而赤松梢斑螟则以生理解毒和改变取食范围相结合的方式,适应寄主植物的化学防御。植物化学在2种害虫的生存演化中起着重要作用。     

Effects of cold-hardening on compatible solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities related to freezing tolerance in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus seedlings

Cold acclimation is associated with many metabolic changes that lead to an increase of freezing tolerance. In order to investigate the biochemical process of cold acclimation in Ammopiptanthus mongolicus, seedlings were acclimated at 2℃ under 16-h photoperiod （150 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetically active radiation） for 14 d. Freezing tolerance in seedlings increased after 14 d of cold-hardening. Contents of protein, proline and solute carbohydrate in cotyledon increased after cold acclimation. Patterns of isozymes of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase （PPO） were investigated. The activities of SOD, peroxidase and PPO in cold acclimated plants were increased during cold-hardening. We deduced that compatible solutes and antioxidant enzymes play important roles in development of freezing tolerance during cold acclimation in this evergreen woody plant.     

转基因杨树对美国白蛾幼虫中肠保护酶系统的影响(英文)

以转Bt基因欧洲黑杨(P.nigra L.)和转CpTI基因毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)叶片饲喂4-5龄美国白蛾（Hyphantria cunea Drury）幼虫，对其体内保护酶系统活性进行测定。结果表明，饲喂两种转基因杨树叶片的幼虫中肠保护酶表现出相似的变化规律，SOD、CAT和POD三种酶的活性在饲喂后数小时内逐渐增加，某一时刻达到最高值，此后突然下降。饲喂转Bt基因杨树叶片的幼虫，其中肠SOD、CAT活性峰值出现在饲喂后的24小时，POD活性峰值出现在饲喂后的12小时；饲喂转CpTI基因杨树叶片的幼虫，其中肠三种保护酶活性高峰出现时间均较前者滞后12小时。本文还比较了饲喂两种转基因叶片不同中毒程度的美国白蛾幼虫体内保护酶活性，发现不论饲喂那种转基因叶片，中毒较轻者其体内保护酶活性显著高于中毒较重者，这种差异在饲喂CpTI叶片的处理株表现尤为明显。     

转Bt基因南林895杨对杨扇舟蛾体内酶的影响

以转Bt基因南林895杨树叶片饲喂杨扇舟蛾,研究 Bt 毒蛋白对害虫体内代谢酶的影响。结果表明: 酯酶和羧酸酯酶明显受到抑制。中肠酯酶活性在取食 4 ～ 48 h 内持续下降,羧酸酯酶活性在前期 4 h 有所上升但随后持续下降。多功能氧化酶活性从 24 h 起,受抑而下降,但不显著。谷胱甘肽 S - 转移酶活性在前 36 h 内波动不大,48 h 后显著受抑。乙酰胆碱酶的活性无明显受抑。超氧化物歧化酶活性 12 h 后略升高,然而在取食 12 ～ 48 h活性持续下降,与之相反,过氧化物酶活性在 4 ～ 48 h呈上升状态。过氧化氢酶活性在 4 ～ 12 h 呈下降状态,24 ～48 h呈上升状态。转 Bt 基因杨树主要通过抑制酯酶和羧酸酯酶并扰乱超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶的协调作用干扰害虫的正常生理代谢,起到杀虫作用。     

杉木根际与非根际土壤酶活性比较

杉木根际与非根际土壤酶活性比较陈ｆ竣（中国林业科学研究院林业研究所北京１０００９１）李传涵（华中农业大学土化系武汉４３００７０）关键词杉木,根际土壤,土壤酶,杉木中毒由于林木生长的影响,使得林木根际土壤ｐＨ值、养分含量、微生物数目、生化活性等性质发生...     

干旱胁迫对真桦苗木抗氧化系统及脂质过氧化的影响

以不同土壤水分处理真桦苗木,测定丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化.结果表明:干旱胁迫处理组叶片MDA含量始终高于对照,3周时重度干旱组MDA含量达到对照的2.1倍;轻度胁迫处理组,真桦叶片内SOD和CAT活性升高;中度和重度胁迫处理组,...     

Purification of the toxin protein PC from Arthrinium phaeospermum and its effect on the defence enzymes of Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis varieties

Bamboo blight in hybrid Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis is caused by the fungus Arthrinium phaeospermum. One component designated as P_C with pathogenic activity and a molecular weight of about 27 kDa was obtained from this fungus by ammonium sulphate precipitation, polyethylene glycol concentration, Sephadex G‐100 gel chromatography and Q‐Sepharose Fast Flow anion exchange resin. The toxin P_C was shown to cause the same typical symptoms caused by the pathogen itself, although the reaction of the toxin was quicker than the pathogen in all four hybrid bamboo varieties. A threshold toxic dose of 10–20 μg/ml was observed for two resistant varieties, while only 5–10 μg/ml was observed for two susceptible varieties. Moreover, effects of the purified toxic protein on the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, phenylalanine amonnialyase, polyphenol oxidase, chitinase and β‐1,3 glucanase in the different bamboo varieties were analysed using the impregnation and leaf disc methods. The results showed a positive correlation between the resistance of bamboo and the activities of all six enzymes. The activities of all enzymes except β‐1,3 glucanase decreased over the time course of investigation. These results proved the important role played by toxic proteins in the pathogenicity of A. phaeospermum and their potential for selecting resistant varieties or identify the resistance of this bamboo.     

浙江会稽山主要人工林土壤酶活性及与土壤肥力的相关性研究

通过对马尾松林、茶园和毛竹林土壤酶活性的研究表明:3种群落间,毛竹林的过氧化氢酶活性大于马尾松林、茶园(P<0.01),毛竹林的多酚氧化酶活性大于茶园(P<0.05),而马尾松林和茶园间无显著差异;脲酶在各群落间无显著差异.在垂直分布上,第1层过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性与其他层次间有显著或极显著差异,而多酚氧化酶活性在各层间无显著差异.进一步分析土壤酶活性与土壤肥力关系表明,马尾松林的过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性高低可作为评价马尾松林土壤肥力的指标;而人为扰动较大的茶园和毛竹林土壤酶活性高低不能作为评价其土壤肥力的指标.     

Characterization of priming,induced resistance,and tolerance to Spodoptera frugiperda by silicon fertilization in maize genotypes

Fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is considered the main defoliating insect pest of maize in many countries. Silicon (Si) applied to plants has been shown to increase the resistance to insects, especially in grasses such as maize. This study characterized the effects of Si fertilization regarding priming, induced resistance, and tolerance to FAW in a landrace variety and hybrid of maize. Si was applied in soil of potted-plants as H₄SiO₄ at 2 t ha^?1 when maize plants were at V2 stage, and when they reached V3 two FAW neonates were placed in the plant’s whorls to cause herbivory. FAW performance was evaluated on excised leaf sections in the laboratory and on plants with larvae infesting V4-stage plants in the greenhouse. Concentrations of H₂O₂, malondialdehyde, and Si, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were recorded and correlated to Si-based responses on plant growth, and FAW injury and performance. As main results, there was reduced FAW injury and larval weight gain in Si-treated plants subjected to herbivory. Greater root dry mass was observed in the landrace variety with Si and without herbivory. Landrace plants showed higher shoot weights than the hybrid under FAW infestation. Si-fertilized plants showed higher H₂O₂ concentrations. The highest peroxidase activities occurred in Si-treated plants without herbivory, and the catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were highest in Si-treated plants without herbivory or herbivory-injured plants without Si. In conclusion, Si-based defense in maize to FAW involve mixed effects of priming and tolerance, and were more pronounced in the landrace variety.

     

毛白杨叶片保护酶活性等对干旱胁迫的响应

通过盆栽控水试验研究了不同水分胁迫条件下毛白杨(Populus tomentosa)8个1(2)-O型无性系苗木叶片中膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化过程.结果表明,随干旱胁迫强度的增大,毛白杨无性系叶片的MDA含量、CAT活性呈递增...     

松针褐斑病菌毒素处理后湿地松组培苗 PAL、PPO、SOD活性变化研究

为研究抗松针褐斑病菌在湿地松子代组培苗体内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性变化与其抗病性的关系,以抗病湿地松瓶内组培苗和温室1年生组培苗针叶为材料,测定PAL、PPO、SOD的活性。结果表明:松针褐斑病菌毒素处理后,湿地松PAL和PPO活性与抗病性成一定正相关关系,SOD活性与植株抗病性在48 168 h内表现有一定的负相关性。     

万寿菊根氯仿提取物对枣尺蠖的光化学活性研究

万寿菊(Tagetes erecta)为菊科万寿菊属植物,广泛分布于世界各地.除作为一般观赏花卉外,由于其根内含有特殊的活性物质而备受重视,成为从2 400种已记载的控害植物中挑选出来的43种广谱控害植物之一,被誉为"控害植物精华"(王新国等,2002).     

Effect of host plant alternation on some adaptive enzymes of the bird cherry–oat aphid, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhopalosiphum padi</Emphasis> (L.)

Changes in the activity of some adaptive enzymes of the bird cherry–oat aphid R. padi after transfer from primary (bird cherry) to secondary (triticales) host plants were assessed. The following groups of enzymes were studied: (1) transferases—glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucosyltransferase (UDPGT); (2) antioxidant enzymes—superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT); (3) oxidoreductases—polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (PX); and (4) glucoside hydrolases—α- and β-glucosidase. The activity of the transferases and the antioxidant enzymes increased after transfer to the secondary host, but the level of activity was closely associated with feeding duration on the secondary host. The strongest induction was noted for SOD, the activity of which was more than three times greater on the secondary than on the primary host. In contrast, transfer of the bird cherry–oat aphid was accompanied by a decline in activity of PPO, PX, and β-glucosidase; PPO and PX activity was 50% less in aphids fed on the secondary host rather than on the primary host. Activity of α-glucosidase increased after prolonged feeding on the secondary host. The results indicated that the adaptive enzymes of the bird cherry–oat aphid enable it to feed on distantly related host plants.     

Integrated evaluation of soil fertility in Ginkgo (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis> L.) agroforestry systems in Jiangsu,China

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) is a traditional economic tree species in China, and often cultivated in agroforestry systems. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of different Ginkgo and crop species combinations on soil fertility. We established two Ginkgo and crop species systems: Ginkgo + wheat + soybean (G+W+S), Ginkgo + rape + soybean (G+R+S), and one Ginkgo + mulberry (G+M) system, one pure mulberry plantation (M), and one crop systems of rape + soybean (R+S) in the field. Soil chemical properties and enzymes activities were measured 4 years after planting. These soil chemical properties and enzyme activities were used as soil fertility indicators (FI). Soil fertility of the five planting systems was finally evaluated by using improved Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The result showed that soil chemical properties (including pH, organic matter, total N, hydrolysable N, available P and K, total K) and soil enzyme activities (including catalase, sucrase, urease, dehydrogenase, phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase and protease) in the five planting systems were significantly different from each other (P = 0.0237). The above parameters were also different at different soil depths. The concentration of total N, P, organic matter, available P and K of soil decreased significantly with soil depth (P = 0.0146), however, pH increased. The concentrations of organic matter, total N, hydrolysable N, available P and K of soil under rape + soybean (R+S) was lowest among the five planting systems. The activities of sucrase, urease, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and protease decreased with soil depth, however, the activity of catalase and polyphenol oxidase increased. Except for catalase, the activities of these enzymes in the R+S system were the lowest among the five planting systems. The integrated evaluation of soil fertility showed that soil fertility indicators (FI) were significantly different, and the FI values for the five systems followed order: G+M (0.847) > G+W+S (0.446) > M (0.399) > G+R+S (0.343) > R+S (0.211). These results indicated that adoption of a Ginkgo-crop combination could lead to increased long-term sustainability of soil fertility by improving levels of soil organic matter, pH, available nutrient and soil enzyme activity.     

杂种落叶松不同子代针叶内抗氧化酶活性的比较

为研究不同品种杂种落叶松针叶内抗氧化酶活性的差异,用紫外分光光度法对日本落叶松、兴安落叶松和长白落叶松的杂交后代,共2代7个家系的杂种落叶松针叶内的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及其差异进行比较分析。结果表明:2代7个家系杂种落叶松针叶内的CAT、POD和SOD的活性差异极显著(P<0.01),F1代CAT、SOD的活性普遍高于F2代,POD活性低于F2代。在抗氧化酶方面,F1代杂种优势高于F2代,F1代日3×兴2、F2代日12×兴9等具有较好的潜在抗虫性;结合其他抗虫生理指标,该研究结果在选育落叶松抗虫品种过程中有参考价值。     

Responses of antioxidant enzymes in the needles of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings to nutrient solutions containing various calcium/aluminum ratios

An attempt was made to examine the possible connection between the various ratios of calcium/aluminum (Ca/Al) in the nutrient solution of plant cultures and the active oxygen scavenging system of hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) seedlings. The hinoki cypress seedlings were transferred to nutrient solutions containing 5 mM AlCl₃ together with various concentrations of Ca(NO₃)₂ in pots containing glass beads and Teflon tips. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) in the needles were estimated at several stages during the 7-day treatment. The samples treated with the lower Ca/Al solutions show the highest SOD activities. The activities of APX and GR, both of them involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, showed the same tendency with decrease to higher Ca/Al ratio. These results indicate that rhizospheric Ca might compete with Al and ameliorate Al toxicity on and in the roots, the Al stress is not transformed to the needles after a few days, and the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in the hinoki cypress needles might fluctuate and be suppressed by the rhizospheric Al stress during the 7 days. This work was supported in part by funding from the Japan Science & Technology Corporation, the CREST program 1996–2001, and the Center for Forest Decline Studies.     

Effects of brassinolide on the survival,growth and drought resistance of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> seedlings under water-stress

We conducted field and pot experiments to investigate the effects of brassinolide on 1-year-old Robinia pseudoacacia L. seedlings. In the field experiment, seedling roots were soaked in brassinolide solutions containing 0–0.4 mg/l pure brassinolide before planting. Survival and growth of the seedlings were determined 8 months later. The results showed that soaking roots in brassinolide prior to planting significantly increased the survival and growth of seedlings. The best results were in the 0.2 mg/l brassinolide treatment. In the pot experiment, roots were soaked in 0–0.4 mg/l brassinolide before planting followed by a foliar application of brassinolide when the seedlings leafed out. After the seedlings were established, the soil water content in the pots was regulated to simulate drought conditions and various physiological parameters were measured. The results showed that treatment with 0.2 mg/l brassinolide decreased the transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of seedlings growing under moderate or severe water stress compared to untreated seedlings. Leaf water content, predawn water potential, soluble sugar content, free proline content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were all greater in water-stressed seedlings in the 0.2 mg/l brassinolide treatment compared to the control. The results indicate that the application of brassinolide can ameliorate the effects of water stress and enhance drought resistance of Robinia seedlings. Treatment of seedlings with brassinolide may be a useful management tool for afforestation projects in arid and semiarid areas.     

郑州市公园绿地表层土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质的关系

以郑州市6个公园绿地为研究对象,采集0～20 cm土层的108份土壤样品,测定其理化性质和土壤酶活性,并对其土壤酶活性及其与土壤理化性质进行相关性分析。结果表明,碧沙岗公园尿酶活性及磷酸酶活性最强,滨河公园过氧化氢酶活性最强,郑州绿博园多酚氧化酶活性最强;尿酶与速效钾呈正相关关系,与过氧化物酶呈负相关关系;过氧化氢酶与非毛管孔隙度、磷酸酶呈正相关关系,与速效磷、多酚氧化酶呈负相关关系;磷酸酶及蔗糖酶与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与非毛管孔隙度呈正相关关系;磷酸酶、蔗糖酶与水解性氮、阳离子交换量、有机质含量呈正相关关系;蔗糖酶与非毛管孔隙度呈正相关关系;多酚氧化酶与理化性质不相关。根据研究结果判断,土壤酶活性可以作为土壤肥力评价指标。     

Effects of mechanical damage and herbivore wounding on H_2O_2 metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in hybrid poplar leaves

The changes of hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) metabolism and antioxidant enzyme activities in a hybrid poplar(Populus simonii ×P.pyramidalis ‘Opera 8277') in response to mechanical damage(MD) and herbivore wounding(HW) were investigated to determine whether H2O2 could function as the secondary messenger in the signaling of systemic resistance.Results show that H2O2 was generated in wounded leaves through MD and HW treatments and systemically in unwounded leaves around the wounded leaves.The activities of antioxida...