Growth performance and puberty attainment in growing pigs fed dietary fumonisin B1

Twenty‐four male weaned piglets assigned to four diets containing 5.0, 10.0, 15.0 and 0.2 mg fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) /kg as diets 1, 2, 3 and control diet, respectively, were used to study the effect of dietary FB₁ on growth and puberty attainment in pigs in a 6‐month feeding trial. Lower feed intake during 0–4 months and a non‐significant (p > 0.05) but FB₁ concentration‐dependent decrease in live and DWGs in animals fed FB₁‐contaminated diets was observed at the end of the pubertal phase. The daily and the final live weight gains of animals fed diet 3 were 75.8% and 90.6%, respectively, of the control values. The mean ages at puberty by boars on diets 2 and 3 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those for animals on the control and diet 1. The animals on diet 3 attained puberty when mean live weight was 60.1 kg, some 30.3 days after the controls attained puberty, at 156.3 days, when the mean live weight was 46.9 kg. This study revealed that dietary FB₁ delays sexual maturity in growing pigs. Male weanling pigs for breeding should not be exposed to dietary FB₁ higher than 5 mg/kg for optimum growth and reproductive performance.     

Organ traits and histopathology of rabbits fed varied levels of dietary fumonisin B1

In a 196‐day feeding trial, 48 male crossbred rabbits (New Zealand × Chinchilla) were randomly assigned and fed varied dietary fumonisin levels of 0.13, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg fumonisin B₁/kg diet constituting treatments 1 (control), 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Five animals were randomly selected, stunned and killed per treatment. Relative weight of various visceral organs examined except heart and adrenal gland were significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by the dietary treatments. Liver and spleen weights of rabbits fed 10.0 mg fumonisin per kg were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those fed control diet and diet 2. Kidney and testes weights were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in rabbits fed control diet and increased with increase in the dietary fumonisin levels. Histological examination of the organs revealed that rabbits fed diets 2, 3 and 4 showed increased severe lesion of approximately 20%, 40% and 60%, respectively, of the total slides examined for each treatment. Forty per cent and 80% of the rabbits fed diets containing 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg fumonisin, respectively, showed severe necrosis whereas 40%, 60% and 20% of the rabbits fed 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 mg/kg, respectively, showed mild–moderate liver necrosis/lesions as compared with non‐significant lesion observed in the controls. Testicles of rabbits fed diets 3 and 4 showed mild–moderate lesions and sertoli cell degeneration. Tunica mucosa erosion was observed and predominant in the stomach and small intestine of rabbits fed 7.5 and 10.0 mg fumonisin per kg diet. This suggested that fumonisin B₁ above 5.0 mg/kg in rabbit diet is toxic to body organs with potential to induce their hypofunction or total damage.     

ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Brain and hypophyseal acetylcholinesterase activity of pubertal boars fed dietary fumonisin B1

The effects of dietary fumonisin B₁ (FB₁) on regional brain and hypophyseal activities of AChE (EC 3117), the enzyme which catalyses the hydrolysis of acetylcholine, were studied using 24 male Large White weanling pigs divided into four groups. Each group received one of the four diets containing 0.2, 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 mg FB₁/kg in a 6‐month feeding trial. All animals were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial; the brains and the hypophyses obtained were carefully dissected out. Significant (p < 0.05) influence of dietary FB₁ on regional brain and hypophyseal AChE activities were observed. The AChE activities in the pons, amygdala, hypothalamus and the medulla oblongata declined significantly (p < 0.05) with increased dietary FB₁ concentrations. The findings of this study suggest that diets containing 5.0 mg FB₁/kg and above significantly (p < 0.05) altered regional brain and hypophyseal AChE activities in the animals. Dietary exposure to FB₁ at a concentration of approximately 5.0 mg/kg or more for a 6‐month period is a potential health risk that may induce adverse physiological response resulting from altered brain neurochemistry in growing pigs.     

伏马毒素B1对小鼠血液学指标及凋亡的影响

为探讨伏马毒素B1(FB1)对小鼠血液学指标及细胞凋亡的影响,试验选用昆明小鼠饲喂含FB1的饲料,连续45 d后称量体重并计算肾脏、脾脏和肝脏脏体比,测定血常规和血液生化指标,采用Tunel法检测脾脏细胞凋亡的变化,qPCR测定肝脏、脾脏和肾脏中凋亡相关基因的mRNA表达量.结果表明:浓度为36.82 mg/kg的FB...     

Protective effects of methanolic leaf extracts of Monanthotaxis caffra against aflatoxin B1-induced hepatotoxicity in rats

Aflatoxins are potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by toxigenic fungi. The present study investigated the protective effect of methanolic leaf extracts of Monanthotaxis caffra (MLEMC) against aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 8 animals each. Five groups were administered orally for seven days with three different concentrations of MLEMC (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg), curcumin (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (25% propylene glycol). The following day, these groups were administered 1 mg/kg b.w. of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). The experiment was terminated three days after administration of AFB₁. Group 6 represented untreated healthy control. Serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine and liver histopathology were evaluated. Methanolic leaf extracts of M. caffra decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine in the sera of rats as compared with the AFB₁ intoxicated group. Co-administration of MLEMC improved the histological characteristics of the hepatocytes in contrast to the AFB₁ treated group, which had mild to severe hepatocellular injuries including bile duct proliferation, bile duct hyperplasia, lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and fibrosis. Extracts of M. caffra were beneficial in mitigating the hepatotoxic effects of AFB₁ in rats by reducing the levels of liver enzymes and preventing hepatic injury.     

玉米赤霉烯酮对不同时期小鼠子宫细胞凋亡及凋亡因子的影响

本试验旨在研究在饲粮中添加不同水平的玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEA)对发情前期、发情期、产仔后雌性小鼠子宫细胞凋亡及相关因子的影响。选取4周龄昆明雌性小鼠120只,随机分为4组,每组30只。选取雄性小鼠20只,随机分为4组,每组5只。7 d预试期结束后,试验分2个阶段。第1阶段,各组雌鼠分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、50、100、150 mg/kg ZEA的饲粮,饲喂时间是20 d。饲养试验结束后的第2、3、4天,通过阴道涂片法每组挑选出发情前期、发情期小鼠各10只,脱椎处死,摘取子宫角,用于子宫细胞凋亡原位末端标记法(TUNEL)染色和凋亡相关因子mRNA表达量的检测。第2阶段,每组剩余雌鼠与雄鼠按2∶1进行合笼,至产仔后,按上述方法采样检测。结果表明:1)发情前期凋亡细胞主要位于子宫内膜间质细胞及上皮细胞;与对照组相比,添加100、150 mg/kg ZEA极显著提高凋亡阳性表达细胞平均光密度值(P<0.01),且极显著上调半胱天冬蛋白酶(caspase)-3、caspase-8、caspase-9及B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2) mRNA相对表达量(P<0.01); 2)发情期细胞凋亡主要集中在子宫内膜间质细胞、子宫内膜上皮细胞及子宫腺上皮细胞;与对照组相比,随着ZEA添加水平的增加,凋亡细胞呈剂量依赖性增加(P<0.01),能够极显著上调凋亡相关基因mRNA相对表达量(P<0.01); 3)产仔后期凋亡细胞分布较为均匀;与对照组相比,添加150 mg/kg ZEA凋亡程度极显著增加(P<0.01);添加100 mg/kg ZEA能够显著上调Bcl-2、caspase-3 mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05),添加150 mg/kg ZEA能够显著上调caspase-8、caspase-9 mRNA相对表达量(P<0.05)。综上所述,ZEA能够促进不同时期小鼠子宫细胞凋亡,并且能够上调凋亡相关基因caspase-3、caspase-8、caspase-9、Bcl-2表达。     

西洋参皂苷对新生鼠缺血-再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响及机制

目的:探讨西洋参皂苷对缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡的影响,及抑制心肌细胞凋亡的机制。方法:利用原代培养的乳鼠心肌细胞模拟缺血再灌注模型;采用MTT、TUNEL法检测心肌凋亡细胞;Western blot检测caspase-3,caspase-9蛋白的表达。结果:缺血再灌注组出现心肌凋亡细胞;caspase-3,caspase-9的表达缺血再灌注组较对照组明显增加(P0.05),PQS治疗组较缺血再灌注组明显下降(P0.05)。结论:心肌缺血再灌注诱导心肌细胞凋亡,PQS治疗可以显著减少缺血再灌注心肌细胞的凋亡。PQS通过抑制caspase-3;caspase-9,而抑制心肌细胞凋亡。     

In Vitro Metabolism of Fumonisin B1 by Ruminal Microflora

Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum. Little is known of its metabolic fate after oral ingestion in ruminants, but these animals are reported to be tolerant towards FB1. The metabolism of this mycotoxin was evaluated following incubation (1 g/ml) in ruminal fluid for up to 72 h, in the presence or absence of alfalfa as a substrate for microbial growth, using a model rumen (sealed flask, anaerobic conditions, exclusion of light, gentle agitation, 39°C). The decrease in FB1 concentration and the production of short-chain fatty acids were determined. FB1 had no effect on SCFA production. After 72 h incubation, FB1 depletion was 12% and 18% in samples with and without alfalfa, respectively. No hydrolysed metabolites (aminopolyols or aminopentol) were detected. These results indicate that FB1 is poorly metabolized in the rumen and suggest that such metabolism is not the cause of the tolerance to this toxin displayed by ruminants.     

Expression of TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, ACVR1B and ACVR2B is altered in ovaries of cows with cystic ovarian disease

The objective of this study was to examine the expression of transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGFBR)1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, activin receptor (ACVR)1B and ACVR2B in ovaries of cows with cystic ovarian disease (COD). The expression of the selected receptors was determined by immunohistochemistry in sections of ovaries from cows with ACTH‐induced and spontaneous COD. Expression of TGFBR1 and TGFBR3 was higher in granulosa cells of cysts from cows with spontaneous COD than in tertiary follicles from the control group. Additionally, TGFBR3 expression was higher in granulosa cells of cysts from cows with ACTH‐induced COD than in those from the control group and lower in theca cells of spontaneous and ACTH‐induced cysts than in tertiary control follicles. There were no changes in the expression of TGFBR2. ACVR1B expression was higher in granulosa cells of tertiary follicles of cows with spontaneous COD than in the control group, whereas ACVR2B expression was higher in cysts of the spontaneous COD group than in tertiary follicles from the control group. The alterations here detected, together with the altered expression of the ligands previously reported, indicate alterations in the response of the ligands in the target cells, modifying their actions at cellular level.     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)维生素B1需要量的研究

本研究旨在探讨半纯化日粮中添加不同含晕的维生素B1(thiamine)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)生长性能和生理生化指标的影响,评价凡纳滨对虾对维生素B1的需要量.以酪蛋白、明胶、鱼粉作为蛋白源,配制维生素B1含量分别为0.83、19.70,37.40、50.80、65.30、94.20、163.00和323.00mg/kg的8种半纯化日粮,选择初始体重(0.55±0.03)g的凡纳滨对虾虾苗960尾,随机分为8组,每组3个重复,每个重复40尾,分别连续投喂42d.结果显示,半纯化日粮中添加维生素B1能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的特定生长率和饲料效率(P<0.05).添加维牛素B1 19.70～50.80mg/kg能显著提高凡纳滨对虾的存活率(P<0.05).添加维生素B1对凡纳滨对虾的体成分和肝胰脏中的淀粉酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05).添加维生素B1 50.80mg/kg日粮组的血清转酮醇酶活性(TKA)最高,显著高于未添加(0.83mg/kg)组(P<0.05),与其他添加组间差异不显著(P>0.05).在本试验条件下,以生长性能和血清TKA为评价指标,通过折线模型分析得到凡纳滨对虾维生素B1需要量分别为23.90和23.70mg/kg日粮.     

17种植物性饲料原料中伏马毒素(B1+B2)、赭曲霉毒素A、T-2毒素、黄曲霉毒素B1污染状况调查检测分析

为了解掌握伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）、赭曲霉毒素A、T-2毒素、黄曲霉毒素B₁在植物性饲料原料中的污染状况,指导饲料生产企业和养殖企业开展霉菌毒素防控,降低霉菌毒素对饲料产品质量及畜禽养殖危害,减少经济损失,2019年对17种62份植物性饲料原料进行采集,采用液相色谱—串联质谱法、免疫亲和柱净化—高效液相色谱法检测,依据《饲料卫生标准》（GB 13078—2017）判定分析。结果表明：伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）、赭曲霉毒素A、黄曲霉毒素B₁在17种植物性饲料原料中的污染状况差别明显,伏马毒素（B₁+B₂）、赭曲霉毒素A、黄曲霉毒素B₁平均检出率分别为37.09%、8.06%、29.03%,最大检测值分别为15.96 mg/kg、26.60 μg/kg、351.00 μg/kg。从检测结果得出,4种霉菌毒素在17种植物性饲料原料中的污染较重,整体污染率达48.40%,玉米皮、喷浆玉米皮、花生粕3种植物性饲料原料中黄曲霉毒素B₁超标,污染率与超标率不一定呈正比,表明霉菌毒素在植物性饲料原料中污染普遍,对饲料产品及养殖安全造成严重影响。针对该问题,提出控制植物性饲料原料质量建议,为今后控制饲料原料中霉菌毒素含量提供参考。     

四君子汤对脾虚大鼠空肠黏膜损伤的修复作用及机制

通过检测脾虚大鼠空肠中PCNA和IGF-1的表达,探讨四君子汤对脾虚大鼠空肠黏膜修复的影响。试验分对照组、脾虚组、四君子颗粒治疗组和治疗对照组,每组采取空肠中段作样本;H.E.染色法观察空肠组织结构,免疫组织化学法检测PCNA和IGF-1的表达。脾虚组大鼠空肠绒毛长度、隐窝深度极显著降低(P<0.01);四君子颗粒治疗组大鼠绒毛长度、隐窝深度的显著高于治疗对照组(P<0.05)。脾虚组大鼠空肠中PCNA、IGF-1阳性细胞数极显著增加(P<0.01);四君子颗粒治疗组PCNA、IGF-1阳性细胞个数显著高于治疗对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,四君子汤可以促进脾虚模型大鼠空肠的修复过程。     

SH2B1基因及miR-276-3p对猪背部脂肪沉积的影响

本试验旨在研究SH2B衔接因子蛋白1（SH2B adaptor protein 1,SH2B1）基因在猪不同组织和生长发育各阶段背部脂肪中的表达情况,预测调控该基因的miR-276-3p对猪背部脂肪表达的影响。应用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测SH2B1基因在猪脂肪、下丘脑等6种组织,以及在30、60、90、120和180 d猪背部脂肪组织中的相对表达量。靶标预测SH2B1基因的调控miRNA,并通过实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-276-3p对该基因的调控作用。结果显示,SH2B1基因在猪的6种组织中均有表达,且在脂肪组织中表达量最高,在肌肉组织中表达量最低。在猪生长发育各阶段背部脂肪中SH2B1基因均有表达,在前期（30和60 d）表达量较低,在中、后期（90、120和180 d）持续高表达,且显著高于前期表达量（P<0.05）。高、低背膘厚组背部脂肪中miR-276-3p与SH2B1基因均呈差异表达,且两者表达呈相反趋势,miR-276-3p在高背膘厚组中的表达量显著低于低背膘厚组（P<0.05）,而SH2B1基因在高背膘厚组中的表达量却显著高于低背膘厚组（P<0.05）。miR-276-3p可通过靶向负调控SH2B1基因,影响猪背部脂肪的沉积。本试验结果为进一步深入研究猪背部脂肪沉积和背膘厚差异的分子机制提供参考。     

Serum IGFBP4 concentration decreased in dairy heifers towards day 18 of pregnancy

This study was conducted to determine if the main components of the somatotropic axis change during the early phase of pregnancy in the maternal blood system and whether differences exist on day 18 after pregnancy recognition by the maternal organism. Blood samples of pregnant heifers (Holstein Friesian; n = 10 after embryo transfer) were obtained on the day of ovulation (day 0), as well as on days 7, 14, 16 and 18 and during pregnant, non-pregnant and negative control cycles. The oncentrations of progesterone (P₄), oestrogen, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 and -2 (IGF1, -2) and IGF-binding protein-2, -3 and -4 (IGFBP2, -3, -4) were measured. The mRNA expressions of growth hormone receptor 1A, IGF1, IGF2, IGFBP2, IGFBP3 and IGFBP4 were detected using RT-qPCR in liver biopsy specimens (day 18). In all groups, total serum IGF1 decreased from day 0 to 16. Notably, IGFBP4 maternal blood concentrations were lower during pregnancy than during non-pregnant cycles and synchronized control cycles. It can be speculated that the lower IGFBP4 in maternal blood may result in an increase of free IGF1 for local action. Further studies regarding IGFBP4 concentration and healthy early pregnancy are warranted.     

FGF20、FGFR2和FGFR3在小鼠毛囊第一生长周期的定位和差异表达

研究成纤维细胞生长因子20(fibroblast growth factor 20,FGF20)及其受体FGFR2、FGFR3在小鼠毛囊第一生长周期中的作用。利用免疫组织化学、Western blot和实时荧光定量PCR的技术,取出生后生长期(1 d/5 d/8 d/11 d),退行期(15 d/17 d),静止期(21 d)和下一生长期(23 d)小鼠背部皮肤,对FGF20、FGFR2和FGFR3蛋白及mRNA的表达进行分析。结果显示,FGF20蛋白主要表达于毛基质,毛乳头和根鞘中,在1 d和5 d表皮、21 d的皮脂腺也有表达;FGF20在生长期相对表达量逐渐升高,在静止期(21 d)达到最高。而FGFR2和FGFR3蛋白在1 d～23 d的毛基质、毛乳头、根鞘、表皮和皮脂腺中均有不同程度的表达;FGFR2在生长期(5 d)表达量最高之后降低,FGFR3在生长期表达量逐渐增加,生长期(11 d)达到最高之后趋势降低。研究结果提示,在小鼠毛囊第一生长周期,FGF20可能对生长期表皮角质形成细胞的增殖分化发挥促进作用,并可能诱导毛囊从静止期进入下一生长周期,而FGFR2和FGFR3可能在根鞘分化和毛囊生长期中发挥促进作用。     

胰岛素样生长因子-1对动物被毛生长影响的研究进展

动物被毛生长是一个复杂的过程,受遗传、内分泌、营养及外界条件等各种因素的影响。而胰岛素样生长因子-1(insulin-like growth factor-1,IGF-1)是一种具有促进细胞增殖、分化,调节物质代谢等多种生物活性的多肽分子。研究结果发现,IGF-1对被毛/毛发生长的影响不仅局限于自身,同时介导一些细胞因子对被毛生长的调节作用。为阐明IGF-1在被毛/毛发生长方面的重要作用,文章就国内外IGF-1对动物被毛生长影响的研究进展进行综述。     

饲粮营养限制对羔羊肠道组织形态以及血清胰岛素样生长因子-1和胰高血糖素样-2浓度的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮营养限制对羔羊肠道组织形态及血清中胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)和胰高血糖素样-2(GLP-2)浓度的影响。选取64只17日龄湖羊羔羊随机分为4组,饲喂不同营养水平的代乳品和开食料,分别为对照(CON)组、20%蛋白质限制(PR)组、20%能量限制(ER)组、20%蛋白质+20%能量限制(BR)组,每组4个重复,每重复4只羔羊,公母各占1/2。于羔羊20日龄、40日龄和60日龄采集血清用于测定IGF-1和GLP-2的浓度,40日龄和60日龄时每组分别选取4只羔羊进行屠宰,屠宰后取十二指肠、空肠和回肠组织观察小肠组织形态结构。结果表明:1)PR组、ER组、BR组40日龄小肠重量显著低于CON组(P0.05),到60日龄仅ER组羔羊小肠重显著低于CON组(P0.05),小肠重量降低主要由于空肠重量的降低。2)PR组、ER组、BR组40日龄十二指肠、空肠绒毛高度及60日龄十二指肠绒毛高度显著低于CON组(P0.05),ER组、BR组60日龄空肠绒毛高度显著低于CON组(P0.05)。3)BR组40日龄十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度显著低于CON组(P0.05)。4)ER组60日龄血清GLP-2浓度显著低于其他3组(P0.05),4组间血清IGF-1浓度无显著差异(P0.05)。综上所述,饲粮营养限制抑制了羔羊十二指肠、空肠组织形态发育,同时能量限制可降低血清GLP-2的浓度。     

黄曲霉毒素B_1与M_1对小鼠肠道细菌多样性的影响

试验旨在研究黄曲霉毒素B_1与M_1(AFB_1与AFM_1)对小鼠肠道细菌多样性的影响。选取体况良好的4周龄ICR(CD-1)雄性小鼠40只,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只小鼠,其中AFB_1组小鼠每只每天灌胃0.3mg/kg体重AFB_1,AFM_1组小鼠每只每天灌胃3.0mg/kg体重AFM_1,AFB_1+AFM_1组每只每天灌胃AFB_1与AFM_1的混合溶液,其中AFB_1终浓度0.3mg/kg体重,AFM_1终浓度3.0mg/kg体重,以上3组毒素溶剂均为1.0%二甲基亚砜水溶液。对照组小鼠每只每天灌胃1.0%二甲基亚砜水溶液。每只灌胃剂量均为200μL,每天09∶00灌胃一次,连续灌胃28d。灌胃结束后,处死并解剖小鼠,收集结肠内容物,采用16SrRNA测序的方法对肠内容物细菌多样性进行测序分析。结果显示:在细菌群落的门水平、科水平及属水平,与对照组相比,3个毒素处理组小鼠肠道内容物细菌优势菌群均未发生明显排序变化(P>0.05),但不同的毒素处理仍造成了不同分类水平下细菌菌群丰度的显著变化:与对照组相比,AFB_1组及联合灌胃组小鼠肠内致病菌或条件致病菌,如Facklamia、Staphylococcus、Corynebacterium属细菌丰度显著升高(P<0.05);而AFM_1组与对照组相比未见显著差异(P>0.05)。综合试验结果,AFB_1单独作用或与AFM_1联合作用可诱导小鼠肠道内致病菌或条件致病菌细菌增殖,改变肠道健康微生物区系,损伤肠道微生物屏障功能。     

The food contaminant fumonisin B1 reduces the maturation of porcine CD11R1+ intestinal antigen presenting cells and antigen-specific immune responses, leading to a prolonged intestinal ETEC infection

Consumption of food or feed contaminated with fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides, can lead to disease in humans and animals. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of FB₁ intake on the intestinal immune system. Piglets were used as a target and as a model species for humans since their gastro-intestinal tract is very similar. The animals were orally exposed to a low dose of FB₁ (1 mg/kg body weight FB₁) for 10 days which did not result in clinical signs. However, when compared to non-exposed animals, FB₁-exposed animals showed a longer shedding of F4⁺ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) following infection and a lower induction of the antigen-specific immune response following oral immunization. Further analyses to elucidate the mechanisms behind these observations revealed a reduced intestinal expression of IL-12p40, an impaired function of intestinal antigen presenting cells (APC), with decreased upregulation of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II molecule (MHC-II) and reduced T cell stimulatory capacity upon stimulation. Taken together, these results indicate an FB₁-mediated reduction of in vivo APC maturation.     

不同地方品种牦牛IGF-1基因的PCR-SSCP分析

为了检测高原地区4个不同地方牦牛品种IGF-1基因第1外显子和第2外显子的多态性,采用PCR-SSCP分析了牦牛IGF-1基因在天祝白牦牛、甘南牦牛、青海高原牦牛及培育品种大通牦牛4个品种中的遗传多态性。结果表明:牦牛IGF-1基因的第1外显子不存在遗传多态性;第2外显子在4个品种中检测到了AA、AB和BB基因型,而且A等位基因为4个牦牛群体的优势等位基因,分布较高。在4个品种中,天祝白牦牛AA基因型频率最高,达到0.8559,而大通牦牛、甘南牦牛和青海高原牦牛则相对较低,分别为0.8333、0.6970和0.5689。大通牦牛和天祝白牦牛,青海高原牦牛和甘南牦牛基因和基因型相近,其它牦牛群体之间基因和基因型存在差异。