雅砻江中下游鱼类栖息地评价与保护方案

采用Barbour（1996）提出的栖息地评价指标体系,由底质、栖息地复杂性、流速和水深结合特性、堤岸稳定性、河道变化、河水水量状况、植被多样性、水质状况、人类活动强度和河岸土地利用类型共计10项指标构成雅砻江中下游鱼类栖息地评价指标体系,并依之对雅砻江中下游干流及其主要支流共985 km江段的鱼类栖息地进行了评价。评价结果是无“较差”河流;卧龙寺沟为“一般”; 达曲河为“较好”;其他河流“好”。基于此结果,建议雅砻江中下游按照“两区一段”和局部水域进行栖息地保护,将两河口库尾3.9 km保留河段、34.8 km变动回水区域、支流曲入河作为中游高原鱼类栖息地保护水域,将桐子林坝下及邻近水域作为雅砻江汇口栖息地保护水域,将锦屏二级闸厂址119.0 km大河湾段作为下游东部江河平原鱼类大河湾保护水域。局部水域主要指鳡鱼河支库及其源头支流永兴河、惠民河、达曲河、力丘河、色物绒沟。针对不同河段的保护功能与鱼类栖息地现状,提出了开展相关研究、监测和生态修复等对策的建议。     

生境模拟法在黑水河鱼类栖息地保护中的应用

为了解黑水河鱼类栖息地适宜性状况,研究行之有效的栖息地保护方案,采用基于河道内流量增加法(IFIM)原理的栖息地模拟方法,使用RIVER2D二维水动力学及栖息地模拟软件,以黑水河干流苏家湾水电站坝址至公德房水电站坝址河段为例,进行水动力模拟和鱼类栖息地适宜性模拟,通过加权有效栖息地面积(WUA),分析适宜物理栖息地的数量、质量和分布情况,评估研究河段的鱼类栖息地适宜性状况并探究存在的主要问题。结果显示,公德房库区河段水域面积较大,大部分河段适宜性指数较高,有效栖息地面积较大;减水河段河道内流量较小,大部分河段水深较浅,有效栖息地面积小,需要开展河道生境修复;在此基础上,研究了增加生态流量(坝址处多年平均流量的10%、12.5%、15%)条件下的改善效果,以及固定生态流量(坝址处多年平均流量10%)条件下进行河道整理的改善效果。经比较分析,提出了黑水河生境修复可采取河道整理为主,结合优化生态流量的保护方案。     

长江流域典型支流生境健康评价

河流生境健康的准确评估可以为河流生态系统的保护与修复提供重要依据。以长江流域典型支流雅砻江、赤水河、乌江以及汉江为研究对象,对各支流的生境状况进行调查评估,探索影响不同支流生境状况的主要因子,从而为长江流域河流生境保护和修复提供支撑。从河流物理生境形态、河流岸边带生境和水环境特征3个方面选取了10个指标,构建河流生境评价的指标体系。基于该评价体系,2017年8-9月对4条支流的162个断面进行了调查并对河流生境进行了综合评估。评价结果表明,雅砻江、赤水河、乌江、汉江的河流生境综合指数（RHI）分别为124.7、158.5、137.8、135.5,其中赤水河评价等级为“优”,其他河流评价等级均为“良”。人类活动、河岸植被覆盖、河道蜿蜒度等是影响各支流生境变化的主要驱动因子。建议强化支流国土空间管控,建立自然保护区,对具有重要生态服务功能的支流河段开展生态修复。     

澜沧江流域鱼类栖息地保护实践

现阶段我国已建、在建水电工程主要采用过鱼、鱼类增殖放流作为主要的鱼类保护措施,栖息地保护方面开展了一定的工作,介绍澜沧江水电开发过程中鱼类栖息地保护实践,为加强鱼类资源保护的适应性管理,以及后续栖息地设计、建设、管理工作提供经验. 澜沧江流域功果桥以上江段以高原区系的鱼类为主,功果桥以下江段东洋鱼类区系鱼类逐渐增多。从流域层面进行栖息地保护规划,需要在上游建立高原鱼类栖息地保护水域和在下游建立东洋鱼类栖息地保护水域。干流在侧格、约龙、班达、如美库尾及卡贡河段保留了流水江段,乌弄龙至古水间保留了51.9km的流水江段,托巴至里底梯级之间保留了约26km的干流为流水江段,橄榄坝到南腊河出境口段也保留了流水江段;支流拟定大桥河、永春河、基独河、德庆河、罗闸河、右支小黑江、左支小黑河为栖息地保护河段。橄榄坝至南腊河河口段的干支流均维持了较好的自然生境, 2012年对补远江进行的2次鱼类调查共调查到鱼类25种, 2014年已达37种;基独河电站拆除前该河仅有少数鮡科和鳅科鱼类,电站拆除后监测到鮡科、鳅科和鲤科等鱼类16种;资助成立了澜沧江下游河段鱼类保护管理所,在澜沧江下游主要鱼类栖息地设置保护标识牌,开展鱼类保护日常巡查及栖息地环境调查,并进行鱼类保护法律法规宣传。鱼类栖息地保护工作应进一步加强引导,提高各方开展栖息地保护的意识和积极性,开展鱼类、环境等长期监测工作。     

松花江梧桐河生态修复工程鱼类栖息地模拟及调查

通过对松花江一级支流梧桐河中下游河道栖息地模型模拟和实地鱼类调查,分析了修复工程丁坝的水动力变化对鱼类栖息地的改善作用。基于流量内增加法(IFIM),应用水生生物栖息地模型(River 2D),考虑鱼类栖息地的流速、水深、遮蔽回水面积比3项指标,定义栖息地为差、中、良3个等级,模拟从小到大4个不同流量条件下顺直河道和丁坝河道鱼类栖息地等级的分布及变化,并通过实地鱼类调查数据验证修复工程丁坝对鱼类栖息地质量的改善情况。结果表明,在不同流量条件下,顺直河道和丁坝河道鱼中等级栖息地占84%以上;从生态流量到多年平均流量的过程中,顺直河道和丁坝河道不同综合适宜性指数(Combined Suitable Indexes,CSI)等级的栖息地面积变化较大,其中两者CSI差等级的栖息地面积占比分别减少4.9%和4.8%,顺直河道CSI中等级的栖息地面积占比升高4.9%,丁坝河道CSI中等级的栖息地面积占比下降6.0%,丁坝河道CSI良等级的栖息地面积占比从0%升高到10.8%;当流量大于多年平均流量26.42 m~3/s时,各种等级的栖息地比例变化不大,多年平均流量对鱼类生长而言是最佳下限流量。从2016年和2017年9月两河段的鱼类调查情况来看,丁坝河段鲫(Carassius auratus)和蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)的平均体重和平均体长更大,模拟和实测数据一致,说明丁坝在一定程度上改善了鱼类栖息地的质量。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江中游裂腹鱼类优先保护等级定量评价

西藏地区雅鲁藏布江中游分布有6种特有裂腹鱼类,是地方重要的土著经济物种。近年来,受人类活动和环境变化的影响,裂腹鱼类资源已严重衰退而处于濒危,急需开展裂腹鱼类的资源现状调查及保护等级评价工作。本课题组分别于2015年和2017年的春季(4—5月),对雅鲁藏布江中游的渔业资源进行调查监测,参阅相关文献资料,采用珍稀性、物种价值和人为干扰共3个一级指标和5个二级指标建立优先保护等级的定量评价体系,对6种裂腹鱼类的资源状况及濒危状况进行评价,根据评分标准与优先保护综合评价值(R)确定裂腹鱼类的优先保护等级。研究结果表明,尖裸鲤(Oxygymnocypris stewartii)为一级优先保护鱼类,双须叶须鱼(Ptychobarbus dipogon)为二级优先保护鱼类,拉萨裂腹鱼(Schizothorax waltoni)和巨须裂腹鱼(Schizothorax macropogon)为三级优先保护鱼类,异齿裂腹鱼(Schizothorax o’connori)和拉萨裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis younghusbandi)为四级优先保护鱼类。评价分级结果与实际情况相符,真实地反映了6种裂腹鱼类优先保护顺序。本研究对雅鲁藏布江中游的鱼类保护等级提出建议,为鱼类资源的科学保护管理等提供参考和依据。     

高黎贡山南段河流生态系统健康评价

研究高黎贡山南段河流生态系统健康状况，以更好地开展生物多样性与生态系统保护工作。2018年11月，调查了高黎贡山南段6条河流22个样点的物理生境、水质和大型底栖无脊椎动物，采用河流水文指标、形态指标、河岸带指标、水质指标和大型底栖无脊椎动物指标对河流生态系统健康状况进行单因子评价，并基于多项指标构建评价体系进行综合评价。结果显示：研究区域内共采集到大型底栖无脊椎动物95个分类单元、33 725头，稀有种（单个物种数量少于338头）81种、占比85.26%，EPT指数高于5的样点19个、占比86.36%，生物多样性处于较高水平；水质状况整体较好，68.18%的样点水质为Ⅱ类水标准，其余样点水质均为Ⅲ类水标准；栖息地环境质量良好，QHEI平均得分为180.36分；综合评价结果表明研究区域内达到健康等级的样点占比为90.9%，河流生态系统整体处于健康状态，老窝河2个样点处于亚健康状态。人类活动已对少数河段的健康状况造成了影响，主要是农牧业活动、河岸河床硬化、筑坝、取水等。建议对相关河段定期开展河流健康评价，根据评价结果调整河流及河岸带的生产和开发活动，减少非必要的渠道化，针对易受干扰河段建立缓冲区，保护河流水生生物多样性。     

宁夏人工河道典农河的健康状态评价

鉴于典农河地处宁夏干旱半干旱地区、水资源匮乏且生态系统脆弱的现状,维持河流健康对宁夏地区的发展有着重要的意义。特殊的地理位置和社会需求使得典农河社会属性更为强烈,在建立评价指标体系时应考虑人工化、河道生态、社会服务功能突出等实际特点。根据其人工河道的特点,将典农河分为5个河段,在全国重要河湖健康评估指标体系的基础上进行优化调整,从河流状况、生物状况以及社会经济服务状况三方面着手,选取13个指标,并利用层次分析法确定指标权重,建立了适合典农河的评价指标体系并进行健康评价。多指标分级综合评价结果显示,典农河最终总体评价赋分为46.63,处于亚健康水平。其中,河流状况子准则层赋分为65.86分,属于健康水平,主要问题是生态流量满足程度低;生物状况子准则层赋分为48.66分,属于亚健康水平,主要问题是鱼类损失较多;社会经济状况子准则层赋分为32.72分,属于不健康水平,主要问题是水功能区水质达标率为0。研究表明,典农河现存的主要问题是防洪工程标准低、水污染以及生态环境遭到破坏等,提出了提高防洪能力、控制污染源、提升污水处理率以及构建健康水生态系统的保护对策和建议。     

金沙江旭龙水电站鱼类栖息地适宜性评价

为筛选金沙江上游旭龙江段鱼类栖息地保护支流，从替代适宜性和保护适宜性两个角度构建了鱼类栖息地适宜性评价指标体系，选取了11个与栖息地质量密切相关的评价指标，应用层次分析法确定评价指标的权重值，计算了三条主要支流的栖息地适宜性指数（HSI），并划分了栖息地适宜性等级。结果表明：重点保护鱼类物种相似性、纵向连通性指数、特有鱼类物种相似性3项指标的权重值位列前三位，分别为0.234、0.234、0.127；定曲、麦曲河、丹达曲的HSI 分别为84.1、72.0和61.3，定曲适宜性等级最高为“高度适宜”，麦曲河、丹达曲适宜性等级为“适宜”。针对当前定曲鱼类生境存在的问题，拟定了补建过鱼设施、开展受损河道生境修复、实施生态调度以及加强水污染监管等对策措施，以期为受水电开发影响下的河流栖息地筛选与保护提供参考。     

黑水河鱼类优先保护次序的定量分析

在金沙江下游干流大规模水电开发的背景下,干流开发与支流保护是生态环境保护的有效措施;黑水河是白鹤滩库区鱼类的优先保护支流,确定其鱼类优先保护次序和保护物种是进行鱼类栖息地修复和保护工作的首要任务和前提基础。在野外调查和查阅相关文献资料的基础上,运用濒危系数、遗传价值系数和物种价值系数对黑水河35种鱼类进行优先保护次序的定量分析,并结合黑水河栖息地实际情况,确定保护目标鱼类。结果显示,达到黑水河一级保护的鱼类只有1种,为长江上游特有鱼类长薄鳅（Leptobotia elongata）;达到二级保护的种类有12种,其中昆明裂腹鱼（Schizothorax grahami）、黄石爬鮡（Euchiloglanis kishinouyei）、短须裂腹鱼（Schizothorax wangchiachii）和长鳍吻鮈（Rhinogobio ventralis）为长江上游特有鱼类;处于三级保护的鱼类有17种,其中钝吻棒花鱼（Abbottina obtusirostris）和张氏?（Hemiculter tchangi）是长江上游特有鱼类;四级保护鱼类有5种,其中短体副鳅（Paracobitis potanini）为长江上游特有鱼类,评价结果基本反映了黑水河鱼类的实际情况。结合白鹤滩水库蓄水后黑水河栖息地生境改变的情况,最终确定昆明裂腹鱼、黄石爬鮡、短须裂腹鱼为黑水河栖息地修复和保护的目标鱼类,长薄鳅和长鳍吻鮈为备选保护鱼类。     

湟水流域水生态保护与修复研究

研究湟水流域水生态现状和保护与修复措施,加强湟水流域水生态保护,维持黄河尤其是黄河上游流域及青藏高原和黄土高原-川滇生态屏障生态安全。湟水干流、大通河梯级开发集中,河流纵向连通性遭到严重破坏,且大部分水电站是引水式小水电站,枯水期水电站下游河道脱流现象严重,河流水流连续性及横向连通性遭到破坏,河流生态功能严重下降。根据国家及黄河流域对湟水流域生态保护定位及要求,在湟水流域水生态状况评价及问题识别的基础上,明确各区域(河段)水生态保护目标,提出了湟水上中下游水生态保护与修复总体布局、重要断面生态需水指标及保障措施和重要湿地、重要鱼类栖息地等保护与修复措施体系。     

大渡河乐山段鱼类群落结构特征研究

为了解大渡河乐山段鱼类群落结构和多样性的分布特征,2015年11月至2017年4月,在大渡河河口乐山市沙湾区至市中区长约30km的河网段布置7个采样断面,采用定置刺网、地笼和电捕等方法,进行了4次鱼类资源调查。结果表明,调查期间共采集到鱼类57种,隶属于5目、13科、48属;其中,鲤形目(38种)占总数的66.67%;鲇形目(13种)占22.81%;鲈形目(4种)占7.02%;合鳃目(1种)和鳉形目(1种)均占1.75%。该区域鱼类群落以杂食性、底栖、适应缓流生境的种类为主。根据优势度指数(index of relative importance,IRI)分析,安谷电站坝上库区河段鱼类优势种有7种,坝下河段有8种,生态河道有8种。鱼类群落多样性指数以安谷电站坝下河段最高。生态类群分析表明,安谷电站坝上与坝下江段的鱼类群落结构差异显著,渔获物个体小型化趋势明显。目前的水电开发和过度捕捞是影响大渡河乐山段鱼类资源最主要的胁迫因素。     

Modelling functional fish habitat connectivity in rivers: A case study for prioritizing restoration actions targeting brown trout

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Environmental and spatial processes: what controls the functional structure of fish assemblages in tropical rivers and headwater streams?

In this study, we investigated functional structure patterns of tropical headwater and river fish assemblages. We hypothesised that environmental conditions are primarily structuring headwater streams leading to functionally clustered assemblages, whereas processes that favour functional overdispersion would guide river assemblages. For 27 headwater streams and 22 rivers, we used eight functional traits for calculating two functional indexes: mean pairwise distance (MPD) and net relatedness index (NRI). We performed linear regressions between indexes and species richness, a multiple regression between NRI and eight environmental variables and a variation partitioning to disentangle the role of environment and space on NRI. Our findings indicate that fish assemblages of headwaters are structured by environmental conditions as most assemblages in this habitat displayed a tendency to clustering and MPD/NRI were not correlated with species diversity, whereas the opposite pattern was observed for river habitat. Four environmental variables (channel depth, water velocity, dissolved oxygen and turbidity) explain 56% of functional structure variation. These variables seem to function as selective filters in headwaters, whereas channel depth may be determinant for functional overdispersion of river fish assemblages. Components associated with space are also influencing the functional structure. Limitations of species dispersal through space (between both habitat types) appear as a possible cause to this. In this sense, both environmental conditions and processes linked with space are capable of influencing the functional structure of tropical headwater streams and river fish assemblages.     

Fish diversity assessment in the headwaters of the Volga River using environmental DNA metabarcoding

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Environmental requirements and heterogeneity of rheophilic fish nursery habitats in European lowland rivers: Current insights and future challenges

The large-scale degradation of riparian ecotones and of the connectivity between rivers and their floodplains has resulted in a drastic decline of rheophilic fish populations in European temperate lowland rivers. Recent river restoration projects have had variable success in effectively restoring these fish populations. Knowledge on nursery habitat requirements is considered essential for effective population restoration. However, a detailed understanding of the role of habitat heterogeneity in young-of-the-year (YOY) fish population development is limited. Therefore, we carried out a synthesis of the available knowledge on nursery habitat requirements of rheophilic fish species found in European temperate lowland rivers (<200 m elevation). From a total of 603 papers, 77 studies with primary information were selected, containing 390 associations between habitat features and YOY fish. As expected, most studies focused on static components of physical riparian habitat. Generally, YOY fish require habitats of shallow depth (<0.5 m), with slow-flowing water (<0.2 m/s), gentle bank slope (<20°), variety in substratum types (fine sand to gravel), relatively warm water and high food availability. Surprisingly, no clear ontogenetic habitat shifts between larvae and juveniles were found, which may be explained by the limited spatial–temporal resolution of most studies. Since 2011, studies on habitat heterogeneity have increased, but few have explicitly assessed its role in relation to movement patterns of YOY fish for nursery success. Therefore, we recommend that future research focuses on fish movement patterns between habitat patches in heterogeneous (river-floodplain) environments, to increase the knowledge base for effective recovery of rheophilic fish populations.     

A riverscape perspective of Pacific salmonids and aquatic habitats prior to large‐scale dam removal in the Elwha River,Washington, USA

Abstract Dam removal has been increasingly proposed as a river restoration technique. In 2011, two large hydroelectric dams will be removed from Washington State’s Elwha River. Ten anadromous fish populations are expected to recolonise historical habitats after dam removal. A key to understanding watershed recolonisation is the collection of spatially continuous information on fish and aquatic habitats. A riverscape approach with an emphasis on biological data has rarely been applied in mid‐sized, wilderness rivers, particularly in consecutive years prior to dam removal. Concurrent snorkel and habitat surveys were conducted from the headwaters to the mouth (rkm 65–0) of the Elwha River in 2007 and 2008. This riverscape approach characterised the spatial extent, assemblage structure and patterns of relative density of Pacific salmonids. The presence of dams influenced the longitudinal patterns of fish assemblages, and species richness was the highest downstream of the dams, where anadromous salmonids still have access. The percent composition of salmonids was similar in both years for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), coastal cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii clarkii (Richardson) (89%; 88%), Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum) (8%; 9%), and bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus (Suckley) (3% in both years). Spatial patterns of abundance for rainbow and cutthroat trout (r = 0.76) and bull trout (r = 0.70) were also consistent between years. Multivariate and univariate methods detected differences in habitat structure along the river profile caused by natural and anthropogenic factors. The riverscape view highlighted species‐specific biological hotspots and revealed that 60–69% of federally threatened bull trout occurred near or below the dams. Spatially continuous surveys will be vital in evaluating the effectiveness of upcoming dam removal projects at restoring anadromous salmonids.     

The significance of meandering channel morphology on the diversity and abundance of macroinvertebrates in a lowland river in Japan

• 1. Many rivers and streams across the world have been channelized for various purposes. Channel cross‐sections of meandering rivers are asymmetrical and have cross‐sectional diversity in their physical environment; cross‐sections of a channelized river are typically trapezoidal and have little cross‐sectional diversity, both in physical and ecological conditions. Several programmes to restore stream meanders have been undertaken to improve river ecosystems degraded by channelization. However, the association between diversification in the physical environment due to meander restoration and the macroinvertebrate community structure is poorly known.
• 2. This study of a lowland river in Japan assessed how the cross‐sectional diversity of the physical environment changed with restoration of a meander in a channelized river, and how the macroinvertebrate communities responded to the changes in physical habitat variation. Comparisons were made between the macroinvertebrate communities of a channelized reach, the restored meandering reach, and a natural meandering reach.
• 3. Natural meandering and restored meandering reaches showed higher cross‐sectional diversity in physical variables and total taxon richness across a reach than did the channelized reach. Almost all taxa observed in the natural and restored meandering reaches were concentrated in the shallowest marginal habitats near the banks. Shear velocity increasing with water depth had a negative association with macroinvertebrate density and richness.
• 4. This study demonstrated that the shallow river bed along the inside of bends formed point bars that provided a highly stable substrate, a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates in a lowland river. It is concluded that meander restoration could be an effective strategy for in‐stream habitat restoration in lowland meandering rivers.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Challenges in developing fish-based ecological assessment methods for large floodplain rivers

Abstract  Large European floodplain rivers have a great diversity in habitats and fish fauna, but tend to be heavily modified. The complexity of these river systems and their multiple human impacts pose considerable challenges for assessment of their ecological status. This paper discusses: (1) the application of historical information on fish fauna and habitat availability to describe reference conditions; (2) responses of fish assemblages to human disturbance by comparing various rivers and river segments with different impacts and/or time series within rivers; (3) the role of floodplain water bodies in ecological assessment; and (4) monitoring of large rivers using different gears and sampling designs for main channels and floodplain habitats. The challenge for the future is to standardise and calibrate sampling methods and data to enhance the potential for ecological assessment of large rivers.