菟丝子属和列当属杂草重要种的奇主和分布

菟丝子属和列当属杂草重要种的奇主和分布张金兰，蒋青（北京农业部植物检疫实验所１０００２６）菟丝子属和列当属均为危害性很大的亚性寄生杂草。菟丝子属ＣｕｓｃｕｔａＬ．属旋花科菟丝子亚科，也有学者将菟丝子属单列为菟丝子科。该属植物是典型的茎叶寄生杂草，它靠...     

检疫性寄生杂草种子的鉴定方法与菟丝子属常见种的识别特征

严重为害农作物的检疫性杂草菟丝子属是一类难以防除的恶性寄生杂草。而菟丝子属的检疫鉴定是比较困难的,只有掌握先进的鉴定技术,才能正确地进行同属近似种的鉴别。本专题对杂草种子的鉴定方法和常见种菟丝子的鉴别特征进行综述。     

菟丝子属杂草化学防除研究进展

本文对国内外文献报道的有关菟丝子属杂草化学防除的研究成果进行了综述,共防除过13种菟丝子,已筛选出60多种除草剂,建议加强园林寄主上菟丝子的化除研究。     

新疆寄生杂草菟丝子和列当的调查

新疆寄生杂草菟丝子和列当的调查张金兰，蒋青印丽萍（农业部植物检疫实验所１０００２９）（上海动植物检疫局）范伟功，柴燕金宝顺（乌鲁木齐动植物检疫局）（喀什动植物检疫局）菟丝子属和列当属植物均属寄生杂草，现都列为对外检疫性有害杂草。此两属杂草在新疆的种类...     

从蒙古国进口的油菜籽携带有害杂草调查

通过收集、整理我国从蒙古国进口的油菜籽携带的有害杂草信息,列出蒙古国进口油菜籽携带有害杂草名单,共26科85属124种。其中,检疫性杂草3种,分别是菟丝子(Cuscuta sp.)、欧洲菟丝子(Cuscuta europaea L.)和意大利苍耳(Xanthium italicum Moretti)。     

新疆伊宁地区田野菟丝子寄主范围调查

菟丝子属ＣｕｓｃｕｔａＬ．属旋花科菟丝子亚科，是检疫性一年生恶性寄生杂草。据报道，全世界已发现有２２０种，我国约１２～１４种，其中新疆目前至少有１２种，是我国种类最多、分布最广、危害最严重的省区之一。田野菟丝子Ｃ．ｃａｍｐｅｓｔｒｉｓＹｕｎｋｅｒ为世...     

韩国和越南检疫新规定中的杂草

我国与韩国、越南是近邻 ,交通方便 ,贸易往来十分频繁 ,韩国和越南分别在 2 0 0 2年和 2 0 0 1年 1 1月都公布了杂草检疫的新规定。为了保障我国农产品出口安全 ,规避风险 ,我们应该不失时机地研究韩国和越南公布的杂草检疫的新规定 ,掌握他们提出的杂草检疫对象。这里介绍一下韩、越两国公布实施的进口谷物杂草检疫对象中的一些杂草情况。1　韩国新规定中的有害杂草(1 )Ｃｕｓｃｕｔａｓｐｐ .菟丝子属属旋花科 ,菟丝子亚科。该属有 2 70多种 ,广泛分布于世界暖温带 ,主要产于美国。菟丝子属植物是茎寄生性杂草 ,对大田作物、牧草、果树、…     

五角菟丝子

五角菟丝子 Cuscuta pentagonaEngelmann 是我国3种对外检疫杂草之一,英文名称为 field dodder,属旋花科Convolvulaceae,菟丝子属 Cuscuta,线茎亚属 Grammica Engelmann,闭果线茎组(拟)Cleistogrammica Engelmann。形态特征一年生寄生草本。茎缠绕,淡黄至橙黄色。花序为简单到复合的     

永安市田间菟丝子发生情况及防除技术

田间菟丝子(Cuscuta cam pestris Y uncker)属菟丝子科(Cuscutaceae),是典型的茎叶寄生性杂草。2001年永安市植保站在进行有害生物普查中首次发现在空心菜上发生危害。为进一步探索田间菟丝子在本市发生危害情况,制定有效防除技术,本站在2002～2003年开展了田间菟丝子发生及防除技术的调查与研究。1田间菟丝子发生情况田间菟丝子是典型的茎叶寄生性杂草。多生于田边蔬菜地和草丛中,为恶性杂草。与寄主争夺水分、养分和同化物,同时与寄主争夺阳光,致使寄主生长不良,降低产量与品质,甚至成片死亡。2001年在茅坪村调查,有134 m 2地葱被田间菟…     

霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草的初步调查

为了解霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草的入侵现状,对该区进行野外实地调查。结合相关资料,从杂草种类、原产地、引入途径、入侵性等方面进行了分析。结果表明:霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草有33种,隶属于13科26属,主要集中在菊科和藜科;原产地以美洲和欧亚共同起源为主,主要的入侵方式为无意引入;发现检疫性杂草有苍耳属、菟丝子属、毒莴苣和节节麦。对霍尔果斯口岸外来杂草入侵所造成的危害进行探讨,并提出管理意见。     

L'imazaquine: un herbicide prometteur pour la lutte curative contre la cuscute (Cuscuta spp.) dans les cultures de soja (Glycine max)

Imazaquin; a promising herbicide for the control of dodder (Cuscuta spp.) in soybean (Glycine max) Imazaquin, a systemic herbicide, when applied to the leaves of Phaseolus aureus parasitized by Cuscuta lupuliformis was transported and accumulated in the apical part of the stem of the parasite. Similar results were obtained with soybean parasitized by Cuscuta australis. The herbicide was rapidly metabolized by the soyabean plant, but stops the development of dodder by inhibiting cell division. The phloemmobility of imazaquin, its physiological selectivity on soybean, and its efficacy on dodder make this a promising herbicide for the chemical control of dodder in soybean, as was shown by preliminary trials in greenhouse.     

向日葵的检疫性有害生物

根据FAO“有害生物风险分析准则”评估，初步提出了12种向日葵的潜在检疫性有害生物。其中，我国尚未发生或尚未报道的有褐色茎腐病菌、茎点霉黑茎病菌、向日葵红色种子象、向日葵灰色种子象、向日葵叶甲和向日葵瘿蚊等6种，国内局部地区已有发生的有向日葵霜霉病菌和向日葵黑斑病菌等2种，已列入了我国各类检疫性有害生物名单的种类有黄萎轮枝孢、棉根腐病菌、列当属和菟丝子属寄生种子植物等。     

基于rbcL基因序列的欧洲菟丝子分子检测

菟丝子属(Cuscuta L.)被列为我国禁止进境的植物检疫性有害生物,目前进出境口岸使用常规形态学鉴定方法对菟丝子属的检测很难鉴定到种。本文通过扩增寄生于大豆上的6种菟丝子的1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶/加氧酶大亚基基因（rbcL）序列,通过Clustal X比对分析该6种菟丝子基因序列的差异,设计了针对欧洲菟丝子的特异引物,实现了对欧洲菟丝子(Cuscuta europaea)快速、准确的PCR分子检测,灵敏度达到单粒种子,满足各口岸对欧洲菟丝子的检测需求。     

Control of dodder (Cuscuta chinensis Damk) in niger (Guizotia abyssinica L.f. Cass) with chlorpropham

Chlorpropham at 4 kg/ha applied on the day following the initiation of dodder (Cuscuta chinensis Damk) germination, controlled the dodder without damaging the associated crop of niger (Guizotia abyssinica L.f. Cass) Lutte contre la cuscute (Cuscuta chinensis Damk) dans les cultures de Guizotia abyssinica (L.f. Cass) avec le chlor-prophame. Le chlorprophame è kg/ha appliqué le jour suivant le début de la germination de la cuscute (Cuscuta chinensis Damk) a maîtrisé celle-ci tout en respectant la culture associée de Guizotia abyssinica (L.f. Cass). Bekämpfung von Cuscuta chinensis (Damk) in Guizotia abyssinica (L.f. Cass) mit Chlorpropham Cuscuta chinensis (Damk) wurde ohne Schädigung der Kultur (Guizotia abyssinica L.f. Cass) bekämpft, wenn 4 kg/ha Chlorpropham einen Tag nach Keimbeginn der Seide appliziert wurde.     

草甘膦防治菟丝子的机理研究

作者以菟丝子幼苗为材料研究了草甘膦防治菟丝子的机理。结果表明:草甘膦处理后,幼苗内色氨酸和花色素的含量均减少了,且其蛋白质合成也受到抑制。外源苯丙氨酸(Phe)、酪氨酸(Tyr)和色氨酸(Trp)的供给既可保证幼苗内蛋白质合成不受草甘膦的影响,又可保证其在这一除草剂存在的介质中能够正常生长。所有结果表明3种芳香族氨基酸的生物合成是草甘膦防治菟丝子的唯一作用点。     

Growth and development of Cuscuta chinensis Lam. and its impact on selected crops

The growth and development of Cuscuta chinensis Lam., and the effects of the holoparasite on the growth and yield of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ), chilli ( Capsicum annuum ) and rice ( Oryza sativa ) were investigated in pot experiments under glasshouse conditions. 'Mature' and 'immature' seeds of C. chinensis showed 15 and 47% germination, respectively. The independent life duration of seedlings from 'immature' seeds was 6 days shorter than 'mature' seeds (19 days). Cuscuta chinensis formed haustoria on chilli and tomato, but not on rice seedlings. Infection with three C. chinensis seedlings per host plant reduced leaf area, dry weight, carbon and nitrogen content by 78–84% and 27–44% in tomato and chilli plants, respectively. Dry weight of C. chinensis was 0.63 g per pot in tomato, and 0.24 g per pot in chilli. Carbon and nitrogen content of C. chinensis was 0.189 and 0.028 g per pot, respectively, when grown with tomato. When it was grown with chilli, the carbon and nitrogen content of C. chinensis was 0.001 and 0.007 g per pot, respectively. Cuscuta chinensis reduced the fruit yield of tomato and chilli by 72 and 29%, respectively. The results indicated that tomato is a preferred host of C. chinensis compared with chilli, and rice is not preferred. In the host–parasite associations, C. chinensis suppressed growth and yield of chilli and tomato by diverting the elaborated products of metabolism of the hosts.     

Photosynthetic and accessory pigments in Cuscuta campestris Yuncker and some host species

Photosynthetic and accessory pigments (chlorophyll a and b, a and ß carotenes and xanthophylls) were evaluated in Cuscuta campestris Yuncker during the course of its biological cycle, taking into account both autotrophic and heterotrophic phases, and different parts of the parasite. Chloroplast activity in C. campestris was measured and comparisons were made with the chloroplast activity in Beta vulgaris L. and Convolvulus arvensis L. The effects of parasitization of C. campestris on the main and accessory photosynthetic pigments of B. vulgaris were also evaluated. Finally, a hypothesis was formulated to explain the different distribution of pigments in different parts and at different stages of the growth cycle in C. campestris and its chloroplast activity. Pigments photosynthétiques principaux et accessoires chez Cuscuta campestris Yuncker et des espèces hôtes Les pigments photosynthétiques principaux et accessoires (chlorophylles a et b, α et β carotènes, xanthophylles) ont été déterminés chez Cuscuta campestris Yuncker durant son cycle biologique. Les phases auttorophes et hétérotrophes ont été prises en compte et les mesures ont porté sur différentes parties des plantes. L'activité chloroplastique a été déterminée chez C. campestris et a été comparéà celles de Beta vulgaris L. et de Convolvulus arvensis L. Les conséquences du parasitisme de C. campestris sur les pigments principaux et accessoires de B. vulgaris ont aussi étéétudiées. Enfin, une hypothèse a été avancée pour expliquer les différences de distribution des pigments dans les différentes parties de C. campestrisà divers stades de son cycle biologique, ainsi que son activité chloroplastique. Photosynthese- und akzessorische Pigmentre in Cuscuta campestris Yuncker und einigen Wirstspflanzenarten Bei Cuscuta campestris Yuncker wurden im Verlaufe ihres Lebenszyklus die Photosynthese- und akzessorischen Pigmenten (Chlorophyll a und b, a- und ß-Karotin, Xanthophylle) sowohl in autotrophen als auch heterotrophen Phasen und in verschiedenen Pflanzenteilen untersucht. Die Chloroplastenaktivität wurde gemessen und mit der von Beta vulgaris L. und Convolvulus arvensis L. vergleichen. Die Wirkung der Parasitierung von Cuscuta campestris auf die Photosynthese-Pigmente von Beta vulgaris wurd erfaßt. Eine Hypothese über die Chloroplastenaktivität und zur verschiedenen Verteilung der Pigmente in den verschiedenen Pflanzenteilen und in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien von Cuscuta campestris wurde formuliert.     

西瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对来自新疆等4个省区的14个西瓜品种进行种子带菌检测、分离纯化和鉴定,并测定了7种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子带菌的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群主要为青霉属Penicillium spp.、根霉属Rhizopus spp.、曲霉属Aspergillus spp.、交链孢属Alternaria spp.和镰孢属Fusarium spp.;种子内部寄藏真菌主要为青霉属、根霉属和曲霉属;不同品种之间种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,种子内部寄藏真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15% FDDF ·霜·福悬浮种衣剂、福美双和代森锰锌对种子带菌消毒效果优于多菌灵、敌磺钠、 FDDF 霉灵、拌种灵和甲霜灵。     

Relative abundance of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoids,and the impact of augmentative release of Eretmocerus spp. (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on the population dynamics of the pest in Burkina Faso (West Africa)

Whitefly infestations and parasitism were monitored year-round in overlapping cotton crops sown on three dates in Burkina Faso. The relative abundance of B. tabaci (Gennadius) and its parasitoids, Eretmocerus spp. and Encarsia spp., was recorded in control and insecticide-sprayed plots. Low B. tabaci populations developed during the first half of the rainy season. Pest populations increased when rainfall was ending, and the levels reached were higher in insecticide-treated plots (48 nymphs/leaf) than in control plots (25 nymphs/leaf). Parasitism reached 88.7% in control plots, and 53.7% in insecticide-treated plots. Eretmocerus spp. nymphs were more abundant than Encarsia spp. in both treated and control plots. A positive and significant curvilinear relationship was observed where % parasitism, on a linear scale, rose to a plateau with logarithmic increase in host density. In general % parasitism was correlated with the abundance of pest populations except in March and April where parasitism increased while B. tabaci populations decreased. In a separate experiment, adult Eretmocerus spp. were released into caged cotton plants to study the impact of augmentative releases of the parasites on the population dynamics of the pest. Pest densities increased from 1.47 nymphs/leaf to 39.4 nymphs/leaf in the control, but were reduced to 0.8 and 0.6 nymphs/leaf in the cages where, respectively, 4 and 8 parasitoids were released per plant. It appears that parasitism is an important factor reducing B. tabaci populations during and after the cotton-growing season, and that Eretmocerus spp. are promising biological control candidates against the pest in cotton.     

入侵杂草虉草在云南的发生、危害和防除状况调查

采用倒置"W"九点取样法和5级目测法,调查了云南冬季作物田杂草虉草的发生和危害状况。结果表明,截至2017年在云南有7个地州33个区县发现有虉草危害,其中保山地区危害最为严重,占全省受害面积的92%,其次是大理白族自治州。虉草在冬季作物田大麦、小麦、油菜和蚕豆田均有发生。危害的虉草有两个种,分别是小籽虉草Phalaris minor和奇异虉草P.paradoxa。其中小籽虉草的发生较为普遍,奇异虉草为零星发生。虉草造成的危害指数在6%~50%之间,对农作物造成的产量损失在40~110kg/667m2之间。虉草的防除以化学防除为主,人工防除为辅,但目前尚缺乏经济有效的防除农田虉草的除草剂。