基于~1H-NMR技术的产后卵巢静止奶牛乳清和血清代谢谱分析

旨在应用代谢组学技术筛选产后卵巢静止奶牛乳清和血清的差异代谢物,明确其与奶牛卵巢静止的关系。本研究选取产后45～60 d的正常发情奶牛和卵巢静止奶牛各14头进行试验。应用一维氢谱核磁共振(~1H-NMR)技术对两组奶牛的乳清和血清进行检测,结合多元统计分析和单变量分析,筛选出组间差异代谢物,并进行生物信息学分析,阐明差异代谢物参与的代谢通路与奶牛卵巢静止的关系。结果表明,在乳清和血清中分别筛选出13种差异代谢物。与发情奶牛相比,卵巢静止奶牛乳清中6种差异代谢物含量升高:琥珀酸、磷酸肌酸、甘氨酸、肌醇、乙醇酸、乳清酸,7种下降:丙氨酸、肌酐、磷酸胆碱、乳糖、牛磺酸、半乳糖、葡萄糖-1-磷酸;血清中4种差异代谢物升高:β-羟丁酸、乙酸、谷氨酰胺、甘氨酸,9种降低:丙氨酸、琥珀酸、柠檬酸、肌酐、磷酸胆碱、葡萄糖、肌醇、酪氨酸、组氨酸。两组奶牛乳清差异代谢物主要参与牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、半乳糖代谢、原代胆汁酸生物合成等。血清差异代谢物主要参与丙氨酸、天冬氨酸和谷氨酸代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢、柠檬酸循环、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成等。本研究获得了卵巢静止奶牛乳清和血清的代谢谱及其差异代谢物,结果表明了主要的糖代谢、脂代谢和氨基酸代谢的异常途径在奶牛产后卵巢静止发生中所起的作用,为今后深入研究奶牛产后卵巢静止发生机制和防治策略提供了新的方向。     

基因代谢组学研究谷物日粮对奶牛瘤胃健康的影响

奶牛泌乳前期,饲喂高谷物日粮易导致代谢紊乱。为了揭示谷物日粮对瘤胃健康和奶牛代谢紊乱的机理,本试验选取8头奶牛,饲喂4种谷物(0%、15%、30%、45%)日粮,采集瘤胃液,利用核磁共振、气质联用仪、流动注射串联质谱,最终鉴定并定量了93种代谢物。多元统计分析结果表明,45%谷物日粮条件下瘤胃代谢物与其他3种日粮(0%、15%、30%)明显不同;试验期第1天和最后1天的瘤胃代谢物也显著不同,说明11 d的预饲期偏短。饲喂高精料日粮时,瘤胃多种毒性及炎性物质,如腐胺、甲胺、乙醇胺和短链脂肪酸,均有增加;多种氨基酸如苯丙氨酸、鸟氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸、缬氨酸、苯乙酰甘氨酸也有变化。本试验结果显示,利用多种代谢组平台进行研究可以更加深入的揭示日粮对瘤胃代谢物的影响,有助于认识谷物日粮对奶牛健康的影响。     

奶牛围产期瘤胃菌群变化及影响因素研究进展

奶牛围产期定义为分娩前3周至分娩后3周,其特征是动物生理发生剧烈变化,同时导致各种疾病的发病率增高。瘤胃菌群与奶牛健康密切相关,而围产期奶牛从高纤维饮食向低纤维饮食的转变会导致瘤胃菌群的剧烈变化,了解围产期瘤胃菌群结构、组成及变化规律,对于围产期奶牛饲养管理及疾病防控至关重要。影响围产期瘤胃菌群变化的因素有很多,如品种、胎次、日粮、饲料添加剂以及疾病因素等。论文综述了围产期奶牛瘤胃菌群组成、变化及影响瘤胃菌群变化的最新研究进展,可以指导围产期奶牛饲养管理策略,也可以为进一步研究通过围产期瘤胃菌群调控提高奶牛生产性能、预防围产期疾病提供参考。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒耐受性不同的奶牛血浆和乳中脂肪酸及代谢物组成分析

为比较研究对亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（SARA）耐受性不同的奶牛血浆和乳中代谢组的差异，试验选用12头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期荷斯坦奶牛［泌乳天数=（114±22） d］，饲喂精粗比为4∶6的全混合日粮。在试验期第20和21天晨饲后0、2、4、6、8和12 h监测瘤胃pH值，在早晚饲喂前收集奶样，晨饲6 h后采集颈静脉血，用于测定脂肪酸及代谢物组成。基于奶牛瘤胃平均pH值高低，将奶牛分为SARA易感组（SUS，瘤胃pH=5.76，n=4）和SARA耐受组（TOL，瘤胃pH=6.10，n=4）。脂肪酸测定结果分析显示，与TOL组相比，SUS组奶牛血液及乳中的碳链长度≤C16的脂肪酸含量显著增高（P<0.05），而>C16的脂肪酸的含量显著降低（P<0.05），乳中饱和脂肪酸及单不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著降低（P<0.05）。血浆代谢组结果显示， SUS组奶牛血浆中L-苯丙酮酸水平显著降低（P<0.05），而MG（18：0/0：0/0：0）、9-HODE、12（13） Ep-9-KODE、烟酰胺、异戊基肉碱、磷酸肌酸和L-谷氨酸水平显著升高（P<0.05）。乳代谢组分析结果显示，与TOL组比较，SUS组奶牛乳中的1-硬脂酰磷酸甘油丝氨酸和鞘氨醇水平显著升高（P<0.05），而甘油磷酰基乙醇胺、3-磷酸甘油和乳清酸等其他14个差异代谢物水平显著降低（P<0.05），这些差异代谢物主要涉及甘油磷脂代谢、甘油脂代谢及泛酸与辅酶A代谢等代谢途径。综上所述，SARA耐受性不同的奶牛的血浆和乳中脂肪酸及代谢物组成存在较大差异，SUS组奶牛血浆中氨基酸代谢活动增加，乳腺的乳脂从头合成能力较强，而从血液中摄取长链脂肪酸能力减弱，与此同时，易感奶牛乳中磷脂、乳清酸等营养物质水平下降，乳品质下降。     

亚急性瘤胃酸中毒对泌乳奶牛血浆生化指标及代谢组的影响研究

本试验旨在探究亚急性瘤胃酸中毒（subacute rumen acidosis, SARA）对泌乳奶牛血液生化指标和血浆代谢组的影响。试验选用8头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的泌乳中期奶牛,随机分成对照组（CON）（n=4）和处理组（SARA）（n=4）,CON组与SARA组分别饲喂精粗比为4∶6和6∶4的全混合日粮,试验周期为3周。于试验期每周最后一天晨饲后0、2、4、6、8和12 h进行瘤胃pH的测定,同时在pH测定当天晨饲后6 h采集颈静脉血样,用于血液生化指标和代谢组的分析。结果表明,与CON组相比,SARA组的瘤胃pH显著降低（P=0.002）,两组干物质采食量没有显著差异（P=0.524）。血浆生化指标结果显示,与CON组比较,SARA组奶牛的β-羟丁酸浓度显著降低（P=0.007）,甘油三酯浓度显著升高（P=0.014）。采用液相-质谱（LC-MS）联用技术对血浆进行代谢组学分析,主成分分析（PCA）和偏最小二乘法分析（PLS-DA）结果显示,SARA组奶牛血浆代谢物组成较CON组发生明显变化,两组间共检测到26种差异代谢物（VIP>1 & FDR<0.05）,与CON组相比,SARA组奶牛血浆中的7-酮脱氧胆酸、脱氧胆酸、胆酸、12-酮脱氧胆酸、12（13）Ep-9-KODE、12,13-DHOME和L-天冬酰胺代谢物含量显著升高（FDR<0.05）,而十一烷二酸、十六烷二酸、9-HODE、血氧烷B3、PGE2、L-精氨酸、L-色氨酸、L-苏氨酸、异丁酰甘氨酸、异戊酰甘氨酸、马尿酸、4-羟基马尿酸和6-磷酸-2-脱氢-D-葡萄糖酸酯等代谢物含量显著降低（FDR<0.05）。综上,与CON组比较,SARA组奶牛的脂代谢、氨基酸代谢和糖代谢发生显著变化,这些物质可作为SARA潜在的生物标志物。     

母带犊牛与离母犊牛的血清代谢组学差异

本试验旨在比较母带犊牛和离母犊牛的血清代谢组学差异,为开发犊牛代乳粉提供方向。挑选8头健康且体重[（13.88±0.54） kg]接近的新生犊牛（牦牛■×犏牛♀）为母带犊牛组,犊牛随母哺乳;另外挑选8头体重[（13.75±0.82） kg]接近的新生犊牛（牦牛■×犏牛♀）为离母犊牛组,犊牛饲喂代乳粉。2组犊牛10 d后自由采食相同饲粮。试验期90 d。试验结束当天晨饲前对2组犊牛进行采血,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆飞行时间质谱（UPLC-QTOF/MS）对血清样品进行代谢组学分析。以差异倍数（FC）、变量重要性投影（VIP）和t检验P值作为筛选依据,筛选标准为FC<0.5或FC>1.5、VIP>1和P<0.01。结果表明,共筛选出DL-3苯乳酸、D-山梨糖醇和橙皮素等共30个差异代谢物（FC<0.5或FC>1.5、VIP>1和P<0.01）。差异代谢物通路分析表明,与血清代谢物的改变最为相关的是D-谷氨酰胺和D-谷氨酸代谢、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、精氨酸和脯氨酸的代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢以及谷胱甘肽代谢5条代谢通路。离母犊牛血清中具有抑菌作...     

补喂L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对伊犁马3600m速度赛赛前赛后血浆中代谢物的影响

本试验旨在探究补喂L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸对伊犁马3 600 m速度赛赛前赛后血浆中代谢物的影响。选取15匹年龄为2岁、体重[(388.88±23.24) kg]相近、经过严格训练的速度赛用伊犁马,分为3组,每组5匹(3♂+2♀),每日进行等强度训练,对照组补喂123 g/(匹·d) L-丙氨酸,L-精氨酸组补喂60 g/(匹·d) L-精氨酸,N-氨甲酰谷氨酸组补喂12 g/(匹·d) N-氨甲酰谷氨酸和112 g/(匹·d) L-丙氨酸,在试验第28天进行3 600 m速度赛,采集赛前2 h、赛后即刻和赛后2 h血液样品,利用液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)分析技术测定血浆中代谢物。结果显示:与对照组相比,L-精氨酸组伊犁马赛前2 h血浆柠檬酸、赛后即刻血浆α-酮己二酸、赛后2 h血浆D-葡萄糖-6-磷酸含量显著升高(P0.05),赛后即刻血浆乳酸含量显著降低(P0.05); N-氨甲酰谷氨酸组赛后即刻血浆乳酸含量显著降低(P0.05)。与对照组相比,L-精氨酸组赛前2 h血浆精氨酸、乙酰谷氨酸、谷氨酰脯氨酸含量显著升高(P0.05),血浆谷氨酰胺含量显著降低(P0.05),赛后即刻血浆鸟氨酸、乙酰谷氨酸和脯氨酰胺含量显著升高(P0.05); N-氨甲酰谷氨酸组赛前2 h血浆精氨酸含量显著升高(P0.05)。此外,与对照组相比,L-精氨酸组、N-氨甲酰谷氨酸组赛前2 h血浆亮氨酸、色氨酸、5-羟色氨酸含量显著升高(P0.05)。本试验应用非靶向代谢组学技术,筛选出了补喂L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸后伊犁马3 600 m速度赛赛前赛后血浆中差异性表达代谢物,揭示出补喂L-精氨酸或N-氨甲酰谷氨酸能够促进伊犁马运动能量代谢,影响氨基酸代谢,促进精氨酸内源性合成和精氨酸向脯氨酸的代谢。     

不同瘤胃保护性胆碱对围产后期奶牛酮病发病率和血液代谢指标的影响

本试验通过尼龙袋降解试验和饲喂试验,比较两种过瘤胃胆碱的干物质降解率和胆碱保护率及其对围产期奶牛酮病发病率和血液代谢指标的影响。研究分为两个部分：试验一使用尼龙袋法在瘤胃瘘管奶牛上对两种过瘤胃胆碱（A为对照组,B为试验组）的干物质降解率和胆碱保护率进行测定。试验二选取广西某规模化奶牛场的围产牛,采用分阶段对比试验设计,于产前21d开始至分娩分别饲喂含过瘤胃氯化胆碱A和过瘤胃氯化胆碱B的日粮;试验期间全混合日粮（TMR）配方保持不变。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组胆碱的瘤胃干物质降解率较低,过瘤胃保护率较高。试验组奶牛酮病发病率较低;在产后14d和21d,试验组奶牛血液葡萄糖浓度显著增加。综上,根据瘤胃保护率、奶牛酮病发病率和血液代谢试验结果可知,试验组过瘤胃胆碱优于对照组。     

基于UPLC-Q-TOF MS代谢组学技术筛选表征奶牛产后异食癖的候选生物标识物

旨在筛选表征奶牛产后异食沙土的生物标志物。本试验共采集29份产后15～22 d血浆样品,根据奶牛产后有无异食沙土现象,结合血钙浓度进行分组,其中13头产后有异食现象的奶牛血浆样品为试验组,16头健康奶牛血浆样品为对照组,采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF MS)代谢组学技术探讨2组血浆代谢轮廓和代谢物的变化趋势。主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)结果显示,试验组代谢轮廓较对照组发生明显变化,正、负离子下共筛选出28种差异代谢物,其中21种代谢物水平显著降低(P0.05),7种代谢物水平显著升高(P0.05);ROC曲线进一步考察这些差异代谢物对分类的识别能力,结果显示仅有11种代谢物对2组血浆具有显著的区分能力。综上表明,乙酰肉碱、DL-苯丙氨酸、2-八烯酸、辛酸、癸酸、D-泛醇、NG,NG-二甲基-L-精氨酸(ADMA)、雄烯二酮、脯氨酸-酪氨酸、异亮氨酸-丝氨酸、精氨酸-缬氨酸可作为表征奶牛产后是否有异食现象的潜在生物标志物,为研究奶牛产后异食沙土的预防提供新的方法和思路。     

开食料中玉米加工方式对羔羊血清生化指标和瘤胃代谢组的影响

本试验旨在研究含不同加工方式玉米(粉碎玉米和蒸汽压片玉米)的2种开食料对羔羊血清生化指标和瘤胃代谢组的影响。选取24只体重相近的8日龄湖羊公羔24只，随机分为2组(每组12只),分别饲喂含粉碎玉米和蒸汽压片玉米的开食料。每组分别在断奶前(21日龄)、后(42日龄)随机选取6只羔羊，采血(每组6个样本)测定血清生化指标，随后屠宰收集瘤胃内容物(断奶前每组5个样本，断奶后每组6个样本),采用液相色谱-质谱联用技术进行代谢组学分析，并结合主成分分析和偏最小二乘判别分析，以变量投影重要度(VIP)>1.0、差异倍数(FC)>2或FC<0.5且P<0.05为标准筛选2组羔羊瘤胃内的差异代谢物，用KEGG数据库研究差异代谢物的功能和代谢通路，以P<0.05作为关键代谢通路的判别标准。结果显示：蒸汽压片玉米组羔羊血清中尿素氮和β-羟丁酸的浓度在断奶前、后均显著高于粉碎玉米组(P<0.05)。2组羔羊在断奶前、后共有862个代谢物发生显著变化(P<0.05),蒸汽压片玉米组分别有458(高于)和404个(低于)代谢物的相对浓度与粉碎玉米组显著不同(P<0...     

Metagenomic profiles of the rumen microbiota during the transition period in low‐yield and high‐yield dairy cows

We investigated potential relationships between rumen microbiota and milk production in dairy cows during the transition period. Twelve dairy cows were divided into a low‐yield (LY) or high‐yield (HY) group based on their milk yield. Rumen samples were taken from dairy cows at 3 weeks before parturition, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after parturition. 16S rDNA‐based metagenomic analysis showed that diversities of rumen microbiota in both groups were similar and the number of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) was lower in the postpartum than prepartum period in both groups. The abundance of Bacteroidetes and ratio of Bacteroidetes:Firmicutes was higher in the HY than the LY group. OTUs assigned to Prevotella bryantii, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, and Succinivibrio sp. were abundant in the HY group. These OTUs were significantly related to the propionate molar proportion of rumen fluids in the HY group. OTUs assigned to Lachnospiraceae, Bifidobacterium sp. and Saccharofermentans were dominant in the LY group. Predictive functional profiling revealed that abundance of gene families involved in amino acid and vitamin metabolism was higher in the HY than the LY group. These results suggest that the community structure and fermentation products of rumen microbiota could be associated with milk production of dairy cows.     

归芪益母复方制剂对产后奶牛瘤胃微生物和短链脂肪酸的调节

本试验旨在探究归芪益母复方制剂对产后奶牛瘤胃微生物和短链脂肪酸的调节作用。将19头待产的健康荷斯坦奶牛随机分为两组,对照组10头,试验组9头。试验组奶牛产后每天灌服归芪益母复方制剂500 mL,对照组奶牛每天灌服等体积饮用水,连续6 d。产后第7天晨饲前采集瘤胃液,采用16S rRNA高通量测序和GC-MS/MS靶向代谢组学技术对两组奶牛瘤胃菌群的丰度和短链脂肪酸的含量进行了测定。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验组奶牛瘤胃变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、Escherichia-Shigella属和拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)的菌群丰度极显著升高(P<0.01),乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和Subdoligranulum属菌群丰度显著升高(P<0.05)。试验组奶牛瘤胃丙酸(P<0.05)和异丁酸(P<0.01)含量明显升高。本研究从瘤胃微生物菌群及短链脂肪酸角度揭示了归芪益母方对产后奶牛的保健机制。     

泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃微生物与牛奶脂肪酸组成的变化

旨在研究泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃微生物与牛奶脂肪酸组成的变化。本试验选取江苏省某奶牛场胎次、泌乳天数及产奶量相近的50头荷斯坦奶牛,收集泌乳7和30 d的奶样和瘤胃液样品,测定采食量、产奶量、乳成分及乳脂肪酸含量,同时采用16S rRNA测序技术分析瘤胃微生物的组成。结果表明,泌乳7 d的干物质采食量（15.79 kg·d^-1）和产奶量（26.81 kg）均极显著低于泌乳30 d的干物质采食量（18.87 kg·d^-1）和产奶量（37.47 kg）（P<0.01）,而泌乳7 d的乳脂率、乳蛋白率和体细胞评分均极显著高于泌乳30 d （P<0.01）;泌乳7 d乳中的C6：0、C8：0、C10：0、C12：0、C14：0、C14：1trans9、C14：1cis9、C15：1trans10、中链脂肪酸（MCFA）和饱和脂肪酸（SFA）的含量显著低于泌乳30 d （P<0.05）,相反地,C17：0、C17：1cis10、C18：1trans6、C18：1trans11、C18：1cis9、C18：1cis11、C19：1trans10、C22：5cis4,7,10,13,16、长链脂肪酸（LCFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和反式脂肪酸（TRANS）的比例显著高于泌乳30 d （P<0.05）。16S rRNA测序结果表明,泌乳7和30 d奶牛瘤胃细菌的丰富度与多样性未发生显著变化（P>0.05）。在属水平上,泌乳7 d奶牛瘤胃内的瘤胃梭菌属（Ruminiclostridium_1）、瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014和Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005）、梭菌属（Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1）、小杆菌属（Dialister）丰度显著低于泌乳30 d （P<0.05）,而球藻菌属（Sphaerochaeta）、弯曲菌属（Campylobacter）和真细菌（Eubacterium_saphenum_group）属的丰度显著高于泌乳30 d （P<0.05）。此外,牛奶脂肪酸与瘤胃微生物组数据关联分析显示,瘤胃微生物对乳中MCFA含量影响较小,纤维素降解细菌（Ruminiclostridium_1、Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005）与乳中C17：0、C18：1trans6、C18：1trans11和C19：1trans10的含量显著负相关（P<0.05）。综上所述,奶牛泌乳早期在生理和采食量上发生了变化,导致瘤胃微生物组成发生改变,进而引起微生物代谢产物和代谢路径发生变化,最终引起产奶量和乳成分的变化,本研究为解析瘤胃微生物调控乳脂代谢机制提供了科学依据,也为产后奶牛营养调控和提高原料乳品质提供了理论基础。     

A quantitative study on arginine catabolism by mixed ruminal bacteria,protozoa and their mixture in vitro

The catabolism of arginine (Arg) by mixed rumen bacteria (B), mixed rumen protozoa (P), and their mixture (BP) was quantitatively investigated in an in vitro system in order to confirm the metabolic pathway of Arg and provide basic information for enzymatic and molecular studies as well as an understanding of the quantitative distribution of metabolites. Rumen microbial suspensions (B, P, and BP) collected from fistulated goats were anaerobically incubated with or without 1 mmol/L Arg at 39°C for 12 h. Arg and other related compounds such as citrulline (Cit), ornithine (Orn), proline (Pro) and 5‐aminovaleric acid (5AV) in both supernatant and hydrolyzates of B, P, and BP suspensions were analyzed by HPLC. The metabolic pathways of Arg in mixed rumen bacteria and mixed rumen protozoa were considered to be as follows: rumen bacteria, Arg → Cit → Orn → Pro → 5AV → VFAs + NH₃; rumen protozoa, Arg → Cit → Orn → Pro → 5AV. The disappearance of Arg (1 mmol/L) was approximately 52.9 and 88.2% in B, 33.9 and 55.6% in P, and 52.8 and 85.2% in BP during 6 and 12 h incubations, respectively. When expressed in units of ‘per gram (g) of microbial nitrogen (MN)’, the net degradation rate of Arg in BP (50.3 µmol/g MN/h) was approximately 46% lower than that of B during a 12 h incubation period. The presence of protozoa tended to inhibit the production of Orn from Cit and the production of 5AV from Pro which were thought to be rate‐limiting steps of Arg metabolism in rumen microorganisms. As a result, protozoa appeared to have a saving effect on Arg metabolism, that is, protozoa protected Arg from wasteful exhaustion in the rumen.     

过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响

为研究不同过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物对奶牛产奶量及乳成分的影响,试验选择胎次(3～5胎)、产奶量、产犊日期相近,体重(600±20)kg健康荷斯坦泌乳高峰期奶牛24头,随机分为4组,每组6头。1组为对照组,饲喂牛场常规日粮;2、3、4组为试验组,分别在常规日粮基础上添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ500 g/(d.头)。正式期60 d。结果表明:奶牛日粮中添加过瘤胃氨基酸高能复合物后,均可明显提高奶牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及乳中总干物质含量。尤其是复合物Ⅲ,添加效果最为理想,平均日产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率及总干物质含量分别比对照组提高21.19%(P<0.05)、21.31%(P<0.05)、9.72%(P<0.05)和10.34%(P<0.05),平均日校正乳产量提高35.70%(P<0.05)。     

Association of rumen fill score and energy status during the close‐up dry period with conception at first artificial insemination in dairy cows

Recent studies have shown significant associations between prepartum energy status and postpartum fertility in dairy cows; therefore, the assessment of energy status by blood metabolites and metabolic hormones and suitable improvement of management during the prepartum period may enhance reproductive performance. Rumen fill score (RFS) is associated with feed intake; however, it is unknown whether RFS is also related to blood parameters. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between RFS and energy status during the prepartum period, and their associations with conception at first artificial insemination (AI) after parturition. In 42 multiparous Holstein cows, RFS assessment and blood sampling were carried out twice a week during 3 weeks of the peripartum period. Ovarian cycles until AI were evaluated by measuring milk progesterone levels. Before calving, positive correlations were observed between RFS and total cholesterol, and RFS did not change in pregnant cows at first AI after parturition, whereas in non‐pregnant cows, RFS decreased gradually as the calving day approached. After calving, non‐pregnant cows showed lower energy status compared with pregnant cows, and some non‐pregnant cows showed anovulation and cessation of estrous cycle. In conclusion, RFS during the close‐up dry period is related to real‐time energy status, and is associated with postpartum energy status and conception at first AI in dairy cows. © 2016 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

Effect of rumen‐protected choline and methionine on physiological and metabolic disorders and reproductive indices of dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding different levels of ruminally protected methionine and choline on the incidence of physiological and metabolic disorders, production, and some of the reproductive indices of Holstein dairy cows. Forty Holstein dairy cows in their first and second lactation were used from 4‐week pre‐partum through 20‐week post‐partum and randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: 18 g/day of rumen‐protected methionine (RPM), 60 g/day of rumen‐protected choline (RPC), 18 g/day of RPM + 60 g/day of RPC, and neither supplement (control). The treatments significantly affected services per conception and open days of lactating dairy cows (p < 0.05), but did not affect significantly on days to first oestrus and number of pregnant cows. RPM + RPC‐fed cows had the lowest open days, days to first oestrus and services per conception compared with other groups. The effect of treatments was significant on the incidence of metabolic and physiological problems except for foot/leg problems. Cows fed RPM+RPC had the lowest health problems compared with other groups (p < 0.05). Results indicate that the supplementation of RPM and RPC can improve reproductive performance and health status of dairy cows.     

基于非靶向代谢组学分析黄芪多糖对热应激奶牛血清代谢的影响

旨在通过测定注射黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharides,APS)后热应激奶牛血清代谢组学,分析血清差异代谢物及代谢通路,为APS缓解奶牛热应激作用提供参考依据.选取6头健康的荷斯坦奶牛,颈部肌肉注射APS注射液(30mL/d),连续注射4d,停止3d为1个周期,试验期共3个周期.试验期前后采集奶...     

瘤胃异常代谢产物脂多糖对奶牛血浆中代谢产物和激素的影响及其机制

当奶牛饲粮中精饲料水平提高时,瘤胃液pH下降,奶牛常会发生亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),瘤胃内产生大量异常代谢产物,其中主要是细菌内毒素脂多糖(LPS).在SARA时期,外周血液中的LPS浓度升高,可导致奶牛发生一系列免疫应答,奶牛代谢也发生相应的变化.血浆葡萄糖、非酯化脂肪酸浓度升高,血浆氨基酸、β-羟丁酸、胆固醇和矿物质的浓度发生变化,血浆中的各种激素水平也会发生变化.这些代谢变化进而影响奶牛产奶量、乳脂和乳蛋白含量.本文对LPS对奶牛血浆代谢产物和激素水平的影响进行综述,并就其机制进行探讨.     

Non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in dairy cattle. A review

The objective of this report is to review the literature on elevated blood concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) before and after parturition in high-yielding dairy cows. It highlights the factors that influence serum NEFA production and their circulation before and after parturition, such as adaptation for nutrient partitioning for fetal needs, onset of lactogenesis, stress of calving and numerous changes in physiological, metabolic, and endocrine status to accommodate parturition and lactogenesis. The role of NEFA in the liver and peripheral tissues and its toxic effects when in excess are discussed. The cow's adaptive physiologic mechanisms to prevent or decrease excessive values of serum NEFA and preventive and therapeutic interventions to enhance these mechanisms are categorized as natural and artificial antidotes respectively. Feeding systems during the dry period and daily exercise or walking activity which may burn excessive NEFA through beta-oxidation in the muscles are considered as more useful antidotes to managing the NEFA metabolism. This will minimize accumulation of lipids in the liver during early lactation and alleviate the negative effects of plasma NEFA leading to more optimal metabolic health and productivity of dairy cows.