Sirt2在哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟过程的调节作用与机制研究

卵母细胞体外成熟是实施哺乳动物胚胎生物技术的基础,其成熟质量对体外受精及体细胞核移植效率至关重要,但目前卵母细胞体外成熟效率远低于体内成熟。Sirt2是一种烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶,可通过催化不同底物去乙酰化,参与调控微管动力学、染色体排列、氧化应激及能量代谢等多种生理过程。近年来,关于Sirt2调节哺乳动物卵母细胞发育能力的相关研究受到越来越多的关注。本文主要综述了Sirt2的生物学特性和在哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟过程中的作用与调节机制,旨在为提高哺乳动物卵母细胞质量及胚胎发育提供参考。     

AREG对绵羊小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

旨在研究双调蛋白(AREG)对绵羊小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)的影响。本研究从屠宰场绵羊卵巢上采集小腔和中腔卵泡的卵母细胞进行试验,利用自发荧光检测卵母细胞的NAD(P)H和FAD~(++)水平,利用JC-1检测卵母细胞的线粒体膜电位;两种来源的卵母细胞经体外成熟后,比较其卵丘扩展指数(CEI)、第一极体排出率(MII%);比较AREG、AREG+GDF9、AREG+BMP15、AREG+GDF9+BMP15、GDF9+BMP15对小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的CEI、MII%及卵母细胞线粒体膜电位的影响;检测了AREG+GDF9+BMP15对小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的NAD(P)H和FAD~(++)水平及其受精后发育能力的影响。结果表明,成熟前,小腔卵泡卵母细胞的线粒体膜电位和FAD~(++)水平均显著低于中腔卵泡卵母细胞(P0.05);体外成熟培养后,小腔卵泡卵母细胞的CEI和MII%均显著低于中腔卵泡卵母细胞(P0.05)。与对照组相比,AREG+GDF9+BMP15显著提高了小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的CEI、MII%和线粒体膜电位(P0.05),且与中腔卵泡卵母细胞组差异不显著(P0.05);另外,AREG+GDF9+BMP15显著提高了小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的NAD(P)H和FAD~(++)水平(P0.05),且与中腔卵泡卵母细胞组差异不显著(P0.05)。与对照组相比,在成熟液中添加AREG+GDF9+BMP15可以明显提高小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外受精后的卵裂率和囊胚率(分别为(43.79±3.69)%、(28.54±4.31)%和(78.99±1.12)%、(47.46±2.50)%,P0.05),而且与中腔卵泡卵母细胞组无显著差异(P0.05)。综上表明,绵羊小腔卵泡卵母细胞的代谢水平及IVM质量较低, AREG在GDF9和BMP15的协同作用下可以显著提高小腔卵泡卵母细胞的代谢水平及IVM质量,并进一步提高小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外受精后的发育能力。     

AREG对绵羊小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

旨在研究双调蛋白（AREG）对绵羊小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟（IVM）的影响。本研究从屠宰场绵羊卵巢上采集小腔和中腔卵泡的卵母细胞进行试验，利用自发荧光检测卵母细胞的NAD （P） H和FAD⁺⁺水平，利用JC-1检测卵母细胞的线粒体膜电位；两种来源的卵母细胞经体外成熟后，比较其卵丘扩展指数（CEI）、第一极体排出率（MII%）；比较AREG、AREG+GDF9、AREG+BMP15、AREG+GDF9+BMP15、GDF9+BMP15对小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的CEI、MII%及卵母细胞线粒体膜电位的影响；检测了AREG+GDF9+BMP15对小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的NAD （P） H和FAD⁺⁺水平及其受精后发育能力的影响。结果表明，成熟前，小腔卵泡卵母细胞的线粒体膜电位和FAD⁺⁺水平均显著低于中腔卵泡卵母细胞（P<0.05）；体外成熟培养后，小腔卵泡卵母细胞的CEI和MII%均显著低于中腔卵泡卵母细胞（P<0.05）。与对照组相比，AREG+GDF9+BMP15显著提高了小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的CEI、MII%和线粒体膜电位（P<0.05），且与中腔卵泡卵母细胞组差异不显著（P>0.05）；另外，AREG+GDF9+BMP15显著提高了小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外成熟后的NAD （P） H和FAD⁺⁺水平（P<0.05），且与中腔卵泡卵母细胞组差异不显著（P>0.05）。与对照组相比，在成熟液中添加AREG+GDF9+BMP15可以明显提高小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外受精后的卵裂率和囊胚率（分别为（43.79±3.69）%、（28.54±4.31）%和（78.99±1.12）%、（47.46±2.50）%，P<0.05），而且与中腔卵泡卵母细胞组无显著差异（P>0.05）。综上表明，绵羊小腔卵泡卵母细胞的代谢水平及IVM质量较低， AREG在GDF9和BMP15的协同作用下可以显著提高小腔卵泡卵母细胞的代谢水平及IVM质量，并进一步提高小腔卵泡卵母细胞体外受精后的发育能力。     

老化卵母细胞组蛋白翻译后修饰改变研究进展

哺乳动物的繁殖能力通常会随着年龄的增长而下降，同时伴随着卵母细胞质量变差。表观遗传变化是哺乳动物老化的标志，由于年龄增长或者排卵后未及时受精均会产生老化的卵母细胞，而组蛋白修饰改变是卵母细胞老化的重要原因。在老化卵母细胞内组蛋白乙酰化、甲基化的改变会影响卵母细胞成熟及后续胚胎发育，使其在体细胞核移植时表现为发育不佳。在实际生产中，年龄较大的动物易产生老化卵母细胞，使其繁殖能力降低，导致畜禽饲养经济效益下降。为了提高老龄动物繁殖能力，增加畜牧养殖场经济效益，笔者主要从组蛋白乙酰化、甲基化方面阐述老化卵母细胞中组蛋白修饰的改变，旨在为更好地探究卵母细胞老化机制提供参考。     

和厚朴酚对猪热应激卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

在成熟液中添加10μmol/L和厚朴酚,44 h后,检测卵母细胞中Sirt3蛋白表达、SOD2的乙酰化水平、活性氧水平、线粒体膜电位及孤雌激活胚胎的发育能力.结果 显示,在成熟液中加入和厚朴酚后,可显著提高热应激卵母细胞体外成熟率及其后续胚胎体外发育能力(P＜0.05).此外,在和厚朴酚作用下,卵母细胞中Sirt3蛋白...     

罗格列酮对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响

旨在研究体外培养中添加罗格列酮(Rosiglitazone, RSG)对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)的影响。收集4～6周龄雌性小鼠卵母细胞，随机分为对照组和20μmol/L RSG组。在饱和湿度，38.5℃、5%CO₂培养12 h,统计卵母细胞第一极体排出率。使用DCFH-DA检测卵母细胞内活性氧(ROS);采用CMF2HC检测卵母细胞内谷胱甘肽(GSH)水平；采用JC-1检测卵母细胞内线粒体膜电位；采用实时荧光定量PCR测定抗氧化相关基因的表达水平。结果显示，RSG组卵母细胞第一极体排出率相较于对照组显著提高(P<0.05);与对照组相比，RSG组ROS水平明显降低，GSH和线粒体膜电位水平显著升高(P<0.05)。本研究还发现，RSG组卵母细胞中抗氧化相关基因GPX-3、CAT和SOD-2的mRNA转录水平均显著提高(P<0.05)。结果表明，在体外成熟过程中添加RSG可以提高小鼠卵母细胞成熟率，降低细胞内ROS堆积，提高细胞内GSH水平、卵母细胞线粒体功能和抗氧化基因表达水平，缓解氧化应激造成的损伤，提高卵母细胞体外成熟质量。     

美科学家揭示细胞衰老新机制

美国斯坦福大学的研究小组最近发现，去乙酰化酶（sirtuin）家族成员之二SIRT6可能对延缓衰老起关键作用，以前人们一直认为，只有其“亲属”SIRT1才与衰老有关。研究人员还首次证明sirtuin能调控基因活动。     

SIRT3调节脂代谢和抗氧化防御研究进展

沉默信息调控因子2样蛋白3(SIRT3或Sirtuin3)是位于线粒体的主要去乙酰化酶,是机体脂代谢及抗氧化防御的重要调节者。SIRT3对脂肪酸β-氧化关键酶长链酰基CoA脱氢酶(LCAD)等进行脱乙酰化修饰调节脂代谢,还可活化AMPK通路调节脂代谢。SIRT3还可对抗氧化因子超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD/SOD2)和异柠檬酸脱氢酶2(IDH2)的赖氨酸活化位点脱乙酰化增强抗氧化防御。论文总结SIRT3在脂代谢和抗氧化防御的调节作用,以期为揭示能量代谢障碍性疾病的发病机制提供启示,进而为探寻防治新靶标奠定理论基础。     

季节对绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育能力的影响

试验采用梯度LH与E2的作用浓度比较卵母细胞的体外成熟率,并采用添加7.0μg/mLLH、1.3μg/mLE2研究季节性对绵羊卵母细胞体外成熟及胚胎发育能力的影响。结果表明:①LH与E2的作用浓度对非繁殖季节(5月)卵母细胞成熟率影响差异不显著(P>0.05),但以添加LH7.0μg/mL、E21.3μg/mL组卵母细胞成熟率较好。②LH与E2的作用浓度对繁殖季节(12月)卵母细胞成熟率影响差异不显著(P>0.05),以LH10.0μg/mL与E21.3μg/mL时卵母细胞成熟率较好。③湖羊和其他季节性发情绵羊卵母细胞的成熟率在繁殖季节(72.08%vs69.82%)与非繁殖季节(67.89%vs65.79%)差异不显著(P>0.05),但以繁殖季节的成熟率较高。④湖羊的卵母细胞在非繁殖季节与繁殖季节胚胎卵裂率(72.28%vs75.43%)、桑葚胚率(36.14%vs34.97%)差异不显著(P>0.05),繁殖季节囊胚率比非繁殖季节囊胚率偏高(16.18%vs14.40%)。     

猪卵母细胞线粒体分布及线粒体DNA拷贝数变化

本研究旨在观察猪卵母细胞线粒体分布及线粒体DNA拷贝数变化,以期作为判定哺乳动物卵母细胞胞质成熟的指标,同时也为今后克隆技术的发展和相关基因表达调控的研究提供基础.运用线粒体分子探针标记技术检测体外成熟不同时期卵母细胞中线粒体的分布变化,运用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其线粒体DNA拷贝数的变化趋势,揭示线粒体分布、线粒体DNA拷贝数变化与卵母细胞发育潜能的关系.结果表明,猪卵母细胞成熟前后,线粒体分布由未成熟的周边分布变为成熟后的均匀分布,并且线粒体簇变大,着色变深.卵母细胞成熟0、11、22 h的mtDNA拷贝数分别为(2 519.52士940.39)、(3 421.47士345.71)和(9 747.58士1 928.24),他们之间无显著性差异(P＞0.05).卵母细胞成熟33 h的mtDNA拷贝数为(39 913.61±1 180.26),显著高于成熟0、11和22 h的mtDNA拷贝数(P＜0.05).卵母细胞成熟44 h的mtDNA拷贝数为(130 074.30±78 119.45),显著高于成熟33 h的mtDNA拷贝数(P＜0.05).由此可见,随着卵母细胞成熟进程的推进,线粒体活性增强,线粒体DNA拷贝数明显增加.     

Resveratrol Improves the Mitochondrial Function and Fertilization Outcome of Bovine Oocytes

The aim of the present study was to address the effect of resveratrol-mediated upregulation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) during oocyte maturation on mitochondrial function, the developmental ability of oocytes and on mechanisms responsible for blockage of polyspermic fertilization. Oocytes collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries were cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with 10% FCS and 0 or 20 µM resveratrol (Res). We examined the effect of Res on SIRT1 expression in in vitro-matured oocytes (Exp 1); fertilization and developmental ability (Exp 2); mitochondrial DNA copy number (Mt number), ATP content and mitochondrial membrane potential in matured oocytes (Exp 3); and the time required for proteinase to dissolve the zona pellucida following in vitro fertilization (as a marker of zona pellucida hardening), as well as on the distribution of cortical granules before and after fertilization (Exp 4). In Exp 1, the 20 µM Res treatment upregulated protein expression of SIRT1 in oocytes. In Exp 2, Res treatment improved the ratio of normal fertilization and the total cell number of blastocysts. In Exp 3, Res treatment significantly increased the ATP content in matured oocytes. Additionally, Res increased the overall Mt number and mitochondrial membrane potential, but the effect was donor-dependent. In Exp 4, Res-induced zona hardening improved the distribution and exocytosis of cortical granules after in vitro fertilization. In conclusion, Res improved the quality of oocytes by improving mitochondrial quantity and quality. In addition, Res added to the maturation medium enhanced SIRT1 protein expression in oocytes and improved fertilization via reinforcement of the mechanisms responsible for blockage of polyspermic fertilization.     

Equine Aging and the Oocyte: A Potential Model for Reproductive Aging in Women

Numerous similarities in reproductive aging have been documented between the mare and woman. Aging is associated with a decline in fertility. In mares and women, oocyte transfer procedures were initially used to establish that oocyte donor age is associated with oocyte quality. Age-associated differences in oocytes include altered morphology, gene expression, and developmental potential. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to be important contributors to loss of oocyte quality. In the woman, aneuploidy is a primary consideration with maternal aging. Although misalignment of chromosomes during meiosis has been observed in the mare, less is known in this area. Reproductive aging will be reviewed in the mare and compared with the woman with emphasis on factors that affect oocyte quality and developmental potential. Areas in which the mare could be used as a research model to study reproductive aging in women will be highlighted.     

SIRT1对牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟与老化的影响

旨在探索SIRT1在牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟与老化过程中的作用。本研究在体外成熟液中分别添加SIRT1特异性激动剂SRT2104（SRT组）和特异性抑制剂Inauhzin（INZ组），牦牛卵丘卵母细胞复合体（COCs）体外培养24 h后，观察卵丘细胞的扩展和第一极体的排出情况；利用免疫荧光检测体外培养24与36 h后卵母细胞内的ROS水平；采用实时荧光定量PCR法检测体外培养24与36 h后卵母细胞内SIRT1、FOXO3a、SOD2以及Bax的表达水平；体外培养24与36 h后的牦牛卵母细胞进行体外受精，观察并统计其卵裂率与囊胚形成率。结果显示，体外培养24 h，SRT组的卵丘细胞扩展程度显著高于对照组（P<0.05），而INZ组的卵丘细胞扩展程度和第一极体排出率显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。随着体外培养时间的增加，卵母细胞内的ROS水平显著增加（P<0.05）；添加SRT2104能显著抑制卵母细胞中ROS水平的积累（P<0.05），而添加Inauhzin则显著上调卵母细胞内的ROS水平（P<0.05）。体外培养24 h后，SRT组SIRT1、FOXO3a与SOD2的表达水平显著高于对照组（P < 0.05），但Bax的表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）；INZ组的SIRT1、FOXO3a与SOD2表达均显著低于对照组（P<0.05），但Bax的表达水平显著上调（P<0.05）。牦牛卵母细胞体外培养24 h后，SRT组的卵裂率与囊胚形成率显著高于INZ组和对照组（P<0.05）；卵母细胞体外培养36 h后，INZ组的卵裂率和囊胚形成率显著低于其他组（P<0.05）。综上表明，SIRT1参与了牦牛卵母细胞的体外成熟，在体外培养液中适当添加SIRT1激动剂，有利于卵母细胞体外成熟及缓解老化，同时改善早期胚胎的发育能力。     

哺乳动物卵母细胞老化机制的研究进展

 哺乳动物卵母细胞的老化,导致胚胎非整倍体的比率和流产率增加。研究卵母细胞老化的机制,探讨延缓卵母细胞老化的措施,对提高卵母细胞体外成熟和受精效率等具有重要的理论意义。论文从卵母细胞老化的生物学特性、影响老化的因素以及延缓老化的措施等几个方面进行综述。     

Supplementing media with NAD+ precursors enhances the in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes

In vitro maturation (IVM) is an important reproductive technology used to produce embryos in vitro. However, the developmental potential of oocytes sourced for IVM is markedly lower than those matured in vivo. Previously, NAD⁺-elevating treatments have improved oocyte quality and embryo development in cattle and mice, suggesting that NAD⁺ is important during oocyte maturation. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. Porcine oocytes from small antral follicles were matured for 44 h in a defined maturation medium supplemented with NA, NAM and resveratrol or NMN. Mature oocytes were artificially activated and presumptive zygotes cultured for 7 days. Additionally, oocytes were matured without treatment then cultured for 7 days with NMN. Supplementing the IVM medium with NA improved maturation and blastocyst formation while NAM supplementation improved cleavage rates compared with untreated controls. Supplementing the IVM or embryo culture media with NMN had no effect on maturation or embryo development. The results show that supplementing the maturation medium with NA and NAM improved maturation and developmental potential of porcine oocytes.     

Glycine ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction caused by ABT-199 in porcine oocytes

Mitochondria play an important role in controlling oocyte developmental competence. Our previous studies showed that glycine (Gly) can regulate mitochondrial function and improve oocyte maturation in vitro. However, the mechanisms by which Gly affects mitochondrial function during oocyte maturation in vitro have not been fully investigated. In this study, we induced a mitochondrial damage model in oocytes with the Bcl-2-specific antagonist ABT-199. We investigated whether Gly could reverse the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by ABT-199 exposure and whether it is related to calcium regulation. Our results showed that ABT-199 inhibited cumulus expansion, decreased the oocyte maturation rate and the intracellular glutathione (GSH) level, caused mitochondrial dysfunction, which was confirmed by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the expression of mitochondrial function-related genes PGC-1α, and increased reactiveoxygenspecies (ROS) levelsand the expression of apoptosis-associated genes Bax, Caspase-3, and Cyto C.More importantly, ABT-199-treated oocytes showed an increase in the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]i) and had impaired cortical type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP₃R1) distribution. Nevertheless, treatment with Gly significantly ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and Gly also regulated [Ca²⁺]i levels and IP₃R1 cellular distribution, which further protects oocyte maturation in ABT-199-induced porcine oocytes.Taken together, our results indicate that Gly has a protective action against ABT-199-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in porcine oocytes.     

影响牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟的因素分析

牦牛是青藏高原地区的重要畜种,为牧民提供生产和生活资料.但是牦牛的繁殖力较低,通常为2年1胎或3年2胎,选育改良进展缓慢.卵母细胞体外成熟培养作为体外受精和胚胎发育必不可少的步骤,已被应用于牦牛科学研究和繁殖生产上.由于牦牛卵母细胞体外成熟能力远远低于体内,因此完善体外培养条件,提高牦牛卵母细胞体外培养的成熟率,对牦牛...     

Mitochondrial Patterns in Bovine Oocytes with Different Meiotic Competence Related to Their in vitro Maturation

This study was designed to specify chromatin and mitochondrial patterns in bovine oocytes with different meiotic competence in relation to maturation progress, resumption of meiosis, MII onset and completion of maturation. Oocytes with greater or lesser meiotic competence, recovered separately from medium (MF) and small follicles (SF), were categorized according to morphology. Four oocyte categories, healthy and light‐atretic MF and healthy and light‐atretic SF oocytes were matured and collected at 0, 3, 7, 16 and 24 h of maturation. Specific differences in terms of chromatin and mitochondrial patterns were found among the maturing oocyte categories. Resumption of meiosis was accelerated in light‐atretic oocytes, as compared with healthy oocytes, regardless of their meiotic competence. More competent oocytes activated mitochondria twice during maturation, before resumption of meiosis and before completion of maturation, while less competent oocytes did it only once, before completion of maturation. Changes in mitochondrial activity differed in light‐atretic compared with healthy in both more and less competent oocytes. Healthy meiotically more competent oocytes formed clusters and produced ATP for the whole time of maturation until its completion, while light‐atretic more competent oocytes and healthy less competent oocytes reduced these activities earlier, at MII onset. Contrary to these oocyte categories, light‐atretic less competent oocytes increased cluster formation significantly before resumption of meiosis. It can be concluded that bovine oocytes with different meiotic competence and health differed in the kinetics of mitochondrial patterns during maturation.     

Resveratrol-induced mitochondrial synthesis and autophagy in oocytes derived from early antral follicles of aged cows

Mitochondrial numbers increase during oocyte growth. In this study, we collected oocytes and granulosa cell complexes (OGCs) from early antral follicles (EAFs) of aged cows (> 120 months of age) and examined the effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial generation, degradation, and quality in oocytes grown in vitro. We also examined the effects of resveratrol on gene expression of the granulosa cells. Resveratrol (20 µM) enhanced the expression of SIRT1 and induced autophagy in both granulosa cells and oocytes derived from aged cows. Culturing the OGCs with resveratrol increased mitochondrial DNA copy numbers in oocytes grown in vitro. Furthermore, resveratrol increased the ATP content in oocytes and improved the developmental ability of the oocytes to the blastocyst stage. Gene expression profiles in granulosa cells, as evaluated by next-generation sequencing technology, revealed that resveratrol enhanced the expression of EIF2-related genes but downregulated the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-, inflammation-, and cholesterol homeostasis-related genes in granulosa cells. In conclusion, resveratrol affected both oocytes and granulosa cells derived from aged cows and improved the quality of oocytes grown in vitro through upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and degradation in growing oocytes and conditioning of granulosa cells.     

马卵母细胞体外成熟的研究进展

随着全球马产业的发展,马发挥的经济价值越来越大。辅助生殖技术有利于发挥优良马匹的潜在价值。马卵母细胞体外成熟(IVM)是辅助生殖技术重要的组成部分,卵母细胞的获取是体外成熟的前提,切刮法能从离体卵巢中获得较多的马卵母细胞,而活体采卵技术(OPU)则能持续地获得卵母细胞,并能较好的保存马卵母细胞的发育能力。扩张型卵母细胞的成熟率高于紧密型卵母细胞,母马的年龄会影响到其卵母细胞的质量。马卵母细胞体外存放较长时间不会影响其发育能力,现在已有较为成熟的体系能使马卵母细胞在体外保存24 h以上而不影响其成熟率。在马卵母细胞成熟体系中常用的基础培养液是M199,添加胎牛血清(FBS)、促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体生成素(LH)、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)等物质能显著提高成熟率,常用培养环境为38~39℃,5%CO2饱和湿度下培养,培养时间30 h。成熟的卵母细胞有扩张的卵丘细胞和极体,且成熟的卵母细胞的细胞骨架及微管结构也会发生变化。本文针对马卵母细胞的采集和体外成熟培养的相关研究进行总结,重点阐述了不同采集技术的回收率以及影响马卵母细胞体外成熟率的关键因素,以期对今后马卵母细胞体外成熟的进一步研究及后期体外受精技术的发展提供借鉴与参考。