地衣芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标和肠道形态结构的影响

【目的】研究饲粮中添加不同水平地衣芽孢杆菌BCG对肉鸡生长性能和健康的影响,探究其对肉鸡的益生作用效果,为其在实际生产中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用单因素试验设计,选取180只体重相近（42.62 g±0.82 g）、健康状况良好的1日龄爱拔益加（AA）肉仔鸡,随机分为3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组（CT组）饲喂基础饲粮,地衣芽孢杆菌处理组（BCG1和BCG2组）分别在基础饲粮中添加1.0×10⁸和1.0×10⁹ CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌。试验鸡分1~21和22~42日龄2个阶段饲养,试验期为42 d。在21和42日龄时以重复为单位对各组肉鸡空腹称重并统计各阶段采食量,计算平均日增重（ADG）和平均日采食量（ADFI）;每个重复选取2只鸡采集血液,测定血常规、血清生化和免疫指标;42日龄时屠宰并分离肠道,观察小肠形态结构,测定肠绒毛高度（VH）和隐窝深度（CD）,计算绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值（VH/CD）。【结果】①与CT组相比,42日龄时,BCG2组肉鸡体重显著提高（P<0.05）;在22~42日龄,BCG2组肉鸡ADG和ADFI均显著提高（P<0.05）,其ADG显著高于BCG1组（P<0.05）;在1~42日龄,BCG1和BCG2组ADG和ADFI均显著提高（P<0.05）,且两组间无显著差异（P>0.05）。②21日龄时,与CT组相比,BCG2组肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白A （IgA）、IgM和IgG含量均显著提高（P<0.05）,内毒素（ET）活性显著降低（P<0.05）,且血清IgA和IgM含量均显著高于BCG1组（P<0.05）;在42日龄时,饲粮中添加BCG对血常规指标和IgA、IgM及IgG含量均无显著影响（P>0.05）。③42日龄时,BCG2组空肠VH显著高于CT组（P<0.05）,VH/CD显著高于CT和BCG1组（P<0.05）。【结论】地衣芽孢杆菌BCG能够提高肉鸡生长性能,增强肉鸡前期体液免疫和肠道屏障功能,改善肉鸡肠道形态结构,以添加1.0×10⁹ CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌的益生效果更佳。     

饲喂全株玉米青贮及额外补充碳酸氢钠对疆岳驴生长性能、消化率、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中两种全株玉米青贮比例及额外补充碳酸氢钠对疆岳驴生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及经济效益的影响。选取体况良好的6~8月龄疆岳驴断奶公驴40头（106.02 kg±11.81 kg）,随机分为5组：全株玉米青贮占粗饲料的比例分别为0（Ⅰ组）、30%（Ⅱ组）、60%（Ⅲ组）及额外补充碳酸氢钠的Ⅳ组（全株玉米青贮占粗饲料30%+碳酸氢钠）和Ⅴ组（全株玉米青贮占粗饲料60%+碳酸氢钠）,碳酸氢钠正常添加量按照精料干物质的0.5%计算,额外添加量按照精料干物质的0.5%+全株玉米青贮干物质的1%计算,每组8头驴,按照等能等氮原则设计饲粮。预饲期12 d,正试期120 d。结果显示,随着全株玉米青贮添加量的增加,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组料重比逐渐下降,其中试验Ⅲ组显著低于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P<0.05）;试验Ⅲ组粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维、粗灰分的表观消化率最高,显著高于试验Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,总蛋白、肌酐含量和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅲ组葡萄糖含量极显著低于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.01）,试验Ⅲ组总胆固醇含量显著低于试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。与同等比例添加全珠玉米青贮的组相比,试验Ⅱ组平均日增重显著高于试验Ⅳ组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅲ组平均日增重高于试验Ⅴ组（P>0.05）;试验Ⅲ组料重比显著低于试验Ⅴ组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅱ组料重比低于试验Ⅳ组（P>0.05）;试验Ⅱ、Ⅳ组间粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、能量和粗灰分的表观消化率差异均不显著（P>0.05）;试验Ⅲ、Ⅴ组营养物质的表观消化率差异均不显著（P>0.05）;试验Ⅳ组总胆固醇含量及谷丙转氨酶活力均显著高于试验Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。试验Ⅰ~Ⅴ组疆岳驴每千克增重成本分别为16.40、15.10、14.79、17.34和16.10元,整个试验期每头驴毛利润分别为711.27、837.53、871.98、629.46和738.16元。综上,在本试验条件下,以生长性能、营养物质表观消化率及血清生化指标为评价依据,综合经济效益比较,以在基础饲粮（以DM为基础）中添加0.28%碳酸氢钠时、全贮玉米青贮占粗饲料60%（在基础饲粮DM中添加26.67%）饲喂疆岳驴公驴效果最优,无需额外补充碳酸氢钠。     

蚕沙对14～70日龄仔鹅生长性能、体尺性状、屠宰性能和脏器指数的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平蚕沙对14~70日龄仔鹅生长性能、体尺性状、屠宰性能和脏器指数的影响,以确定仔鹅饲粮中蚕沙的适宜添加水平。选取330只11日龄健康、体重相近的扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复11只鹅。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加3%、6%、9%、12%蚕沙的试验饲粮。试验期56 d。结果表明:1)与其他试验组相比,饲粮中添加9%和12%蚕沙显著降低了28、35、42、49、56、63和70日龄仔鹅体重(P<0.05),显著降低14~28日龄、29~70日龄和14~70日龄仔鹅平均日增重(P<0.05),显著提高了料重比(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加9%和12%蚕沙显著降低了胫围、胸宽、胸深、体斜长和半潜水长(P<0.05)。3)饲粮添加蚕沙仅对仔鹅胸肌率有显著影响(P<0.05)。4)饲粮添加蚕沙显著影响了仔鹅十二指肠指数、空肠指数、回肠指数、盲肠指数和直肠指数(P<0.05)。由此可知,饲粮添加3%~6%蚕沙对仔鹅生长性能、体尺性状、屠宰性能、脏器指数没有不良影响,且对肠道的生长发育有一定的促进作用。在生产实践中仔鹅饲粮中蚕沙的添加水平不宜超过6%。     

木薯渣在50～70日龄仔鹅饲粮中的适宜添加量

本试验旨在研究木薯渣在50~70日龄仔鹅饲粮中的适宜添加量。选取200只50日龄健康、体重相近的扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加5%、10%、15%和20%木薯渣的试验饲粮,试验期21 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加木薯渣显著降低了10周龄鹅饲粮能量的表观代谢率(P0.05);饲粮中添加10%、15%、20%木薯渣显著提高了64~70日龄和50~70日龄仔鹅平均日采食量(P0.05);饲粮中添加15%、20%木薯渣显著提高了50~56日龄仔鹅的平均日增重(P0.05);饲粮中添加20%木薯渣显著降低了仔鹅的腹脂率(P0.05),显著提高了肌肉中粗灰分的含量(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加木薯渣对仔鹅其他屠宰性能、饲粮养分表观代谢率及肉品质、肌肉常规养分含量无显著影响(P0.05)。3)由饲料成本降低百分比和经济效益呈现的二次关系可知,当木薯渣添加量为21.4%时,饲料成本降低百分比值最大;当木薯渣添加量为20.9%时,经济效益最高。由此可见,饲粮中添加木薯渣可以促进仔鹅生长,对屠宰性能、饲粮养分表观代谢率、肉品质及肌肉常规养分含量无显著影响。综合仔鹅生长性能、屠宰性能、饲粮表观养分利用率及对经济效益的分析,50~70日龄仔鹅饲粮中木薯渣的适宜添加量为20%。     

复方中药超微粉对河田鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

试验旨在研究复方中药超微粉(CCMUP)对河田鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及肉品质的影响。将630羽1日龄河田鸡公雏随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复35羽。对照组饲喂基础日粮,中药组和抗生素组在基础日粮中分别添加1%复方中药超微粉和饲用抗生素,试验期130 d,分为4阶段。结果表明:①与对照组相比,中药组4个试验阶段的体重显著提高(P<0.05),与抗生素组相比,中药组河田鸡除在28 d时体重显著高于抗生素组外(P<0.05),其余3个阶段两组体重差异均不显著(P>0.05),中药组各试验阶段的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)均不同程度优于对照组;②与对照组相比,中药组河田鸡屠宰率和腿肌率显著或极显著提高(P<0.05; P<0.01),中药组屠宰性能与抗生素组差异不显著(P>0.05);③与对照组相比,中药组屠宰后肉色亮度L^*、pH、剪切力和失水率与其差异均不显著(P>0.05),24h时,中药组pH、肉色亮度L^*与剪切力均与抗生素组差异显著(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,复方中药超微粉可以显著提高河田鸡的生长性能,与抗生素的促生长作用相当,同时明显改善了河田鸡的屠宰性能和肌肉品质。     

日粮中添加苜蓿草粉对肉鹅生长性能及肉质性状的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉对四季鹅生长性能、体尺、屠宰性能、器官指数和肉质性状的影响。选取健康、体重相近的15日龄四季鹅256只（公母各半）,随机分成4组,对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,3个试验组分别添加10%、20%和30%苜蓿草粉。每组4个重复,每个重复16只鹅。饲养至70日龄时,测量其各项体尺指标,每个重复选取4只鹅屠宰取样,测定屠宰性能、器官指数及肉质性质。结果表明：与对照组相比,日粮中添加不同比例的苜蓿草粉对四季鹅的平均日采食量、平均日增重、料重比、体斜长、龙骨长、胫围、半潜水长、胸宽、胫长、屠宰率、半净膛率、胸肌率等均无显著影响（P>0.05）,添加20%和30%苜蓿草粉显著提高了鹅的胸深（P<0.05）,添加30%苜蓿草粉显著降低了鹅的全净膛率（P<0.05）,添加10%苜蓿草粉显著提高了腿肌率（P<0.05）。此外,与对照组相比,苜蓿草粉组腹脂率均显著降低（P<0.05）,肝脏指数、空肠指数、回肠指数以及盲肠指数均显著提高（P<0.05）,但胸肌、腿肌的滴水损失同时也提高了（P<0.05）;10%、30%苜蓿草粉组十二指肠指数均显著提高P<0.05）。综上所述,在日粮中添加苜蓿草粉可改善四季鹅的屠宰性能（增加胸深、提高腿肌率、降低腹脂率）,提高器官指数（肝脏指数、十二指肠指数、空肠指数、回肠指数以及盲肠指数）,但会提高胸肌和腿肌的滴水损失;且添加过多的苜蓿草粉（30%）还会显著降低全净膛率。综合考虑,四季鹅日粮中以添加10%苜蓿草粉为宜。     

饲粮铁添加水平对60～90日龄新西兰肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能及血液指标的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能及血液指标的影响。试验选取104只53日龄体重相近新西兰肉兔,随机分成4个组,每组26个重复,每个重复1只兔。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加50、100、200 mg/kg铁,铁添加形式为七水硫酸亚铁(FeSO4·7H2O),纯度为98%。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。结果表明:1)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)有影响显著(P0.05),对平均日采食量(ADFI)无显著影响(P0.05)。随着饲粮铁添加水平的增加,ADG先增加后降低,F/G先降低后增加;当饲粮铁添加水平为100 mg/kg时,ADG最高,F/G最低。2)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率有显著影响(P0.05),随着饲粮铁添加水平的增加,全净膛屠宰率和半净膛屠宰率先增加后降低,当饲粮铁添加水平为50 mg/kg时最高。3)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔肝脏指数无显著影响(P0.05),对肾脏指数和脾脏指数有显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮铁添加水平为50、100、200 mg/kg时,肾脏指数显著高于对照组(P0.05);饲粮铁添加水平为100、200 mg/kg时,脾脏指数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。4)饲粮铁添加水平对60~90日龄新西兰肉兔血液中铁、铜、钙、锌、镁含量无显著影响(P0.05);饲粮铁添加水平对血小板分布宽度(PDW)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板大细胞比率(P-LCR)有显著影响(P0.05)。综合本试验测定指标,60~90日龄新西兰肉兔饲粮中适宜的铁添加水平为50~100 mg/kg。     

饲粮中果胶对28～70日龄扬州鹅生长性能、体尺性状、屠宰性能及脏器指数的影响北大核心CSCD

本试验旨在研究饲粮中果胶对28~70日龄扬州鹅生长性能、体尺性状、屠宰性能及脏器指数的影响。选用180只体重相近、健康的28日龄扬州鹅公鹅,随机分为3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鹅。试验Ⅰ组(对照组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂添加1.5%和3.0%果胶的试验饲粮。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1.5%和3.0%果胶显著降低了42、56、70日龄扬州鹅体重(P<0.05),显著降低28~70日龄仔鹅的平均日增重(P<0.05),显著提高了28~70日龄仔鹅的料重比(P<0.05)。2)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加3.0%果胶显著降低了70日龄仔鹅的胸深和胸宽(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加1.5%果胶显著降低了70日龄仔鹅的胸肌率(P<0.05),饲粮中添加3.0%果胶显著降低了70日龄仔鹅的胸肌率和腹脂率(P<0.05)。4)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加3.0%果胶显著提高了70日龄仔鹅的脾脏指数和腺胃指数(P<0.05),显著降低了70日龄仔鹅的法氏囊指数和胸腺指数(P<0.05)。由此可知,饲粮中果胶对28~70日龄扬州鹅的生长性能、体尺性状、屠宰性能及脏器指数具有不良影响,这提示在生产实践中,对于一些富含果胶的饲料原料,应当注意其使用量。     

富含DHA微藻对柴达木福牛生长性能和血清抗氧化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究富含二十二碳六烯酸（C22∶6n-3,DHA）的微藻对柴达木福牛生长性能、体尺指标、屠宰性能和血清抗氧化指标的影响。选用24头健康的24月龄柴达木福牛公牛,随机分为3组,每组8头。试验Ⅰ组（对照组）饲喂基础饲粮,试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组在基础饲粮中分别添加100和200 g/d的微藻粉。预试期10 d,正试期42 d。测定生长性能、体尺指标、屠宰性能相关指标以及血清中总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量。试验结果表明：①试验Ⅱ组平均日增重（ADG）显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的料重比（A/G）显著降低（P<0.05）,饲粮添加富含DHA微藻对福牛的体尺指标和屠宰性能无显著影响（P>0.05）。②与对照组相比,饲粮中添加微藻可显著提高血清SOD活性和T-AOC （P<0.05）,显著降低MDA含量（P<0.05）;试验Ⅲ组的GSH-Px活性显著提高（P<0.05）。综上,在本试验条件下,添加100 g/d富含DHA微藻可显著提高柴达木福牛的饲料转化率和血清抗氧化能力。     

发酵穿心莲粉对番鸭生产性能、血清生化指标、免疫相关指标、抗氧化指标及肌肉脂肪酸含量的影响

【目的】本试验旨在研究发酵穿心莲粉对番鸭生产性能、血清生化指标、免疫相关指标、抗氧化指标及肌肉脂肪酸含量的影响。【方法】利用复合菌剂（酵母菌和乳酸菌质量比1：1）发酵穿心莲粉,根据发酵前后成分变化对其微生态功能及药用价值进行分析。将450只15日龄体重250 g左右的黑羽番鸭随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只。对照Ⅰ组饲喂基础饲粮,对照Ⅱ组在基础饲粮中添加3%穿心莲粉,发酵Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础饲粮中添加1%、3%和5%的发酵穿心莲粉,预试期7 d,正试期48 d。分别于16、21、42、70日龄对番鸭称重,于70日龄从每组随机选取6只番鸭（每个重复随机取1只）屠宰,采集血液、左侧胸肌样品,测定血清生化指标、免疫相关指标及抗氧化指标、肌肉脂肪酸含量。【结果】①穿心莲粉经复合菌剂发酵后,活菌数超过2.0×10⁸ CFU/g,粗纤维含量虽有降低但差异不显著（P>0.05）。②发酵Ⅱ组16~70日龄的料重比显著或极显著低于对照Ⅰ组和发酵Ⅲ组（P<0.05;P<0.01）。③发酵Ⅰ、Ⅱ组的屠宰率均显著高于对照Ⅰ、Ⅱ组（P<0.05）。④发酵Ⅱ、Ⅲ组和对照Ⅱ组番鸭血清的IL-2水平均极显著高于对照Ⅰ组和发酵Ⅰ组（P<0.01）。⑤发酵Ⅱ组的血清丙二醛水平极显著或显著低于对照Ⅰ组和对照Ⅱ组（P<0.01;P<0.05）。⑥发酵Ⅱ组的肌肉不饱和脂肪酸、多不饱和脂肪酸及必需脂肪酸含量均显著或极显著高于对照Ⅰ组（P<0.05;P<0.01）。【结论】与基础饲粮组相比,3%发酵穿心莲粉可显著提高番鸭的生产性能、血清IL-2水平、肌肉不饱和脂肪酸和必需脂肪酸含量,减少番鸭脂质过氧化,提高机体抗氧化能力。此外,3%发酵穿心莲粉对番鸭屠宰率和抗氧化能力的影响要显著优于同比例未发酵穿心莲粉。     

Effects of Compound Chinese Medicine Ultra-fine Powder on Growth Performance,Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality in Hetian Fowl

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of compound Chinese medicine ultra-fine powder(CCMUP) on Hetian fowl growth performance, slaughter performance and meat quality.630 one-day-old male Hetian fowls were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups with 6 replicates per group and 35 animals per replication.The control group(CG) was fed with basal diet, the compound Chinese medicine ultra-fine powder groups(CCMUPG) and the antibiotic groups(AG) received the same diet supplemented with 1% CCMUP or antibiotic of livestock, respectively.The 130 d experiment was divided into 4 periods.The results showed as follow:①The weight in CCMUPG were all significantly higher than those of CG during the 4 periods of trial(P<0.05).The weight in CCMUPG and AG had no significant difference in other 3 periods of trial except the 28 d(P<0.05), ADFI, ADG and F/G in CCMUPG were better than that of CG in different degree.②Both the dressing percentage and the leg muscle percentage in CCMUPG were higher than those of CG(P<0.05; P<0.01), and the slaughter performance in CCMUPG was not significant different from AG(P>0.05).③Between CCMUPG and CG in the lightness of meat, pH, the shearing force and the drip loss rate had no difference(P>0.05), pH, lightness of meat and the shearing force at 24 h in CCMUPG were significant different from AG(P<0.05).It was concluded that dietary addition of CCMUP could increase the growth performance of Hetian fowl, which was equal to the antibiotic of livestock, and improve the slaughter performance and the meat quality.     

混合酸处理全株玉米青贮品质及其对绵羊生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究添加不同浓度混合酸对全株玉米青贮品质的影响,以及饲喂后对杜寒杂交(杜泊羊×小尾寒羊)F1代绵羊生长性能的影响。试验混合酸比例组成为甲酸45%、丙酸45%、丙酸钠10%,以蜡熟期全株玉米为青贮原料,分为4组,混合酸添加浓度分别为0(对照组)、0.3%、0.6%、1%。结果表明,与对照组相比,各试验组均显著降低了青贮中乙酸/丙酸的比值(P<0.05),且0.3%及0.6%组对全株玉米青贮品质改善效果较好。CNCPS结果显示,0.6%组显著提高了青贮中的慢速降解蛋白(PB₃)组分(P<0.05),同时降低了不可利用纤维(CC)组分(P>0.05),改善了青贮品质。与对照组相比,各试验组均有效地抑制了霉菌酵母菌的繁殖,改善了青贮的有氧稳定性。饲养试验结果发现,试验组绵羊平均日增重及料重比均优于对照组,其中0.6%及1%组绵羊的料重比显著优于对照组(P<0.05)。综上所述,混合酸处理能改善全株玉米青贮品质;0.6%浓度混合酸处理青贮饲喂绵羊后可显著提高杜寒杂交F1代绵羊的生长性能。     

Whole-plant Corn Silage Quality Treated with Mixed Acids and its Effect on Sheep Growth Performance

In order to explore different concentrations of mixed acids in improving quality of whole-plant corn silage and their effects on growth performance of Dorper×Han F1 sheep.4 levels of 45% formic acid,45% propionic acid and 10% sodium propionate were mixed,and 0(control),0.3%,0.6% and 1% were added to 4 groups of ripening period whole-plant corn.The results showed that compared with control group,the experimental groups could significantly decrease the proportion of AA/PA in silage (P<0.05);0.3% and 0.6% groups had the better effects.Based on the result of CNCPS,0.6% group significantly improved the PB₃ component (P<0.05),reduced the CC component (P>0.05),and improved the quality of silage.Compared with control group,the experimental groups effectively inhibited the mold and yeast reproduction,improved the aerobic stability of silage.The feeding trial results showed that ADG and F/G of sheep in experimental groups were better than control group,and F/G of both 0.6% and 1% groups were significantly better than that in control group (P<0.05).In conclusion,treatment of mixed acids could improve the quality of whole-plant corn silage,and silage treated with 0.6% levels of mixed acids could significantly improve the growth performance of Dorper×Han F1 sheep.     

啤酒糟、发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕对肉鹅生长性能、免疫器官指数及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究啤酒糟、发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕对肉鹅生长性能、免疫器官指数及肠道菌群的影响。选取250只28日龄健康皖西肉鹅,根据体重相近原则随机分为5组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鹅,对照组饲喂不含任何杂粕类饲料的基础日粮;试验1、2组分别饲喂用10%、20%风干啤酒糟替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮;试验3、4组分别饲喂用10%、20%风干发酵啤酒糟替代基础日粮中豆粕的试验日粮,添加量以基础日粮干物质为基础。试验期43 d,分为早期(28~42日龄)、中期(43~56日龄)、后期(57~70日龄)3个阶段。结果表明:①从整个试验期来看,与对照组相比,试验1组肉鹅平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),试验4组肉鹅平均日增重和平均采食量显著降低(P<0.05),试验2、3组肉鹅生长性能未发生明显改变(P>0.05)。②与对照组相比,试验1、2、3组肉鹅胸腺指数和脾脏指数在试验早期均极显著提高(P<0.01);在试验中期和后期,仅试验2组肉鹅脾脏指数显著或极显著提高(P<0.05;P<0.01);各组间肉鹅法氏囊指数差异均不显著(P>0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验1、2组肉鹅盲肠中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量在试验早期和后期极显著降低(P<0.01),同时双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量不同程度地增加;试验3、4组双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量在试验后期极显著升高(P<0.01)。综上所述,10%啤酒糟替代日粮中豆粕时可提高其生长性能,改善肉鹅肠道菌群;10%发酵啤酒糟替代豆粕时可促进肠道有益菌的生长,但不影响其生长性能,而20%替代豆粕时则会降低肉鹅采食量和增重,阻碍其生长发育。     

Effect of Soybean Meal Replaced by Brewer's Grain or Fermented Brewer's Grain on Growth Performance,Immune Organ Index and Intestinal Flora of Meat Geese

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of soybean meal replaced by brewer's grain (BSG) or fermented brewer's grain (FBSG) on growth performance,immune organ index and intestinal flora of meat geese.A total of 250 geese at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 geese per replicate.The geese in control group were fed a basal diet (with soybean);The geese in groups 1 and 2 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% BSG replacing the soybean,respectively;The geese in groups 3 and 4 were fed the basal diet with the 10% and 20% FBSG replacing the soybean,respectively.The whole experiment period was 42 days,including three phases:15 d (early stage),14 d (middle stage) and 14 d (later stage).The results showed as follows:①From the whole experiment period,compared with control group,the ADG of geese in group 1 was significantly increased (P<0.05),the ADG and ADFI of geese in group 4 were significantly decreased (P<0.05),there were no obvious change in growth performance of geese in groups 2 and 3 (P>0.05).② Compared with control group,the thymus index and spleen index of geese in groups 1,2 and 3 were extremely significantly increased at early stage (P<0.01);At middle and later stages,the spleen index of geese in group 2 were significantly and extremely significantly increased (P<0.05;P<0.01);There were no significant differences in bursa of fabricius index of geese among all groups (P>0.05).③ Compared with control group,the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in cecum in groups 1 and 2 were extremely significantly decreased at early and later stages (P<0.01),while the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were increased in different degrees;the number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus in cecum in groups 3 and 4 were extremely significantly increased at later stage (P<0.01).In conclusion,10% BSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could improve the growth performance and intestinal flora of meat geese;10% FBSG replacing soybean in the basal diet could promote the growth of beneficial bacteria of meat geese,but had no effect on growth performance;While 20% replacing soybean in the basal diet could decrease the feed intake and weight gain of meat geese,hinder its growth and development.     

22~42日龄黄羽肉鸡饲粮苏氨酸需要量研究

【目的】通过研究饲粮苏氨酸水平对22~42日龄黄羽肉鸡生长性能、胴体品质和免疫功能的影响,确定其苏氨酸需要量。【方法】试验选用22日龄快大型岭南黄羽肉鸡1 600只,根据体重相同的原则分为5个组,每组8个重复,每个重复40只肉鸡（公母各半）。采用玉米-花生粕型基础饲粮,5个处理组试验鸡分别饲喂含0.60%（基础饲粮）、0.67%、0.74%、0.81%和0.88%苏氨酸饲粮,试验期为21 d。试验结束后,每个重复选取2只鸡屠宰采样,测定屠宰性能、免疫器官指数和血清生化指标。【结果】饲粮苏氨酸水平显著影响黄羽肉公鸡、母鸡的体重、平均日增重和料重比（P<0.05）。对于母鸡,0.88%苏氨酸水平组平均日增重最高;0.81%苏氨酸水平组平均日采食量最高。对于公鸡,0.81%苏氨酸水平组平均日增重最高;0.81%苏氨酸水平组平均日采食量最高。饲粮苏氨酸水平与黄羽肉公鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量以及公、母鸡料重比呈显著的二次线性相关（P<0.05）;根据平均日增重和平均日采食量回归方程得出黄羽肉公鸡饲粮苏氨酸最适水平分别为0.81%和0.83%;根据料重比回归方程得出黄羽肉母鸡和公鸡饲粮苏氨酸最适水平分别为0.83%和0.86%。饲粮苏氨酸水平对黄羽肉公鸡、母鸡的全净膛率、半净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率均无显著影响（P>0.05）;对黄羽肉公鸡全净膛率和腹脂率均有显著影响,其中0.81%苏氨酸组全净膛率显著高于0.60%和0.74%苏氨酸组,0.88%苏氨酸组腹脂率显著低于0.60%和0.67%苏氨酸组（P<0.05）。饲粮苏氨酸水平显著影响黄羽肉母鸡法氏囊指数和胸腺指数,其中0.60%苏氨酸组法氏囊指数显著低于0.81%苏氨酸组,0.81%和0.88%苏氨酸组胸腺指数显著高于0.60%苏氨酸组（P<0.05）;对肝脏指数、脾脏指数无显著影响（P>0.05）。饲粮苏氨酸水平对黄羽肉母鸡血清中甘油三酯、胰岛素含量有显著影响,其中0.60%苏氨酸水平组血清中胰岛素含量最低,0.88%苏氨酸水平组血清中甘油三酯含量最低,显著低于0.60%苏氨酸组（P<0.05）;苏氨酸水平对黄羽肉公鸡甘油三酯含量有显著影响,其中0.88%苏氨酸水平组血清中甘油三酯含量最低,显著低于0.60%和0.67%苏氨酸组（P<0.05）。【结论】饲粮中添加适量苏氨酸可以提高黄羽肉鸡生长性能、胴体品质,促进免疫器官发育。以生长性能为主要判定指标,确定22~42日龄黄羽肉母鸡饲粮最适苏氨酸水平为0.83%,黄羽肉公鸡最适苏氨酸水平为0.81%。     

Effect of Fermented Peanut Shell on Production Performance,Carcass Traits,Meat Quality and Economic Benefits of Fattening Pigs

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented peanut shell on production performance, carcass traits, meat quality and economic benefits of fattening pigs.100 fattening pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an average weight of 50 kg were randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates per group and 5 pigs per replicate.The control group was fed with corn-concentrates-based feed, groups 1 to 4 were fed with the basal diets supplemented with 10% fermented peanut shell, 20% fermented peanut shell, 30% fermented peanut shell and 15% fermentation of corn stalk, respectively.The trial lasted for 66 days.The results showed that ADFI in control group, group 2 and group 3 were significantly higher than that in group 1 and group 4 (P<0.05), ADG in control group and group 3 were significantly higher than that in group 1 and group 4 (P<0.05), there was no significant difference in F/G among all groups (P>0.05).Diarrhea frequencies in groups 1 to 4 were extremely significantly lower than that in control group (P<0.01).There were no significant differences in carcass quality, slaughter rate, backfat thickness and eye muscle area among all groups (P>0.05), lean meat percentage in group 2 was significantly lower than that in control group and group 1 (P<0.05).There were no significant differences in marbling, meat color, tenderness, intramuscular fat, water loss and cooked meat percentage among all groups (P>0.05), water losses in groups 1 to 4 were lower than that in control group, but the differences were not significant (P>0.05).According to the economic benefit analysis showed that in pig from 50 to 90 kg, average profit of each pig in control group was 47.60 yuan, average profits of each pig in groups 1 to 4 were respectively 56.40, 60.40, 78.80 and 58.80 yuan, while group 3 was optimal.Based on the analysis of the above result, the fermented peanut shell had no bad effect on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of pigs, and it could effectively reduce the diarrhea frequency of pigs, improve the system of hydraulic of pork, when the fermented peanut shells were appropriatly applied in pigs feed, which could effectively reduce the breeding cost, and improve the economic benefit.     

发酵花生壳对育肥猪生产性能、胴体性状、肉品质及经济效益的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵花生壳对育肥猪生产性能、胴体性状、肉品质及经济效益的影响。选用100头50 kg左右、健康的杜×长×大三元杂交育肥猪,随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头猪。对照组饲喂玉米—浓缩料型基础日粮,试验1~4组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加10%发酵花生壳、20%发酵花生壳、30%发酵花生壳、15%发酵玉米秸秆的试验日粮,试验期66 d。结果表明,对照组及试验2、3组平均日采食量显著高于试验1、4组(P<0.05),对照组和试验3组平均日增重显著高于试验1、4组(P<0.05),各组间料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05),试验1、2、3、4组腹泻频率均极显著低于对照组(P<0.01);各组间胴体质量、屠宰率、背膘厚度、眼肌面积差异均不显著(P>0.05),试验2组瘦肉率显著低于对照组和试验1组(P<0.05);各组间大理石纹、肉色、嫩度、肌内脂肪、失水率及熟肉率差异均不显著(P>0.05),但试验1、2、3、4组失水率低于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05);根据经济效益分析表明,在育肥猪从50~90 kg阶段,对照组每头猪平均盈利47.60元,试验1、2、3、4组每头猪平均盈利分别为56.40、60.40、78.80、58.80元,其中试验3组最优。综合上述的分析结果可知,发酵花生壳对育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质无不良影响,且能有效地降低育肥猪的腹泻频率,提高猪肉的系水力,适当的添加可有效地降低饲养成本,提高经济效益。