Effects of Stem-injected Sucrose on Grain Production, Dry Matter Distribution, and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Field-grown Corn Plants

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term exogenous sucrose supply on aspects of corn plant physiology and development during the grain filling period. Concentrated sucrose solution was supplied to corn ( Zea mays L.) stems by an injection technique. This injection technique delivered pressurized solutions through syringe needles sealed to the stem with latex. The pressure was applied to the syringe plunger with ceramic construction bricks. Solutions containing sucrose at 0, 150, and 300 g L⁻¹ were injected over a 32 day period encompassing the duration of the active grain filling period. The primary ears of plants injected with sucrose produced approximately 50% more kernels and 30% more grain weight than those injected with distilled water. The injected internode was also considerably heavier (56%) for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L⁻¹ than plants receiving distilled water. For all measured variables, plants injected with distilled water were either not different from or had larger values than the non-injected controls. After one week sucrose injection caused photo-synthetic inhibition (as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence) in the leaf just above the ear and the ear leaf, and this was more severe for plants receiving 300 g sucrose L⁻¹ than for those receiving 150 g sucrose L⁻¹. For sucrose injected plants, the increased size of the primary ear was concomitant with a large decrease in grain production by the secondary ear and an overall decrease in per plant grain production. These results suggest that the mechanisms for signalling between sinks (the primary and secondary ears) and the primary sink and the source (leaves) are different.     

Effects of Stem-Injected Sucrose on Photosynthesis and Productivity of Water Stressed Corn Plants

Water stress during silking or early kernel development decreases the number of kernels set by corn (Zea mays L.) plants. Previous work has suggested that lack of assimilate supply due to water stress at silking was a major factor in the resulting reproductive failure. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that sucrose supplementation of water stressed corn plants can prevent decreased kernel set. Sucrose was injected into corn stems at three concentrations [0 (distilled water), 150 and 300 g L^?1] for 30 days starting at silking. Water availability was controlled by either maintaining a water table at 50 cm from the soil surface (well watered) or by withholding water starting one week before silking (water stress) until the fifth day after silking. The photosynthesis rate of water stressed plants was 25% that of well-water plants on the first day of silking. On average, the daily injection rate for distilled water was 1 mL higher than that of the sucrose treatments over a 30 day injection period. No difference in daily uptake rate was observed between the 150 and 300 g sucrose L^?1 treatments. Over water availability treatments approximately 17 g sucrose were injected into corn plants during the 30 day injection period. Corn plants receiving sufficient water supply produced bigger ears, with more seeds and greater 100-seed weight values, leading to higher total plant dry matter accumulation than water stressed plants. Injection of 300 g sucrose L^?1 increased the weight of the injected internodes by 28%, compared with distilled water injection. The highest grain yield was for the plants injected with 150 g sucrose L^?1, but only under sufficient water supply. The plants injected with 300 g sucrose L^?1 produced the least grain regardless of moisture availability. Thus, the exogenous sucrose supplementation influenced kernel set only under conditions of sufficient soil water supply. These results indicate that plant reproductive development after silking was limited more by water availability than assimilate supply, suggesting that some overall plant response to water stress, perhaps mediated by hormonal signalling, was more important than carbohydrate supply. These results indicated that plant desiccation occurred during floral development or pollination; irreversible loss of florets on unsuccessful pollination could result, thus, grain yield would be limited more by sink size than by availability of photosynthate.     

Interactive Effect of Seawater and Growth Bioregulators on Water Relations, Abscisic Acid Concentration and Yield of Wheat Plants

Irrigation of wheat plants with seawater (10 and 25 %) led to a significant increase in free and bound ABA in leaves, especially at 25 %. The relative water content (RWC), particularly at 25 %, and water use efficiency of the seawater-irrigated plants were lower than those of the control. Grain pre-soaking in GA₃, IAA or ABA reduced the levels of accumulated ABA (free and bound) resulting from seawater irrigation. The stress imposed by seawater generally reduced yield and yield components of wheat plants, and the effect was more pronounced at the higher level of seawater (25 %). Furthermore, seawater treatments decreased the carbohydrate content and increased the protein content of the developing grains. The effect of seawater treatments on ion concentration in the developing grains was not consistent. The application of growth bioregulators appeared to mitigate the effect of seawater salinity stress on wheat productivity. Gibberellic acid gave the best effect. The economic yield (grain yield) had a strong positive correlation with RWC, water use efficiency for grain yield, water use efficiency for biomass, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weights, grain number/main spike, kernel weight and harvest index.     

Augmentation of photosynthesis,crop productivity,enzyme activities and alkaloids production in Sadabahar (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Catharanthus roseus</Emphasis> L.) through application of diverse plant growth regulators

Exogenous application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) has vital impact on the growth and productivity of plants. Foliar application of selected PGRs, viz. indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KIN), thidiazuron (TDZ), gibberellic acid (GA3), salicylic acid (SA), homobrassinosteroids (HBR), and triacontanol (TRIA), were carried out in order to assess the effects on growth of two cultivars (Rosea and Alba) of Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don. The Rosea and Alba plants were sprayed with PGRs (10⁻⁷ M) at 60 days after planting (DAP). Shoot and root lengths, plant fresh and dry weights, leaf-area index, total chlorophyll and carotenoids content, net photosynthetic rate, nitrate reductase and carbonic anhydrase activities, and leaf essential nutrients (N, P, and K) were analyzed at 150 DAP while yield attributes and total alkaloids of leaves and roots, contents of vincristine and vinblastine alkaloids were measured at 210 DAP. The results showed that HBR significantly improved most of the growth attributes. Application of HBR, KIN, and GA3 resulted in the ameliorative effects on plant productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters as compared to the unsprayed (control) plants. The effect of TDZ was not significantly different than the control plants. GA3 application significantly increased the vincristine content (7.3%) while TDZ exhibited reduced vincristine content. The effect of other PGR was insignificant towards vincristine and vinblastine contents. The response of Rosea toward exogenous PGRs application was better than Alba in terms of crop productivity, physiological and biochemical parameters, and alkaloid production.     

Effects of Plant Population Density and Intercropping with Soybean on the Fractal Dimension of Corn Plant Skeletal Images

Three-year field experiments were conducted to determine whether the temporal pattern of fractal dimension (FD) for corn ( Zea mays L.) plant structure is altered by plant population density (PPD) or intercropping with soybean [ Glycine max. (L.) Merr.], and how changes in the FD are related to changes in other canopy characteristics. Plants in monocropped corn and intercropped corn–soybean plots were randomly sampled and labelled for later identification. Corn plant structure was photographed from the side that allowed the maximum appearance of details (perpendicular to the plane of developed leaves) and from two fixed sides (side 1: parallel to the row and side 2: perpendicular to the row). Images were scanned and skeletonized, as skeletal images provide acceptable information to estimate the FD of plant structure two-dimensionally by the box-counting method. Differences in the FD estimated from images taken perpendicular to the plane of developed leaves were not significant among competition treatments. An adjustment of corn plants to treatments, by changing the orientation of the plane of developed leaves with respect to the row, was observed. Based on overall FD means, competition treatments were ranked as: high > normal ≈ intercrop ≈ low for side 1 and intercrop > low ≈ normal > high for side 2. Leaf area index (LAI) and plant height had a positive correlation with FD. In contrast, light penetration had a negative correlation with FD. In conclusion, FD provides a meaningful and effective tool for quantifying corn plant structure, measuring the structural response to cultural practices, and modelling corn plant canopies.     

外源ABA和6-BA对不同持绿型小麦籽粒灌浆进程及蛋白质含量影响

本文旨在揭示持绿型小麦品种的灌浆特性和籽粒蛋白质含量对外源激素的响应,认识植物激素调控籽粒灌浆和蛋白质合成的作用机制。自盛花期开始,连续4 d喷施10 mg L^-1脱落酸(ABA)和6-苄基腺嘌呤(6-BA),持绿型品种汶农6号的灌浆期(t₃)、活跃生长期(D)、平均灌浆速率(G_mean)、最大灌浆速率(G_max)、千粒重(TGW)和产量(GY)均大于非持绿型济麦20,且强势粒的各项灌浆参数均大于弱势粒。喷施两种外源激素显著提高两品种的G_mean、G_max、TGW和GY,对t₃和D的影响存在粒位及品种效应。喷施ABA和6-BA均显著提高花后35 d的籽粒蛋白质含量,显著提高汶农6号强、弱势粒的麦谷蛋白含量,但济麦20强、弱势粒的麦谷蛋白含量显著降低。喷施ABA后,汶农6号强势粒花后7~21 d的玉米素核苷(ZR)含量显著升高;喷施6-BA后,济麦20弱势粒花后14~35 d的ZR含量显著升高,而汶农6号强势粒7~21 d的赤霉素(GA₃)含量显著降低,弱势粒花后7~28 d的GA₃含量显著提高。喷施外源ABA和6-BA显著提高两品种强势粒花后7~21 d的生长素(IAA)和ABA含量。ABA和6-BA处理显著提高花后7~21 d谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性。可见,喷施外源ABA和6-BA使小麦内源激素水平变化,促进籽粒灌浆,增加粒重和产量,提高籽粒GS活性和蛋白质含量,改变蛋白质组分。     

Effects of Exogenous Injection of Different Sugars on Leaf Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Production and Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Activity in Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas (Lam.)

Solutions of sucrose, glucose and fructose were artificially injected into the stems of sweet potato plants. The effects of solution injection on both dry matter production and the activity of adenosine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in tuberous roots were investigated and compared. The total weight of carbon (T_C) artificially and photosynthetically supplied to a plant during the treatment period of 40 days was 0.987–1.869 times the weight of photosynthetically assimilated carbon alone. At the final sampling time, the dry matter weight of tuberous roots in the plants injected with sugar solutions showed a 2.73–9.13-fold increase over that of the control plant. The root weight linearly increased with T_C. The activity of AGPase was also enhanced by solution injections, with 27–63 % increases compared to the control, but was not significantly related to T_C. The injection of sugar solutions is concluded to have a dual effect on root production in sweet potato. One effect is that the increased sugar concentration in the plant increases AGPase and sink activities, and the other effect is that the increased carbon supply quantitatively promotes starch synthesis and accumulation in roots.     

土壤水分与氮素对水稻地上器官脱落酸和细胞分裂素含量的影响

在盆栽和土培池条件下,研究了结实期轻度土壤水分胁迫与氮素营养对水稻地上部脱落酸和细胞分裂素含量及籽粒灌浆的影响。轻度土壤水分胁迫提高了籽粒的灌浆速率,缩短了灌浆期。在高氮（HN）水平下,轻度土壤水分胁迫处理使结实率、粒重和产量较正常灌溉条件下提高。土壤水分胁迫降低了稻株中的玉米素（Z）＋玉米素核苷（ZR）含量,显著增加了稻株中特别是籽粒中脱落酸（ABA）含量。籽粒灌浆速率与籽粒ABA含量极显著正相关,而与籽粒中Z+ZR含量的相关不显著。灌浆前期（花后9～13 d）对在HN和正常灌水下生长的稻株喷施ABA,显著提高了籽粒中蔗糖合成酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分枝酶、可溶性酸性转化酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶的活性,增加了粒重。喷施氟草酮(ABA合成抑制剂)的结果与喷施ABA相反。表明轻度土壤水分胁迫促进籽粒灌浆,ABA起重要的调控作用。     

Water Relations, Abscisic Acid and Yield of Wheat Plants in Relation to the Interactive Effect of Seawater and Growth Bioregulators

Irrigation of wheat plants with seawater (10 and 25 %) led to significant increases in free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) in leaves, especially at 25 %. The relative water content (RWC) and water use efficiency (calculated from grain yield, WUE_G, or from biomass yield, WUE_B) of the seawater-irrigated plants were lower than those of the control. Grain pre-soaking in gibberellic acid (GA₃), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or ABA reduced the levels of accumulated ABA (free and bound) produced by seawater irrigation. The stress imposed by seawater generally reduced yield and yield components of wheat plants and the effect was more pronounced at the higher level of seawater irrigation (25 %). Furthermore, seawater treatments decreased the carbohydrate content and increased the protein content of the developing grains. The effect of seawater treatments on ion concentrations in the developing grains was not consistent. The application of growth bioregulators appeared to mitigate the effect of seawater salinity stress on wheat productivity. GA₃ was the most effective hormone in this regard. The economic yield (grain yield) had a strong positive correlation with RWC, WUE_G, WUE_B, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, grain number/main spike, kernel weight and harvest index.     

植物生长调节剂对甘薯产量和激素含量的影响

为了探讨植物生长调节剂对甘薯产量和激素含量的影响,以济薯18、徐薯18和商薯0110为试验材料,在开始进入块根膨大期时(移栽后第35天),叶面喷施矮壮素·DA-6合剂和烯效唑,观察植物生长调节剂对不同生长类型甘薯的产量、光合作用和叶片、块根中的激素含量的影响。结果表明,植物生长调节剂处理促进同化物向根部的转运,提高了块根的产量。其中每hm2喷施1 500 m L矮壮素·DA-6合剂处理显著提高了3个品种的产量,225 g烯效唑处理显著提高了济薯18和徐薯18的产量。调节剂处理对不同类型甘薯光合作用的影响不同,矮壮素·DA-6合剂处理显著提高了徐薯18的光合速率,而对济薯18和商薯0110的光合速率的提高没有达到显著水平,烯效唑处理对甘薯叶片的光合作用没有显著影响。烯效唑处理降低了3个甘薯品种的叶片IAA含量,显著降低了济薯18膨大中期的GA3和叶片ZR含量,降低了徐薯18膨大后期的块根ZR和ABA含量;增加了济薯18和徐薯18膨大中、后期的叶片ABA含量、膨大前、中期块根IAA含量以及整个商薯0110膨大期的块根IAA含量。矮壮素o DA-6合剂处理显著降低了济薯18膨大中期的叶片IAA、膨大后期的块根和叶片ZR含量,降低了徐薯18膨大前期叶片IAA、ZR、ABA、块根ZR含量以及降低了商薯0110膨大前期的叶片GA3和后期的ZR含量;增加了济薯18膨大前期的块根ABA、GA3、叶片ZR、中期的叶片ABA和整个膨大期的块根IAA含量,增加徐薯18膨大前期的叶片ZR、中期的块根GA3和ZR含量、叶片IAA、ABA、后期的块根IAA含量,增加了商薯0110膨大期的块根ZR、ABA、中期的叶片ZR、后期的叶片GA含量。植物生长调节剂处理部分改变了甘薯内源激素的变化动态,促进了地上部同化物向块根的转运,提高了甘薯的块根产量,植物生长调节剂对甘薯光合作用的影响因品种类型而异,并不是影响甘薯块根产量的主要因素。     

不同温度下灌浆期水稻籽粒内源激素含量的动态变化

利用人工气候箱设置高温(日均温度32℃)和适温(日均温度22℃)2个处理，对籽粒灌浆过程中4种主要内源激素（IAA、ZR、GA₃和ABA）含量差异及其动态变化作了比较分析。结果表明，高温对籽粒灌浆的影响主要表现为加速早期灌浆和缩短持续时间。在水稻灌浆初期，高温处理下籽粒IAA、ZR、GA₃含量明显低于适温处理，而灌浆中、后期的处理间差异较小；温度处理对籽粒ABA含量的影响尤为显著，整个灌浆期均呈高温处理明显高于适温处理的基本趋势；2个供试品种在不同温度处理下的4种内源激素含量变化存在着一定差异，其变化与品种的灌浆动态有关。高温下灌浆前期籽粒中IAA、ZR、GA₃含量的降低，尤其是ABA含量的剧增，可能是其早期灌浆加速及灌浆持续时间缩短的主要原因。     

Effects of Population Density on the Vegetative Growth of Leafy Reduced-stature Maize in Short-season Areas

Maize hybrids which produce more leaves above the ear, with leaf area indices similar to conventional hybrids, which require fewer corn heat units to flowering and maturity, and tolerate higher population densities, should be better adapted for production in short season areas than currently available hybrids. Leafy reduced-stature maize hybrids, which have only recently been developed, have traits which address these criteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different population densities (50 000, 100 000, 150 000, and 200 000 plants.ha⁻¹) on the vegetative growth of one leafy reduced-stature (LRS), one non-leafy reduced-stature (NLRS), and two conventional control hybrids (Pioneer 3979, < 2500 CHU, and Pioneer 3902, 2600–2700 CHU) at two locations. There were no differences among population densities for leaf number above the ear; however leaf area index increased as population density increased for all hybrids. The LRS hybrid had a greater average leaf number above the ear (2.7 and 2.0 more leaves than NLRS and the control hybrids, respectively). As a result the leaf area index value of LRS was much greater than the NLRS and similar to the conventional hybrids, but LRS matured substantially before the conventional hybrids. The LRS hybrid required fewer corn heat units to reach flowering and maturity and had more time for grain filling than the conventional hybrids. Therefore, LRS hybrids show promise for production in short season areas where maize cultivation is not economical due to shortness of growing season.     

Elevated CO2 increases wheat cer, leaf and tiller development, and shoot and root growth

Whole-plant responses to elevated CO₂ throughout the life cycle are needed to understand future impacts of elevated atmospheric CO₂. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. leaf carbon exchange rates (CER) and carbohydrates, growth, and development were examined at the tillering, booting, and grain-filling stages in growth chambers with CO₂ concentrations of 350 (ambient) or 700 (high) μmol mol^?1. Single-leaf CER values measured on plants grown at high CO₂ were 50% greater than those measured on plants grown at ambient CO₂ for all growth stages, with no photosynthetic acclimation observed at high CO₂. Leaves grown in high CO₂ had more starch and simple sugars at tillering and booting, and more starch at grain-filling, than those grown in ambient CO₂. CER and carbohydrate levels were positively correlated with leaf appearance rates and tillering (especially third-, fourth- and fifth-order tillers). Elevated CO₂ slightly delayed tiller appearance, but accelerated tiller development after appearance. Although high CO₂ increased leaf appearance rates, final leaf number/culm was not effected because growth stages were reached slightly sooner. Greater plant biomass was related to greater tillering. Doubling CO₂ significantly increased both shoot and root dry weight, but decreased the shoot to root ratio. High CO₂ plants had more spikes plant^?1 and spikelets spike^?1, but a similar number of fertile spikelets spike^?1. Elevated CO₂ resulted in greater shoot, root and spike production and quicker canopy development by increasing leaf and tiller appearance rates and phenology.     

Changes in abscisic acid, salicylic acid and phenylpropanoid concentrations during cold acclimation of androgenic forms of Festulolium (Festuca pratensis × Lolium multiflorum) in relation to resistance to pink snow mould (Microdochium nivale)

We investigated changes in concentrations of abscisic (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA), phenolic compounds and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in relation to cold-induced tolerance of four androgenic genotypes of Festulolium ( Festuca  ×  Lolium hybrids ) to frost and to the snow mould fungus Microdochium nivale . Cold acclimation increased frost tolerance and resistance to snow mould. Resistant genotypes were characterized by higher ABA concentrations during the first 54 h of cold acclimation and lower concentrations of SA than susceptible genotypes. After cold acclimation, the content of phenolics was significantly lower in genotypes tolerant to frost and M. nivale infection than in susceptible genotypes, while PAL activity was significantly higher. Signalling networks controlling cold acclimation to frost (abiotic) and mould infection (biotic) appears to involve increases in foliar concentrations of ABA and decreases in the SA level during successful cold acclimation. Higher PAL activity and lower concentrations of phenolic compounds also appear to be associated with enhanced tolerance to frost and fungal attack.     

Uniformity, Performance and Seed Quality of Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Seed Crops Grown from Sub-samples of One Seed Lot Obtained after Selection for Physical Seed Attributes

In a glasshouse experiment it was examined whether narrow grading and selection from a commercial soybean seed lot cultivar 'IAS-5', could improve the uniformity of the seed crop grown from it and thereby enhance yield, quality and uniformity of seeds produced. The classes created were: Control (original seed lot); Size-graded seeds (projected area measured by image analysis 37–46 mm²); Non-cracked seeds; Yellow seeds; Size-graded sound seeds (size-graded, non-cracked, yellow, non-wrinkled, non-etched). Compared to the control, percentage of emergence, survival and number of yielding plants were enhanced in crops from non-cracked, yellow or size-graded sound seeds. Differences in plant numbers did not result in differences in crop yield. The different seed lots also did not differ in crop uniformity: time interval between stages of plant development, plant height 20 days after sowing, yield components, physical or physiological quality attributes of seeds produced, and respective coefficients of variation were similar. Fewer plants survived in crops showing a larger variation in plant height 20 days after sowing, thus reducing differences in initial plant-to-plant variation. Creating more uniform crops by additional grading or selection of commercial seed lots may therefore not be promising.     

Application of abscisic acid (ABA) at veraison advanced red color development and maintained postharvest quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes

‘Crimson Seedless’ is a popular table grape cultivar, but in warm-climates, its fruits often fail to develop adequate red color, even after they have been treated with ethephon. Application of abscisic acid (ABA) may improve color more effectively than ethephon, but its potential effects on postharvest quality must be considered before recommending its use on table grapes. Therefore, we compared the postharvest quality attributes of grapes treated preharvest with 250 μL L⁻¹ ethephon, the current industry standard, to that of grapes treated with 150 or 300 μL L⁻¹ ABA, or nontreated. Treatment with either ethephon or 150 μL L⁻¹ ABA allowed grapes to be harvested 10 d before nontreated fruit, and fruits treated with 300 μL L⁻¹ ABA attained marketable quality 30 d before nontreated fruit. Early harvest was possible because the treatments induced more rapid coloring of the grapes, and though total yield was not affected by any plant growth regulator (PGR), all PGRs doubled packable yields by improving the color of the grapes. ABA-treated grapes were characterized by superior appearance both in berries and clusters’ rachises compared to ethephon-treated and control grapes. Other quality attributes such as firmness, berry weight, decay incidence, and shatter remained unaffected among treatments. Therefore, ABA is an effective alternative to ethephon for enhancing the color and maintaining postharvest quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes.     

Improving the Drought Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Exogenous Application of Salicylic Acid

Drought stress encumbers the rice growth predominantly by oxidative damage to biological membranes and disturbed tissue water status. In this study, the role of salicylic acid (SA) to induce drought tolerance in aromatic fine grain rice cultivar Basmati 2000 was evaluated. SA was applied as seed and foliar treatments. For seed treatment, rice seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹ aerated solution of SA for 48 h and then dried back. Treated and untreated seeds were sown in plastic pots in a phytotron. At four leaf stage, one set of plants was subjected to drought stress, while the other remained well watered. Drought was maintained at 50 % of field capacity by watering every alternate day. For exogenous application, SA was applied 50, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹ at five leaf stage. In the control, SA was neither applied exogenously nor as seed treatment. Drought stress severely affected the seedling fresh and dry weight, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, plant water relations and starch metabolism; however, SA application improved the performance of rice under both normal and stress conditions. Drought tolerance in rice was well associated with the accumulation of compatible solutes, maintenance of tissue water potential and enhanced potency of antioxidant system, which improved the integrity of cellular membranes and facilitated the rice plant to sustain photosynthesis and general metabolism. Foliar treatments were more effective than the seed treatments. Foliar application with 100 mg l⁻¹ (FA 100) was the best treatment to induce the drought tolerance and improve the performance under normal and stress conditions compared with the control or other treatments used in this study.     

空气凤梨Tillandsia bergeri花芽分化时期叶片内源激素含量的变化

以Tillandsia bergeri为试材,研究T. bergeri在花芽分化过程中体内激素及其平衡的动态变化过程。用植物生长调节剂乙烯利进行整株喷洒处理,以喷施清水为对照。测定叶片内ZRs、GAs、IAA和ABA的含量。结果表明：外源乙烯利对植株有明显的催花作用,且乙烯利处理后出花整齐,外源乙烯利处理初期使IAA和GAs含量下降,在花器官发育时,GAs含量上升。在花芽诱导时期,ABA和ZRs含量升高;在花器官发育时期,ABA和ZRs激素含量恢复到正常水平。低水平的IAA及GAs含量促进T. bergeri花芽的诱导,而相对高的IAA及GAs含量有利于花形态的形成。较高水平的IAA/GAs、ABA/GAs、ZRs/GAs和低水平IAA/ZRs有利于T. bergeri的花芽诱导和萌动;激素平衡在T. bergeri花芽诱导期起到了关键作用。     

水杨酸对弱光下‘大久保’桃果实库强的影响

分别在8年生‘大久保’桃的幼果期、硬果核期和成熟期进行遮阳处理，并喷施200μM?L-1水杨酸。结果表明在遮阳条件下，水杨酸显著地提高了桃果实在幼果期和成熟期的GA3、ABA和ZA的含量，水杨酸提高了硬核期和成熟期的IAA含量，但降低了幼果期IAA的含量。水杨酸还提高了幼果期和成熟期桃果实内蔗糖合酶的活性和果实内蔗糖的含量。可见水杨酸在遮阳条件下，显著提高了桃果实的库强并促进了蔗糖的积累。     

Effects of Exposure to Short Periods of Suboptimal Temperature during Chill (5 °C) on Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence in Maize Seedlings (Zea Mays L.)

The effect of various periods of exposure to suboptimal temperature ('warm breaks'– WB: 14 °C for 4 h, 1 h and 0 h – control in 24 h cycles) during chilling (5 °C) of maize seedlings on the photosynthesis, the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and on the injuries of the cell membranes of leaves and water content in plants was compared. The measurements were conducted after 1, 3, 7 and 12 chill cycles. It was found that WB of either length distinctly diminished the chill-induced inhibition of net photosynthesis and the decrease of photochemical efficiency of PSII. The protective effect on WB on these parameters was observed shortly after completion of chilling of the plant as well as an after-effect. Daily warming up of the plants also reduced the leakage of electrolytes and diminished the water deficit of the chilled seedlings. The protective effect of WB on the measured parameters of the plants was greater in the chill-sensitive genotype than in the chill-tolerant one, especially when plants were warmed up for 4 h. The results obtained are an indication that short periods of warm weather during cold spring may diminish the injuries of the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as reduce the disturbance of water status of seedlings, contributing in this way to better condition of maize crops.