聚多曲霉Snef210对南方根结线虫毒性的研究

蔬菜根结线虫病在我国乃至世界危害日益严重,安全防控该病害成为目前急需解决的农业生产问题。本研究筛选到一株可毒杀南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的生防真菌Snef210,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定为聚多曲霉Aspergillus sydowii(Bain.et Sart.) Thom et Church。该菌株发酵液对南方根结线虫2龄幼虫(J_2)具有很强的毒杀作用,原液处理24 h后校正死亡率达90.1%,处理3 d后对卵孵化的抑制率达92.8%。盆栽试验中,与对照相比,菌株发酵液10倍稀释液土壤处理对番茄根部的根结减退率为66.7%。聚多曲霉代谢产物丰富,多用于抗菌和抗肿瘤的研究,本文首次发现其对南方根结线虫有效,是一类潜在的控制植物线虫病害的新型生防因子。     

华南地区主要番茄品种对南方根结线虫的抗性评价

通过人工接种方式, 对华南地区番茄主要栽培品种对优势根结线虫——南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）的抗性进行了评价。结果表明,广东栽培品种年丰、红宝石、新星、福安、粤红玉、穗丰、金丰、益丰、丰顺、大丰顺、满丰和法国品种SAINT PIERRE均高度感病; 而法国品种 PIERSOL VFN高度抗病,根结率为0。根据SAS8.0多重比较分析表明,在F0.01的水平上, 品种PIERSOL VFN与其余品种之间对根结线虫的抗性均存在显著性差异,而其他12个品种间对根结线虫的抗性差异不显著。     

Cf-2/Rcr3pim番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗性测定

Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄不仅能够抵御番茄叶霉菌的侵染,而且对马铃薯金线虫的寄生也有一定的抑制效果。为挖掘根结线虫的新抗性资源,本研究采用室内人工接种法测定了Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)、Cf-2/Rcr3-3和Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系对南方根结线虫的抗感性。抗性评价结果显示,Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)品系对南方根结线虫表现高感,Cf-2/Rcr3-3品系为中感,而Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)品系则为感病。与Cf-0/Rcr3~(pim)和Cf-2/Rcr3-3基因型相比,Cf-2/Rcr3~(pim)基因型番茄品系虽然对南方根结线虫侵染的敏感性略低,但是不能阻止线虫在根系上的大量繁殖,不适于根结线虫的防控应用。     

Variation in resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in tomato genotypes bearing the Mi gene

Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp.) are among the main pathogens of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) worldwide. Plant resistance is currently the method of choice for controlling these pests and all the commercially available resistant cultivars carry the dominant Mi gene, which confers resistance to the three main species Meloidogyne arenaria , M. incognita and M. javanica . However the emergence of virulent biotypes able to overcome the tomato resistance gene may constitute a severe limitation to such a control strategy. To date, little was known of the possible influence of the homozygous vs heterozygous allelic state of the Mi locus, or the tomato genetic background, on the expression of the resistance. In order to test both these factors, the resistance was evaluated of a large panel of L. esculentum genotypes (selected from the Vilmorin germplasm stock collection) to seven M. incognita lines avirulent or virulent against the Mi gene. Plant resistance was estimated by counting the egg masses on the root systems after inoculation with second-stage juveniles (J₂). Reproduction of the nematodes was similar or, more often, significantly higher on heterozygous tomato genotypes than on homozygous ones, suggesting a possible dosage effect of the Mi gene. Data also indicated that the tomato genetic background had a major effect on the variations observed in nematode reproduction, especially when tomato genotypes were heterozygous for the Mi gene. These results have important consequences in terms of breeding strategies and durability of the resistance conferred by the Mi gene.     

南方根结线虫二龄幼虫对不同类型盐离子的趋化反应

为了明确南方根结线虫对不同类型盐离子的趋化性,在琼脂糖平板培养基上测试了南方根结线虫2龄幼虫对37种无机盐和11种有机盐的趋化反应。结果表明,Cl-和SCN-盐对南方根结线虫均有排斥作用;对南方根结线虫有排斥作用的NO-3盐为Ba(NO3)2、NH4NO3、Mn(NO3)2;H2PO-4或HPO2-4盐为KH2PO4、K2HPO4;CO2-3或HCO-3盐为 Na2CO3、K2CO3、(NH4)2CO3 和KHCO3;OH-盐为KOH和 NaOH;有机酸为C2H4O2、C3H6O3和C4H6O6。含有相同阳离子的不同盐对南方根结线虫的吸引或排斥作用不受影响。阴离子对南方根结线虫的排斥作用大小为SCN->NO-3>Cl->OH->CO2-3> H2PO-4>有机酸>SO2-4。只有KCl、Ba(NO3)2、NH4NO3、Mn(NO3)2、(NH4)2CO3、C2H4O2和 C4H6O6对线虫的趋化性随浓度的增加而增加,而其他被测试的41种盐浓度对线虫的趋化性没有显著影响。     

Virulence development and genetic polymorphism in Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood after prolonged exposure to sublethal concentrations of nematicides and continuous growing of resistant tomato cultivars

BACKGROUND: The root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, is an important plant pathogen damaging to tomato. Continuous use of resistant tomato cultivars and nematicides for its effective management might lead to resistance break‐up or nematicide failure. Genetic variability and virulence in M. incognita on susceptible Pusa Ruby tomato were analysed by bioassay, esterase and DNA polymorphism after a 5 year weekly exposure to carbofuran, carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos at 0.0125, 0.0250 and 0.0500 µg g^?1. Virulence in M. incognita after a 5 year multiplication on resistant tomatoes was assessed. RESULTS: The nematicidal treatments resulted in the development of virulent M. incognita populations. Their invasion potential increased significantly after continuous exposure to low concentrations of the nematicides. Also, growing resistant tomato cultivars for ten successive seasons resulted in a 6.6% increase in the invasion potential. These virulent populations exhibited 1–3 additional esterase and DNA bands compared with untreated populations. CONCLUSION: A 5 year exposure of M. incognita to sublethal concentrations of nematicides or resistant tomato cultivars exerted enough selection pressure to cause genomic alterations for virulence development. Isozyme markers can be used for rapid and precise diagnostics of field populations by advisory services, enabling judicious remedial management decisions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry