成年鸡盲肠正常菌群的初步研究

采用定量分析方法，对成年鸡盲肠内７个菌属正常菌群进行了测定。结果表明，乳酸杆菌数量最高，其对数值为８．６±０．５，其次是双歧杆菌，对数值为８．１±１．０，肠球菌的数量最低，为５．９±０．７；乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量极显著地高于其它菌类（Ｐ〈０．０１）...     

猪肠道菌群对其生长发育的影响

１猪的肠道菌群 健康猪的肠道菌群保持着动态平衡，有益菌和致病菌在肠道内保持一定比例，并与机体的生长发育密切相关。 仔猪在出生２４小时内大空肠、回肠、盲肠和直肠就定植了分歧杆菌、大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌、消化球菌、类杆菌、肠球菌、小梭菌、真杆菌和酵母菌等，以前５种占优势。仔猪在哺乳期，胃内存在的微生物以乳酸杆菌为主。以每克粪便湿重按Ｌｏｇ_１０计值猪肠道活菌数，分歧杆菌 ９．０±０．５、大肠杆菌 ８．１±０．１、乳酸杆菌９．９±０．４、消化球菌９．８±０．４、厌氧弯杆菌９．４±０．４、真杆菌９．２±１．０、…     

几种鸡源肠道菌对沙门氏菌的体外生物拮抗试验

用从健康鸡消化道分离的鸡源乳酸杆菌４株,双歧杆菌２株,对引起雏鸡腹泻的鸡白痢沙门氏菌和鸡副伤寒沙门氏菌进行体外生物拮抗试验。试验结果显示：３株乳酸杆菌、２株双歧杆菌、１株芽孢杆菌对致病性沙门氏菌均有明显的生物拮抗作用（Ｐ＜０．０１）,而１株乳酸杆菌和１株芽孢杆菌拮抗作用不明显。     

饲喂乳杆菌雏鸡对鸡白痢菌感染的影响

雏鸡饲喂乳杆菌培养物后，人工感染鸡白痢沙门氏菌，观察雏鸡盲肠主要正常菌群定植及雏鸡抵抗力情况。研究结果表明：人工感染鸡白痢沙门氏菌后，饲喂乳杆菌组同未饲喂乳杆菌组相比，雏鸡盲肠内正常菌群有一定变化，大肠杆菌数明显降低（Ｐ＜００１），双歧杆菌和乳杆菌数明显增加（Ｐ＜００１），而且死亡率降低２０％。     

家兔盲肠区正常菌群的研究

采用稀释滴种法对8只40日龄健康断乳仔兔盲肠区(圆小囊、盲肠、蚓突)正常菌群拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、消化球菌、乳酸杆菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和魏氏梭菌进行研究测定.结果表明,拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、消化球菌、乳酸杆菌等厌氧菌群数量占优势,大肠杆菌等需氧菌群数量很少,差异极显著(P＜0.01),未分离到沙门氏菌和魏氏梭菌;各菌群在盲肠区不同部位的分布数值差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

引入西宁的星杂579蛋鸡生理生化常值测定

测得引入西宁的星杂５７９蛋鸡血液ＲＢＣ，ＷＢＣ，Ｈｂ和嗜中性、碱性、酸性、淋巴、单核细胞的结果分别为３．２４±０．１２（１０￣（１２）／Ｌ），２．６８±０．４４（１０￣９／Ｌ），９７．５±８．７３（ｇ／Ｌ），３２．７３±３．７５（％），０．７５±０．２４（％），４．７６±１．１７（％），５３．９６±３．２１（％），７．８１±１．５０（％）；血清总蛋白，ＧＰＴ，Ｇ０Ｔ，ＺｎＴＴ，ＴＴＴ，Ｋ￣＋，Ｎａ￣＋，Ｃｌ￣－，Ｃａ￣（＋＋），Ｐ的结果分别为６．２５±５．７（ｇ／Ｌ），５．７３±２．０２（ＩＵ），８３．３４±９．１５（ＩＵ），３．２０±１．６９（Ｕ），５，７３±３．３７（Ｕ），３．６２±０．６７（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１６１．４０±７．３０（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１２３．５８±６．７６（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．４１±０．２１（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．３８±０．１９（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；同时测得Ｔ，Ｐ，Ｒ分别为４１．５８±０．３１（℃），１７３．１２±７．５１（次／ｍｉｎ），３５．４７±６．１５（次／ｍｉｎ）。     

成都麻羊生长发育及繁殖性能研究

在四川省成都麻羊育种场测定成都麻羊的生长发育和繁殖性能。结果表明，成都麻羊初生体重公羔为２．１２±０．５５ｋｇ，母羔为１．９８±０．５３ｋｇ；２月龄断奶体重公羔为８．８９±１．８０ｋｇ，母羔为８．５３±１．９１ｋｇ；周岁公羊为２８．４６±８．３８ｋｇ，母羊为２４．７０±５．２５ｋｇ；成年公羊为３９．９８±５．１５ｋｇ，母羊为３１．８５±４．４８ｋｇ。成都麻羊初情期为４０多日龄，初配年龄公羊为７～８月龄，母羊为６～７月龄，初配时体重为１５～２０ｋｇ；发情周期为２０～２２天，持续期２～３天，妊娠期１４２～１４５天，多一年２胎，各胎平均产羔数为１．９２只。     

商品肉鸡在西宁地区生理常值的测定

对明星、ＡＡ肉仔鸡在海拔２２００ｍ处的西宁地区进行生理常值的测定，结果为：１．呼吸频率高于文献记录（Ｐ＜０．０５），体温、心率与之相似；２．明星和ＡＡ鸡红细胞数、血红蛋白及ＰＣＶ分别为２．７３±０．３７和２．９３±０．４４百万／ｍｍ３，１１．３±１．３和１２．６±３．４ｇ／Ｌ，４３．６±３．９和４１．７±４．３ｍｌ％，与文献记载均有差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；３．两品种的ＭＣＨ、ＭＣＶ分别为３８．８±１４．５和４６．１±８．１ｐｇ，１５９．２±２３．０和１７．１±１３．６Ｕ３，显著高于卢宗藩资料（Ｐ＜０．０５）。明星鸡ＭＣＨＣ低于王文三资料，ＡＡ鸡的高于其数据（Ｐ＜０．０５）；４．白细胞分类计数表明，两品利的嗜酸、嗜碱、异嗜、淋巴和单核细胞均与资料有一定变化。     

氧氟沙星在健康和霉形体与大肠杆菌感染鸡的药动学研究

本文报道氧氟沙星在健康和霉形体与大肠杆菌合并感染鸡体内的药动学研究,健康鸡单剂量内服氧氟沙星（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）其药－时数据符合一级吸收一室开放模型,主要动力学参数如下：ｔ１／２α为０．４７±０．２３ｈ,ｔ１／２β为５．９２±１．３４ｈ,ｔｍａｘ为１．８９±０．５２ｈ,Ｃｍａｘ为５．７９±１．０９μｇ／ｍＬ,ＡＵＣ为６０．９２±１７．００ｍｇ／Ｌ,ｈ,Ｔｃｐ（ｔｈｅｒ）为５９．０６±１４．２８ｈＦ,     

含野血牦牛八基血清生化指标测定

对大通种牛扬８０头含野牦牛８项血清化生指标进行了测定，结果：含野血成年牦牛的血清钾，钠，总钙，游离钙，游离钙百分率，氯，无机磷，总蛋白分别为６．０１±０９３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，１３３．０５±５．４５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．４５±０．４２ｍｃｏｌ／Ｌ，１．０２±０．４７ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３９．３４±１３．４２％，１００．９４±７．３６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，２．５３±０．５４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，６７．４０±７．３０ｇ／Ｌ，２～３月     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -