离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线中的收缩特性

为了探明土壤在离心力作用下的收缩规律,开展了离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线试验.砂壤土和黏壤土分别设定3个初始容重,以离心机法测定的数据为基础,研究了离心力变化下的土壤收缩规律,并通过van Genuchten-Mualem(VG-M)模型对2种情景模式(考虑容重变化和未考虑容重变化)下所测定的土壤水分特征曲线进行拟合,并以此估算所得的土壤水力特性参数对沟灌二维水分运动特性进行了数值模拟,同时结合室内试验对比分析了参数的合理性.结果表明,离心机转速增大,土壤含水率降低,容重随之增大,当吸力为7 000 cm时,砂壤土和黏壤土的容重分别近于1.81和1.79 g/cm³;基于土壤收缩特征曲线,供试土壤收缩过程可采用三直线模型进行表征,但各收缩段的吸力范围存在差异;与未考虑容重变化所得VG-M模型中的参数值相比,考虑土壤容重变化所得的滞留含水率θ_r和进气吸力值倒数a均增大,但形状系数n均减小;以考虑土壤容重变化所得VG-M参数为基础进行沟灌二维水分运动数值模拟,其入渗水量、湿润锋运移距离(垂直和水平)与实测值的误差绝对值均值分别为5.8%,3.0%和2.6%,较未考虑容重变化时精度分别提高了39.2%,57.2%和52.9%.因此离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的过程中需考虑土壤容重的变化,且以此获得的参数能够较为显著地提高数值模拟精度.     

Compressibility of Some Trinidadian Soils as Affected by the Incorporation of Peat

The effect on compressibility of incorporating peat into four remoulded Trinidadian agricultural soils was investigated over a range of stresses from 0 to 1000 kPa using a compression machine. Air-dry peat was applied at four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12% by mass) to the soils (two sandy loams, clay loam and clay) and tested at three moisture contents close to the Proctor optimum moisture content of the soils. Compression curves (bulk density versus log applied stress) for each soil at the moisture levels tested were almost linear and parallel over the range of stresses from about 100 to 1000 kPa.Mean values of dry bulk density declined significantly at 0.001 level with increasing peat content from 1·23 to 0·87 Mg m^-3. Mean bulk density values increased significantly at 0·001 level with increasing applied stress and moisture content and declined with increasing clay content. Significant interaction effects were observed between soil type and peat content and between peat content and moisture content. Peat incorporation resulted in greater soil compression, but the increases were less evident in clay than in sandy loam soils. Soil compression refers to the decrease in soil volume with the application of external load. The compression index, C (slope of the dry bulk density versus log applied stress relationship), increased significantly at 0·05 level from 0·21 Mg/m³ in one sandy loam soil to 0·38 Mg/m³ in the clay soil. While the C value did not differ significantly with increasing peat content in the sandy loams and the clay loam, it decreased significantly at 0·01 level in the clay soil. An equation expressing C as a function of initial soil bulk density before compression and a strain parameter was developed in order to explain the variation of C in the soils tested. A method is described that can be adopted to quantify the effect of peat on soil compressibility.     

重金属污染对土壤介电特性的影响规律研究

研究重金属污染对土壤介电特性的影响规律,可为高频物探设备及地质雷达探测重金属污染以及评价提供重要的理论依据。以土壤铬(Cr)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)污染为例,在细砂、粉土、黏土3种土样中分别加入不同质量浓度的Cr、Cd、Pb污染液,利用介电常数仪测定不同含水率下土样的介电常数的变化特征,分析Cr、Cd、Pb污染液质量浓度、土壤含水率以及土壤颗粒粗细对介电常数的影响规律。结果表明,细砂、粉土、黏土在无污染条件下,控制介电常数变化的主导因素是土壤含水率和颗粒粒度径;在加入Cr、Cd、Pb污染液的情况下,当含水率大于15%,尤其是大于20%时,3种土样的介电常数均随重金属污染液质量浓度的增大而显著增大。土壤颗粒越细、越偏黏性,其介电常数对重金属污染质量浓度的变化越敏感。利用高频物探设备和地质雷达探测土壤重金属污染时,在黏性介质中,对Cr、Cd、Pb污染的探测效果好。     

不同盐渍土中生物炭对玉米生理生长的影响

为研究适宜于不同滨海盐渍土的生物炭改良方案,以江苏滨海垦区2种典型盐渍土(粉砂壤土、砂壤土)和玉米为研究对象,设置0,25,50,75,100 g/kg生物炭水平,探讨了生物炭对不同滨海盐渍土的改良效果及玉米生理生长的影响.结果表明:生物炭添加后,土壤电导率、Na+质量浓度降低,Ca2+,Mg2+,K+质量浓度升高,0...     

微咸水水质对压砂地土壤入渗性能的影响

为研究土壤容重以及供水水质对土壤水分垂直入渗性能的影响,以香山地区不同容重(1.35、1.45 g/cm3)的土壤为研究对象,通过室内土柱一维垂直入渗试验,选择供水水质为影响因子,设置4种不同电导率的供水水质(0、2.5、5.0、7.5 mS/cm)对土壤入渗时间、入渗率,盐分分布特征以及含水率分布特征进行研究,并用P...     

容重对土壤水氮垂直运移特性影响

为研究不同土壤容重下红壤土与黄土中水分与硝态氮垂直一维入渗运移特性差异,提高红壤与黄土地区水肥利用效率,以江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土为研究对象,采用垂直一维入渗方式模拟土壤容重对2种土壤中水分及硝态氮垂直运动规律的影响.结果表明:江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土的湿润锋运移距离及入渗速率均与土壤容重呈负相关;灌水结束时与再分布1 d后,2种土壤的含水率均与土壤容重呈负相关,西安粉壤土的含水率略大于江西壤黏土;土壤容重越大,硝态氮越集中于深层土壤中且其峰值越高,再分布过程中峰值下降,其中容重为1.25,1.35,1.40 g/cm³的峰值下降较大.灌水结束时土壤容重对40~50 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比在0.05水平下均具有统计学意义;再分布1 d后,2种土壤在0~30 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比相差甚小,在30~60 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比均较高,但西安粉壤土的硝态氮质量比更高.故江西壤黏土中硝态氮更容易淋溶,而西安粉壤土的持水持肥性较好.     

不同离子微咸水对土壤水力特性和生菜生长的影响

为探究不同微咸水水质对土壤水力特性和作物生长的影响,在日光温室条件下,以生菜为供试作物开展2季盆栽试验.以CaSO₄的饱和溶液为对照(CK),向去离子水中添加不同氯化盐形成电导率相同而阳离子组成不同的微咸水处理(分别为Na⁺∶T_Na;Na⁺/K⁺比为1∶1:T_Na-K;K⁺∶T_K),研究连续灌溉下土壤容重、持水性能、水盐运移,以及生菜生长响应,并采用van Genuchten模型对水分特征曲线相关参数进行拟合分析.结果表明:与CK相比,微咸水灌溉均增加了土壤容重,降低了土壤孔隙度;随着微咸水持续灌溉,土壤孔隙分布明显改变,微小孔隙比例增加,土壤持水能力显著提高,以处理T_Na最为显著.连续微咸水灌溉下,灌溉水钠吸附比、土壤结构稳定性阳离子比与土壤进气值参数存在负相关关系(R²均为0.78).土壤中盐分逐渐积累,表现为第2季生菜生长季末(播后80 d)各处理0~20 cm土壤饱和提取液电导率较第1季显著升高,其中CK显著低于其他处理(P<0.05),且表层土壤(0~10 cm)中盐分积累更为明显.生长季末土壤表层含水量较高,与盐分分布基本一致.与CK相比,处理T_Na,T_Na-K和T_K显著降低了生菜生物量的积累(P<0.05),其中T_Na最低.     

Effect of Peat on the Compactibility of Some Trinidadian Soils

The effect on compactibility of incorporating peat into four Trinidadian agricultural soils before compaction was investigated in a laboratory experiment. A factorial experiment was used to study the effect of peat applied at four levels (0, 4, 8 and 12% by mass) on the maximum dry bulk density (MDBD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of the four soils (two sandy loams, clay loam and clay) compacted using 5, 15 and 25 Proctor hammer blows. The compaction tests were carried out at different moisture contents which varied according to the values of the plastic limits of the soils.Results showed that while the mean values of MDBD of the soils declined significantly (p = 0.001) from 1·51 to 0·92 Mg m^-3 with increasing peat content, the mean values of OMC increased from 24·2 to 42·6%. While MDBD increased, OMC decreased with increasing compaction levels. This applied to all the soils tested. The clay soils had significantly lower values of MDBD and greater values of OMC than the sandy loam soils. There were significant interaction effects between soil type and level of added peat and between compaction level and level of added peat. These interactions were used to describe the effect of peat on soil compactibility. Multiple linear regression equations based on compactive effort, sand content, clay content and percentage peat content, were generated for predicting values of MDBD and those of OMC of compaction of the soils used in this study. There was reasonable agreement between the equation for predicting MDBD and a similar equation derived for Nigerian soils in previous work. A good negative relationship obtained between MDBD and OMC is also similar to the one derived from previous research.     

基于黏粒量的土壤水分特征曲线预测模型

[目的]建立基于黏粒量的土壤水分特征曲线预测模型.[方法]设计12种不同黏粒量的质量混合比处理,获得一系列合成土样,通过测定合成土样的土壤水分特征曲线,研究了在体积质量一致的条件下,黏粒量对土壤水分特征曲线参数和孔隙分布的影响.[结果]在体积质量为1.55 g/cm3条件下,黏粒量增加1.9倍,土壤中传导孔隙(0.03...     

扬州地区TDR法田间测定不同土壤含水量的标定

使用美国Spectrum TDR 100便携式水分测定仪,在扬州地区不同土壤,找出TDR法和烘干法测定土壤含水量之间的关系。通过试验证明,容重在1.3 g/cm3处TDR测定值接近真实值,容重越小或越大,其偏差就越大。粘粒含量为0~200 g/kg,砂粒含量在300~500 g/kg范围内,TDR测定值接近于烘干法。利用TDR测定土壤水分,砂土和壤土可以不用调整,而粘壤土和粘土要进行系数换算,粘壤土的测定结果要除以1.18,粘土的测定结果要除以1.44。     

南北方粘质土壤密度对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型的影响研究

以南北方典型粘质土壤红壤和塿土为试验土样,通过水平入渗试验进行了土壤密度变化对土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数的影响研究。研究结果表明,特征湿润长度、吸力、饱和含水量、滞留含水量、饱和导水率均随土壤密度增加而减小;土壤水分特征van Genuchten模型参数n随着土壤密度的增加而递增,而参数α随着土壤密度的增加而减小,与土壤密度成反比;参数n和参数α随土壤密度变化关系可用幂函数来描述。为建立吸力、土壤密度、质量含水率三变量的土壤水分特征曲面提供新的途径,有助于完善土壤水动力学理论。     

Use of saline–sodic waters through phytoremediation of calcareous saline–sodic soils

Use of poor-quality groundwater has become inevitable for irrigation to compensate rapidly increasing water demands in many arid and semiarid regions. Salinity and sodicity are the principal soil and water quality concerns in such areas. Many saline–sodic and sodic soils have saline or saline–sodic subsurface drainage waters. Amelioration of these soils needs a source of calcium (Ca²⁺) that can replace the excess exchangeable sodium (Na⁺). Most of these soils, however, contain calcite (CaCO₃) of extremely low solubility. The native calcite does not supply adequate levels of Ca²⁺ for soil amelioration as do other chemical amendments. Phytoremediation may help ameliorate such soils through cultivation of certain crops tolerant to ambient soil salinity and sodicity. This amelioration strategy works through plant root action to help dissolve CaCO₃ to supply adequate Ca²⁺ without the application of an amendment. During a 3-year field experiment conducted under irrigated conditions, we evaluated phytoremediation against soil application of gypsum and farm manure, and water treatment with sulphuric acid on a calcareous saline–sodic soil (pH_s=8.0–8.4, EC_e=24–32 dS m⁻¹, SAR=57–78, CaCO₃=45–50 g kg⁻¹ for the top 0.15 m depth; Calcic Haplosalids). A saline–sodic water (EC=2.9–3.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR=12.0–19.4, RSC=4.6–10.0 mmol_c l⁻¹, SAR_adj=15.6–18.4) was used to irrigate the rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops grown in rotation. Active desalinisation and desodication processes were observed in all the treatments. After the final wheat crop, the 1.2 m soil profile EC_e was 7±0.5 dS m⁻¹ and SAR was 15±2 with non-significant treatment differences, indicating comparable soil amelioration effect of phytoremediation with other treatments. Better crop yields were obtained from the manure-treated plots, owing to its annual addition to the soil that possibly improved soil fertility. Phytoremediation needed minimum capital input because no initial investment was made to purchase the amendments.     

黑土区农田尺度田间持水率的空间变异性研究

[目的]探究黑土区农田田间持水率的空间变异性机制.[方法]利用传统统计学和多重分形方法量化了田间持水率的空间变异强度,分析了造成田间持水率空间变异性的局部信息;利用联合多重分形方法确定了田间持水率与土壤基本物理特性在多尺度上的相关性.[结果]研究区域田间持水率具有多重分形特征,随土层深度增加,田间持水率的空间变异程度先...     

Erosion deposits in tile-drains

The mechanism of silting up of tile field drains in two heavy textured surface water gley soils was examined by comparing the physical and mineralogical characteristics of deposits in drains with those of the clay soil directly above. The deposits consist of clay, silt and sand and are distinctly laminated. They appear to be the result of internal erosion of the soil. The processes operative seems to have been: (a) inflow of soil through the drain joints; (b) sedimentation in the drain; (c) elution of very fine material. It is possible that this silting-up phenomenon is not uncommon in the tile field drains of surface water gley soils of Scotland.     

风速和翼型弯度对垂直轴风机气动性能的影响

为了解风速和翼型弯度对H型垂直轴风机气动性能的影响,选取3种风速(4,8和12 m/s)作为设计工况,以NACA0015,NACA2415,NACA4415和NACA6415 共4种不同弯度翼型作为设计翼型,对某小型H型垂直轴风机进行了二维非定常数值模拟研究,评价指标包括C_P-λ曲线、Pa-n曲线和Qa-n曲线3方面.研究结果表明:风速和翼型弯度均对风力机的气动特性有很大影响.风速主要影响风轮的C_P(P_a)值、运行叶尖速比的范围和高效运行区的范围,且三者均随风速的增大而增大.翼型弯度影响着风轮的C_Pmax值、运行叶尖速比的范围、高效运行区的范围、整个运行区的C_P(Pa)值、经济性和起动性能等多个方面.但是,风速对翼型弯度的选择基本没有影响.综合考虑各因素,弯度为0~2%的翼型是垂直轴风机最为理想的选择.     

Fixed versus variable bulk canopy resistance for reference evapotranspiration estimation using the Penman–Monteith equation under semiarid conditions

In this paper, daily ET₀ estimates at two semiarid locations, Zaragoza and Córdoba, were obtained from the Penman–Monteith equation using either fixed (70 s m⁻¹) or variable r_c values. Variable r_c values were computed with two models, Katerji and Perrier, and Todorovic. Daily ET₀ estimates were computed from 24-h meteorological averages or from the sum of hourly estimates. Daily ET₀ measured values were obtained from a weighing lysimeter (Zaragoza) and an eddy covariance system (Córdoba). There was a good agreement at both locations between estimated and measured ET₀ values using a fixed r_c value and 24-h meteorological averages. Estimates obtained from the sum of hourly estimates were somewhat worse. When 24-h meteorological averages were used, the Katerji and Perrier model for variable r_c slightly improved ET₀ estimates at both locations. But that improvement does not support the effort to locally calibrate that model. When daily ET₀ estimates were obtained from the sum of hourly estimates, the Todorovic model improved the estimation at Zaragoza and, at a lesser degree, at Córdoba. Under the semiarid conditions of the two studied locations, the use of the Todorovic model is recommended to get hourly ET₀ estimates from which daily estimates can be obtained. If 24-h meteorological averages are used, a fixed r_c value as proposed by Allen et al. [Crop evapotranspiration: guidelines for computing crop water requirements, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56, FAO, Rome, 1998] should be enough for accurate ET₀ estimates.     

土壤质地对地下滴灌灌水器水力要素的影

为研究不同质地土壤中灌水器水力要素的变化规律及其差异,选取灌水器工作压力、土壤容重和土壤初始含水率为因素,分别在粘土、壤土和砂土中采用混合水平均匀设计安排试验.试验结果表明,不同土壤中的灌水器出流规律一致:即当工作压力不变时,灌水器流量在灌水初期略大,而后减小并趋于恒定,这个变化过程仅1～2min;在相同压力下,地下滴灌灌水器流量比地表滴灌小5%～20%,压力越大,二者越接近;灌水器流量随工作压力的增加而增大;土壤因素对灌水器流量有微弱的制约作用,使流量减小.相同条件下,土壤质地越轻,灌水器流量越大;但随着土壤容重和土壤初始含水率的增加,土壤质地越轻,流量减小程度越大.     

高原地区垂直轴风力机应用分析

青藏高原大部分地区属风能资源可利用区,但风向的多变特性限制了水平轴风力机的应用.从分析青藏高原地区风能资源分布情况及特征入手,依据高原独特的气象条件,采用理论分析方法探讨了空气密度对垂直轴风力机出力特性的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法对比海拔4 000 m处以及标准状态2种空气密度下垂直轴风力机的出力特性,归纳了光照辐射、覆冰、雷击等特殊因素对垂直轴风力机的影响.结果表明:空气密度对风能利用系数影响较小,但对输出功率影响较大.在相同风速条件下,同一垂直轴风力机在海拔4 000 m处(即ρ₁=0.843 7 kg/m³)输出功率约为在ρ₀=1.225 0 kg/m³地区的0.60~0.67倍.最后针对分析结果,提出了风轮改进设计方法及应对环境因素的改善措施.研究结果可对高原环境下垂直轴风力机的推广应用提供参考.     

Runoff estimation in southern Brazil based on Smith's modified model and the Curve Number method

The objective of this work was to measure and model the runoff for different soils classes at different rainfall intensities (30, 60 and 120 mm h⁻¹) in Southern Brazil. A portable rainfall simulator with multiple nozzles was used to simulate these rainfall intensities. For each soil, the initial time and runoff rate, rainfall characteristics (total, duration and intensities), surface slope, crop residue amount and cover percentage, soil densities (bulk and particle), soil porosity (bulk, macro and micro), textural fractions (clay, silt and sand), and the initial and saturated soil water content were measured. The runoff measured was compared to Smith's modified and Curve Number (USDA-SCS) models. The cumulative runoff losses were 67, 45 and 27% of the total rainfall, for a Rhodic Paleudalf, Typic Quartzipsamment and Rhodic Hapludox, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between initial runoff and the runoff rate, independently of the soil surface and rainfall conditions. Increasing rainfall intensity decreased the time to runoff and increased runoff rate. The Smith's modified model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 4%. The Smith's modified model presented a better estimate for both higher and lower rainfall intensities (120 and 30 mm h⁻¹). The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff by about 34%. This large overestimate is probably due to that the model did not take into account the soil tillage system used in the field by farmers, particularly for irrigated conditions. The combination of high porosity, low bulk density and presence of crop residue on soil surface decreased runoff losses, independently of the soil texture class. Smith's modified model better estimated the surface runoff for soil with a high soil water content, and it was considered satisfactory for Southern Brazil runoff estimations. The SCS Curve Number model overestimated the cumulative runoff and its use needs adjustments particularly for no-tillage management system.     

不同采样密度的土壤水分特征参数预测

利用不同取样精度的土壤,将土壤质地(砂土、淤泥、粘土含量)和容重作为输入值,探讨了使用基于土壤转换函数的BP神经网络模型来预测0~20 cm表层土壤水分特征曲线参数,用甘肃省称钩河流域小流域的土样进行预测并进行了误差分析。结果表明,使用线性回归能够减小预测误差与实测值差距;使用BP神经网络来预测饱和体积含水量,其准确性比使用BP神经网络预测剩余体积含水量和田间持水量要高。为了进一步提高预测精度,还应尽可能地包括土壤结构、有机质含量等信息。