山地苹果树更新修剪对树体营养及生长的影响

 在陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区以常规修剪为对照,探讨更新修剪对盛果期山地苹果树体营养和生长方面的影响。结果表明：更新修剪提高了叶片、枝条中的氮、磷、钾、钙含量,提高了果实中的氮、钾、钙含量,对果实中的磷和根系中的磷、钾无显著影响;降低了根系中的氮、钙含量;显著增加了长枝、中枝的比例,显著降低了短枝、叶丛枝比例,促进了枝条健壮发育。更新修剪增加了叶面积,提高了叶绿素、单果质量、果实维生素C和有机酸含量,对果实可溶性固形物、总糖、着色面积等无显著影响,提高了果实产量,极显著提高了果园的经济产值。     

修剪方法对盛果末期苹果树腐烂病发生的影响

在渭北高原,以盛果末期苹果树为研究对象,以长放修剪为对照,测定了更新修剪对腐烂病的发病率、病情指数和树体生长及产量的影响。结果表明:更新修剪可极显著降低腐烂病的发病率及病情指数,极显著缩小树冠体积,极显著提高单果质量和果实产量。盛果末期苹果树应积极采用更新修剪。     

苹果叶片营养分析适宜采样时期研究

在渭北高原以盛果期“红富士”苹果树为采样对象,在幼果速长期、春梢停长期、花芽分化期、果实采前膨大期、果实采收期定位采集叶片,分析叶片中的氮、磷、钾、钙含量,以确定合理的叶分析采样时期.结果表明:从幼果速长期到果实采收期,叶片中氮、磷含量持续降低,钾为“反抛物线”,钙为持续升高.通过对不同生长期叶片营养元素含量分析,认为花芽分化期为测定叶片氮、磷、钙的适宜采样时期,钾应在果实采收期或春梢停长期采样分析较为合理.     

钾素营养对油桃采果期树体营养状况的影响

以、7 a生曙光油桃为材料,在固定氮、磷比例基础上,通过改变钾肥用量,分析钾素营养对油桃采果期树体养分的影响.结果表明:油桃采果期枝、叶中可溶性糖和可溶性淀粉含量随钾用量增加而增加,且都显著高于对照.施钾有利于各器官中K的积累,且随钾用量增加,各器官中K含量相应增加.钾用量与油桃叶片和果实中N含量存在极显著正相关,与枝条中N含量、果实中Ca含量存在极显著负相关,与枝条中Ca、Mg含量存在显著负相关.     

更新修剪对苹果隔年结果的影响

以"红富士"苹果为试材,在渭北高原以长放修剪为对照,研究了更新修剪对盛果末期苹果树不同枝条的数量及比例、不同年份的单果质量和产量的影响,以减少苹果隔年结果的发生几率及程度。结果表明:更新修剪显著提高了徒长枝、长枝、中枝的数量及比例,显著降低了短枝、叶丛枝的数量及比例;大年时更新修剪显著降低了营养枝的数量及比例,显著提高了结果枝的数量及比例;小年时显著提高了营养枝的数量及比例,显著降低了结果枝的数量及比例;更新修剪不同年份的单果质量、产量基本维持在一定水平,变化幅度较小,而长放修剪的变化幅度较大且显著高于更新修剪;更新修剪可有效减少隔年结果发生的几率及程度。     

榛仁中氮、磷、钾、钙与贮藏物质的相关性分析

以杂种榛优良品系为试材,分析氮、磷、钾、钙与贮藏物质的相关性。结果表明:氮、磷、钾和钙与脂肪显著或极显著正相关。氮、磷和钙与蔗糖显著或极显著正相关,‘82-11’品系中的磷和钾与可溶性总糖显著或极显著正相关,‘84-237’品系中的钙与可溶性总糖显著正相关,‘84-402’品系中的磷素与可溶性总糖显著正相关。     

广西南丰蜜桔园土壤养分状况及其对果实品质的影响

2011年对广西南丰蜜桔园土壤样品、叶片样品和果实样品进行检测分析。结果表明,所检测的南丰蜜桔园土壤普遍偏酸,土壤有机质、有效磷、有效锌、交换性钙含量较高,碱解氮和速效钾含量中等,交换性镁、有效硼含量较低。柑桔叶片氮含量大部分低于适量范围,而磷、钾含量大部分处于适量范围,少量处于高量水平。柑桔园土壤pH值与土壤交换性钙和交换性镁分别呈显著和极显著正相关,土壤有机质与碱解氮呈显著正相关。土壤有效锌和速效钾含量与果实可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关,交换性钙含量与可溶性固形物呈显著正相关,而土壤pH值和有机质与可溶性固形物呈显著负相关。叶片中钾素、磷素与果实维生素C呈显著正相关。     

‘富士’苹果品质与果实矿质元素含量的关联性分析

【目的】探讨我国‘富士’苹果品质与果实矿质元素含量的关系,筛选影响果实品质特性的主要矿质元素,建立‘富士’苹果优质的果实矿质元素含量优化方案,为提高‘富士’果实品质、减少生理病害的果园合理土壤和叶面施肥等提供理论依据。【方法】2010—2011年对我国苹果产区51个县(市)153个乔砧‘富士’苹果园的果实矿质元素和品质指标进行调查分析,应用偏最小二乘回归变量投影重要性筛选影响果实品质因子的主要果实矿质元素和建立回归方程,线性规划方法求解‘富士’苹果优质的果实矿质元素含量优化方案。【结果】我国‘富士’苹果果实中不同矿质元素含量和品质差异较大,氮、铁、锌和硼的含量分别相差12.06、6.17、7.7和10.08倍,果实可滴定酸含量和固酸比分别相差2.33和2.16倍;果实品质与果实矿质元素含量的相关分析表明,果实氮含量与果实可溶性固形物含量、固酸比和着色面积呈极显著的负相关,果实中钙、铁含量与果实可溶性固形物含量和固酸比呈极显著的正相关;偏最小二乘回归的模型效应载荷和权重分析表明,果实氮和铁对果实综合品质性状影响较大,其次是果实中的磷、钾和钙;果实单果质量主要受果实中氮、磷、钾的影响,并与磷、钾含量有较大的正效应系数,而与氮含量有负的效应系数;变量投影重要性获得了果实可溶性固形物含量主要受果实中氮、钙和铁的影响,并与果实氮含量有最大的负效应系数,而与果实铁和钙有正效应系数。‘富士’苹果优质的果实矿质元素最佳质量分数为:氮0.25%、磷0.07%~0.12%、钾0.7%~1.2%、钙700 mg?kg-1、铁105~184 mg?kg-1、锌4.3~9.0 mg?kg-1、硼16.8~43.0 mg?kg-1。【结论】降低果实氮含量,提高果实铁、磷、钾和钙含量是提高‘富士’果实品质的重要技术措施。     

猕猴桃叶片10种矿质元素含量的动态变化、品种差异及相关性

为指导猕猴桃生产科学施肥,在陕西眉县以8个猕猴桃品种("海沃德""米良1号""徐香""金香""哑特""翠香""农大金猕""金魁")成年树(实生野生美味猕猴桃砧)为试材,连续两年于盛花期后15～170 d定期测定了叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、硼等10种元素的含量,并对叶片各元素含量的生长期差异、品种差异及相关性进行统计分析。结果表明,品种对叶片磷、钾、钙、镁、锰和硼含量有极显著(p0.01)影响,对氮和铁含量有显著(p0.05)影响,对铜和锌含量无显著影响。"海沃德"叶片氮、磷含量较高,钙、镁含量较低;"米良1号"叶片氮、钙含量较高;"翠香"叶片钙含量较高,氮、磷、钾含量较低;"农大金猕"和"金魁"叶片氮、钾均较低。生长期对叶片各元素含量均有极显著影响。叶片氮、磷、钾含量从着果期至果实快速膨大期不断下降;在果实缓慢生长期和果实充实成熟期,氮持续下降,钾维持稳定,磷则有所回升。叶片钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、硼含量随着生长期的推进整体呈升高趋势,但不同元素初始升高和后期稳定的时间点略有差别。叶片氮含量与钾含量极显著正相关,与钙、镁、铁、锌、硼含量呈极显著负相关;磷分别与钾和铁呈显著正相关;钙、镁、铁、锰、铜、锌、硼等元素之间多呈极显著或显著正相关。     

局部施肥对桃树生长、果实品质及产量的影响

以中桃8号为试材,设全面积施肥、1/2面积施肥、1/3面积施肥和1/4面积施肥4个处理,比较局部施肥对桃树生长、果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明,与全面积施肥处理相比,局部施肥处理叶片氮、磷含量降低,但1/2面积施肥处理能够显著提高叶片钾含量,1/3面积施肥处理可提高果实钾含量。1/4面积施肥处理能够提高叶片干重、叶绿素含量,抑制新梢生长,1/4、1/3面积施肥处理均能够明显提高单株产量和单果重。1/3面积施肥处理能够提高果实可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量,显著提高果实维生素C含量。局部施肥处理均能够提高桃果实色泽饱和度、促进果实转色。施肥面积与叶片氮、磷含量分别呈极显著、显著正相关关系,与单株产量呈极显著负相关关系;新梢生长量和单株产量、单果重均呈显著负相关关系。三因素主成分分析显示,1/3面积施肥处理得分最高。不同范围局部施肥处理对桃树生长影响不一致,其中1/3面积施肥处理在提高果实产量和品质上综合效果最佳。     

Effect of Pruning and Partial Disbudding on the Cropping of Comice and Beurré Hardy Pears

The effects of three intensities of pruning on fruit set, fruit bud development, cropping and vigour of intensively grown Cornice and Beurré Hardy pears were compared over a three-year period. Severe pruning, in which extension shoots were cut back to fruit buds on the two-year-old wood, greatly increased the set of fruits per 100 flower clusters and reduced vigour, in comparison with a renewal type of pruning. Severe pruning of Comice caused a relative reduction in the number of fruit buds in subsequent years, so the improvement in fruit set did not lead to an increase in crop per tree, but with Beurré Hardy fruit bud formation was unaffected and the crop per tree was increased by hard pruning. There was an improvement in yield in relation to tree size with both varieties. Pruning to fruit buds provides a means of increasing yields per acre by ‘containing’ pear trees at close spacings without reducing the yield per tree.

Partial disbudding just before blossoming increased fruit set but not enough to offset the reduction in number of fruit buds. Supplementary pollination did not improve the yields of Comice and increased the crop of Hardy in one year only.     

高产稳产型红阳猕猴桃树体结构及土壤养分状况分析

在对陕西省猕猴桃产区53个红阳猕猴桃园普查的基础上,选择5个管理水平较高的红阳猕猴桃果园,对其树体结构及土壤养分状况进行分析.结果表明:高产稳产型红阳猕猴桃树体的合理结构为成龄树冬季修剪后单株保留12～16个结果母枝,对长果枝剪留8～12个芽,折合667 m2留长枝量为1 200～1 600个,留芽量为10 000～15 000个.7月份单株保留有效叶片在1200个以上,叶果比为4.66∶1,长枝∶中枝∶短枝=24∶21∶94;土壤养分状况是速效氮为27.0 mg/kg,速效磷为100.6 mg/kg,速效钾为507.1 mg/kg,速效铁为3.450 mg/kg,有机质含量为1.927％,速效磷、速效钾及有机质含量水平较高.     

软枣猕猴桃叶片矿质元素变化与果实品质的关系

以"桓优一号"猕猴桃为试材,测定了营养枝与结果枝叶片及果实中的N、P、K、Ca、Mg等元素含量及生理指标,研究了叶片中矿质元素变化与果实品质的关系,以期为果实发育中营养的合理补充提供科学依据。结果表明:2种叶片中全氮含量均明显下降;全磷含量在营养枝叶片先大幅增加后大幅下降,在结果枝叶片先增加后减少再增加。2种叶片全钾含量不断下降。全钙、全镁含量逐步增加;随着果实发育,维生素C含量逐渐下降,果实鲜质量与其干物质量逐步增加。总酸含量先稳步增加后持续下降,总固形物含量不断增加。全氮含量总体呈增加趋势,全磷、全钾含量先增加后减少,全钙含量下降趋势明显,全镁含量变化不大。营养枝与结果枝叶片中全氮、全钾与果实营养指标之间存在显著或极显著的负相关关系。营养枝与结果枝中矿质营养元素主要用于果实的建成,在一定范围内,要保证果实发育期叶片有充足的矿质元素含量,以利于提高果实的大小和品质。在果实总固形物含量方面,不同时期叶片中N、P、K元素与果实总固形物含量的相关性不同。2种叶片中Ca含量与果实鲜质量、果实干物质量及果实总固形物含量呈正相关,说明适量提高叶片中矿质元素的含量可提高果实总固形物含量,促进果实成熟。     

糯米糍荔枝结果期叶、果营养消长及其与落果的关系

对糯米糍荔枝果实发育期间叶片和果实进行Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、碳水化合物的营养测定，结果表明：荔枝果实发育前期对Ｎ的需求量最大，其次是Ｋ，果实后期发育对Ｋ的需求量大于Ｎ，果期叶片Ｐ的变化平稳，果实对Ｐ的要求不太敏感。前期和后期的生理落果均与Ｎ、Ｋ营养有关，其中前期与Ｎ、后期与Ｋ关系更大，中期胚败育期间，果实营养维持在最低水平，与该期落果直接相关。Ｃａ素变化和碳水化合物的消长也与生理落果有密切关系。     

“黄金梨”叶片及果实中主要矿质元素量变化及相关关系

以“黄金梨”和“鸭梨”为试材,分析了叶片和果实中主要矿质元素含量年变化及其二者间的相关关系.结果表明:叶片内氮、磷、钾含量随叶龄增长而降低,钙含量随叶龄增长而升高,镁则前期增加,后期减少;果实中氮、磷、钾、钙、镁含量随果实膨大而呈递减趋势.“黄金梨”叶片和果实中氮磷钾含量高于“鸭梨”.“黄金梨”叶片中氮磷含量和果实中氮磷含量呈显著正相关,镁则呈负相关.     

The Effects of Different Manurial Treatments on The Yield and Mineral Composition of Red Beet

Red beet was grown in factorial manurial experiments at two sites: at Wellesbourne annually from 1954 to 1964 in a rotation of vegetable crops and at Efford in 1959 only.

At Wellesbourne applications of FYM (20 tons per acre per crop), together with NPK fertilizers, consistently gave much higher yields than mineral fertilizers alone, but the relative effect of FYM did not increase as the experiment proceeded.

In the presence of FYM, yields of red beet increased with increasing rates of application of Nitrochalk (up to 124 lb. N per acre), but applications of phosphate and potash fertilizers did not affect yields.

In the absence of FYM, phosphate fertilizers did not increase yields significantly after 1959; there was an important interaction between the effects of the applications of Nitrochalk and SUlphate of potash. Each fertilizer applied alone produced small increases in yield, but when they were applied together at the highest rates used (186 lb. Nand 192 lb. K₂O per acre) large increases in yield were obtained and there was some indication that an even higher rate of application would have given a further increase in yield. At Efford, nitrogenous fertilizers increased yields significantly.

Applications of FYM increased the potassium and decreased the calcium and magnesium contents of red beet leaves and had only small effects on the nitrogen and phosphorus contents; in the roots, only the potassium content was altered (increased) by the FYM applications.

In general, in the absenc~ of FYM only potash fertilizer applications had large, consistent and significant effects on the mineral composition of the leaves and roots. At both sites, applications of sulphate of potash increased the potassium content of the leaves and had a much smaller depressing effect on the calcium and magnesium contents of the leaves but not, in general, of the roots.

The effects of the nitrogenous fertilizers on the total nitrogen content of the roots were relatively small, but could be important in relation to the processing quality of the beet.

The marked differences between the responses of red beet and early potatoes to the manurial treatments are discussed in relation to the nutrient contents of the plants.     

The Effects of Nitrogen,Phosphorus, Potassium Magnesium and Lime in Factorial Combination on Ripening Disorders of Glasshouse Tomatoes

The effects of nutrition on the incidence of fruit ripening disorders are described, based on studies of three varieties of tomato (Potentate, Moneymaker and J168) grown with 72 combinations of fertilizers in heated glasshouse borders. The treatments included three levels each of nitrogen and potassium in factorial combination with two levels of phosphorus, magnesium and lime.

Potassium sulphate markedly decreased the overall percentage of unevenly ripened fruit from all three varieties. Magnesium sulphate had a similar but smaller effect; the response to magnesium was greatest at low levels of potassium. The higher level of phosphorus increased the proportion of unevenly ripened fruit, the combination of low potassium and high phosphorus having a particularly adverse effect. The responses to nitrogen were complex and differed between varieties. Lime increased the proportion of unevenly coloured fruit from varieties Moneymaker and J168, significantly in the high nitrogen plots. Numerous other interactions between nutrients were found.

The effects of the treatments on specific forms of ripening disorder were recorded, including greenback, yellow and green blotch, and waxy fruit. Potassium decreased the incidence of all forms of ripening disorder. High phosphorus increased the proportion of blotchy and waxy fruit, but significantly decreased the incidence of greenback in variety Potentate.

Although the intermediate level of potassium in this trial (871 lb. K₂ 0 per acre) had previously been found sufficient for maximum yield, significant improvements in fruit quality were obtained at the highest level (1,742 lb. K₂O per acre).