Color and Antioxidant Characteristics of Some Fresh Fig (Ficus carica L.) Genotypes from Northeastern Turkey

Fruit skin color, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, soluble solids content, titratable acidity and total antioxidant capacity in fresh fruits of a number of local and well-known fig (Ficus carica L.) genotypes and cultivars grown in northeastern Turkey were determined. TEAC (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity) and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays were used to determine total antioxidant capacity. Fruit skin color of genotypes were found to be very diverse, i.e., light green, light purple, purple, dark purple and black. The content of total phenolics, soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity greatly varied in the range from 24 to 237?mg of gallic acid equivalent per 100?g fresh weight, 18.60 to 26.30?% and 0.16 to 0.47?% in local genotypes and studied cultivars. In general, total antioxidant capacities determined by two methods expressed higher values in the local fig genotypes compared with the cultivars. The results suggested that genotype is the main factor that determines difference in the composition of bioactive compounds in figs and provide information on putative health benefits locally grown genotypes.     

The Antihyperlipidemic Mechanism of High Sulfate Content Ulvan in Rats

Numerous studies have suggested that hyperlipidemia is closely linked to cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible antihyperlipidemia mechanism of HU (high sulfate content of ulvan) in high-cholesterol fed rats. Wistar rats were made hyperlipidemic by feeding with a high-cholesterol diet. HU was administered to these hyperlipidemia rats for 30 days. Lipid levels and the mRNA expressions of FXR, LXR and PPARγ in liver were measured after 30 days of treatment. In the HU-treated groups, the middle dosage group of male rats (total cholesterol (TC): p < 0.01) and the low-dosage group of female rats (TC, LDL-C: p < 0.01) showed stronger activity with respect to antihyperlipidemia. Moreover, some HU groups could upregulate the mRNA expression of FXR and PPARγ and downregulate the expression of LXR. For the male rats, compared with the hyperlipidemia group, the middle dosage HU had the most pronounced effect on increasing the mRNA levels of FXR (p < 0.01); low- and high-dosage HU showed a significant inhibition of the mRNA levels of LXR (p < 0.01). All HU female groups could upregulate the mRNA expression of PPARγ in a concentration-dependent manner. In summary, HU could improve lipid profiles through upregulation of FXR and PPARγ and downregulation of LXR.     

黔引迷迭香主要酚类成分分析及抗氧化活性比较

采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）对 4 种黔引迷迭香的多酚成分进行定性和定量分析,并利用 DPPH、ABTS自由基清除能力和铁离子还原能力（FRAP）3 种方法评价多酚成分的抗氧化能力。结果显示 4 种材料均富含类黄酮、酚酸和二萜酚等多酚类化合物,总酚含量介于 4 345.5~5 673.0 mg/100 g 。其中槲皮素、迷迭香酸、阿魏酸、绿原酸和鼠尾草酸是迷迭香最主要的酚类物质。黔引迷迭香 4 号的抗氧化活性最高,利用 DPPH、ABTS 和 FRAP等 3 种方法检测的结果依次为 184.4、290.0、155.6 μmol/g。相关性分析表明,总酚与总抗氧化活性能力显著相关,迷迭香酸对总抗氧化活性能力贡献最大,其次为鼠尾草酸、槲皮素和水杨酸。本研究对于了解黔引迷迭香抗氧化活性成分,以及资源的进一步开发利用具有重要指导意义。     

露兜果实的抗氧化及抗菌活性研究

采用分光光度法,考察露兜果实浸膏的多酚含量及其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵(ABTS)自由基和羟自由基的清除活性,并采用生物自显影技术,考察露兜果实浸膏对马铃薯炭疽病菌、草莓炭疽病菌及黄柏炭疽病菌的抑制作用。结果表明：露兜果实浸膏中多酚含量为152.6 μg/mg,对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和羟自由基均具有一定的清除活性,且呈现量效关系;此外,还发现其对马铃薯炭疽病菌和草莓炭疽病菌的生长均有一定的抑制作用。     

Nutritional and Antioxidant Properties of Physalis peruviana L. Fruits from the Argentinean Northern Andean Region

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Physalis peruviana L. fruits have gained great interest in different producing countries because they are good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds....     

Bioactive Compounds,Antioxidant and Binding Activities and Spear Yield of Asparagus officinalis L.

The aim of this investigation was to find a proper harvesting period and establishing fern number, which effects the spear yield, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of Asparagus officinalis L. Spears were harvested at 2, 4, and 6 weeks after sprouting. Control for comparison was used without harvest. Spears and total yield increased with prolonged spear harvest period. In harvest of 6 weeks long optimum spear yield was the highest and fern numbers were 5?~?8. Bioactive compounds (polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanols, tannins and ascorbic acid) and the levels of antioxidant activities by ferric-reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays in asparagus ethanol extracts significantly differed in the investigated samples and were the highest at 6 weeks harvest period (P?<?0.05). The first and the second segments from the tip significantly increased with the increase of catalase (CAT). It was interesting to investigate in vitro how human serum albumin (HSA) interacts with polyphenols extracted from investigated vegetables. Therefore the functional properties of asparagus were studied by the interaction of polyphenol ethanol extracts with HSA, using 3D- FL. In conclusion, antioxidant status (bioactive compounds, binding and antioxidant activities) improved with the harvesting period and the first segment from spear tip. Appropriate harvesting is effective for higher asparagus yield and its bioactivity.     

Antihyperglycemic,Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities of Mulberry Leaf Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Chronic Diabetic Rats

In Thailand, beverages containing mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) are believed to promote good health, especially in people with diabetes. We examined the effects of long-term administration of an ethanolic extract of mulberry leaf (MA) on blood glucose, oxidative damage, and glycation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Daily administration of 1 g/kg MA for six weeks decreased blood glucose by 22%, which was comparable to the effect of 4 U/kg insulin. Lipid peroxidation, measured as malondialdehyde and lipid hydroperoxide concentrations (3.50 ± 0.33 and 3.76 ± 0.18 μM, respectively) decreased significantly (P < 0.05) compared to nontreated control diabetic rats (8.19 ± 0.45 and 7.50 ± 0.46 μM, respectively). Hemoglobin A_1C, a biomarker for chronic exposure to high concentration of glucose, was also significantly decreased in the MA-treated group (6.78 ± 0.30%) in comparison to untreated group (9.02 ± 0.30%). The IC₅₀ of in vitro antiglycation and free radical scavenging activities of MA were 16.4 ± 5.6 μg/ml and 61.7 ± 2.1 μg/ml, respectively. These findings support that long-term administration of MA has antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and antiglycation effects in chronic diabetic rats, which may be beneficial as food supplement for diabetics.     

Anti-Obese Effect of Glucosamine and Chitosan Oligosaccharide in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

Objective: This study is to evaluate the anti-obese effects of glucosamine (GLC) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups: a normal diet group (NF), a high-fat diet group (HF), Orlistat group, GLC high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (GLC-H, GLC-M, GLC-L), COS1 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤1000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS1-H, COS1-M, COS1-L), and COS2 (COS, number-average molecular weight ≤3000) high-, middle-, and low-dose groups (COS2-H, COS2-M, COS2-L). All groups received oral treatment by gavage once daily for a period of six weeks. Results: Rats fed with COS1 gained the least weight among all the groups (P < 0.01), and these rats lost more weight than those treated with Orlistat. In addition to the COS2-H and Orlistat groups, the serum total cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to the HF group (P < 0.01). The various doses of GLC, COS1 and COS2 reduced the expression levels of PPARγ and LXRα mRNA in the white adipose tissue. Conclusions: The results above demonstrated that GLC, COS1, and COS2 improved dyslipidemia and prevented body weight gains by inhibiting the adipocyte differentiation in obese rats induced by a high-fat diet. Thus, these agents may potentially be used to treat obesity.     

In Vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Opuntia spp. Fruits Measured by the LOX-FL Method and its High Sensitivity Towards Betalains

Plant Foods for Human Nutrition - Current in vitro methodologies neglect or subestimate the contribution of betalains to antioxidant capacity in foods because they do not reflect their in vivo...     

槟榔多糖的抗氧化活性及其对细胞内氧化损伤抑制作用的研究

研究了槟榔多糖粗提物（ASP）的抗氧化活性及其对人皮肤成纤维细胞（HSF）内氧化损伤的抑制作用。结果表明：利用超声波辅助法提取的槟榔子多糖经初步去杂质后,具有良好的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH·）清除能力、二价铁螯合能力和三价铁还原力。在对HSF细胞内氧化损伤的抑制作用研究中,当过氧化氢（H2O2）处理浓度为150 μmol/L、ASP添加浓度为20 μg/mL时,HSF细胞存活率上升至93.15％,与对照组差异不显著（p<0.05）;当短波紫外线照射强度为100 μW/cm2、照射时间为3.5 h、ASP添加量为20 μg/mL 时,HSF细胞存活率上升至82.92％,与对照组差异不显著（p<0.05）。因此,ASP具有抑制H2O2和短波紫外线处理对HSF细胞造成的氧化损伤的作用。     

Antioxidant Effect of Dietary Supplement Withania somnifera L. Reduce Blood Glucose Levels in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

The phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined from the extracts of Withania somnifera root (WSREt) and leaf (WSLEt). The WSREt has 28.26 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 17.32 mg/g flavonoids, whereas WSLEt has 5.4 mg/g total phenolic compounds and 5.1 mg/g flavonoids. The WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide were orally administered daily to diabetic rats for 8 weeks. After the treatment, the levels of urine sugar, blood glucose, liver glycogen, and antioxidants like vitamin C and E in plasma and superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver, kidney and heart were determined. Diabetic rats showed a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in glucose and TBARS and a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in glycogen, vitamin C and E, SOD, CAT, GPx, GST, and GSH levels when compared to normal control rats. Administration of WSREt, WSLEt and glibenclamide to diabetic rats restored the levels to normal. In the light of aforesaid facts, it is suggested that the presence of phenolic compounds including flavonoids in W. somnifera root and leaf extracts and their antioxidant activity may play a vital role in reduction of blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.     

Wakame and Nori in Restructured Meats Included in Cholesterol-enriched Diets Affect the Antioxidant Enzyme Gene Expressions and Activities in Wistar Rats

The effects of diets including restructured meats (RM) containing Wakame or Nori on total liver glutathione status, and several antioxidant enzyme gene expressions and activities were tested. Six groups of ten male growing Wistar rats each were fed a mix of 85% AIN-93 M diet and 15% freeze-dried RM for 35 days. The control group (C) consumed control RM, the Wakame (W) and the Nori (N) groups, RM with 5% Wakame and 5% Nori, respectively. Animals on added cholesterol diets (CC, CW, and CN) consumed their corresponding basal diets added with cholesterol (2%) and cholic acid (0.4%). Alga and dietary cholesterol significantly interact (P < 0.002) influencing all enzyme expressions but not activities. The cholesterol supplement decreased most enzyme expression and activity. W-RM vs. C-RM increased (P < 0.05) expression of GPx, GR, Mn-SOD, and Cu,Zn-SOD and decreased that of catalase. N-RM vs. C-RM increased (P < 0.05) expression of catalase and Mn-SOD. GR activity increased in W-RM rats while SOD activity increased, but that of Se-GPx decreased in N animals. W-RM increased total and reduced glutathione and decreased the redox index. CN diet induced significantly lower plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.001) than the CW diet. In conclusion, Nori-RM is a hypocholesterolemic food while Wakame-RM is an antioxidant food. This should be taken into account when including this kind of RM as potential functional foods in human.     

褪黑素对高温胁迫玉米叶片光合特性与抗氧化酶活性的调控

2022年以安科985为试验材料,在玉米灌浆期自然高温胁迫条件下(2022年夏高温持续时间长、范围广、强度大、极端性强),灌施不同浓度褪黑素(MT)溶液,0(CK)、100(MT100)、200(MT200)、300(MT300)μmol/L,研究不同处理下玉米叶片光合特性、荧光特性、抗氧化酶活性与产量形成的影响。结果表明,褪黑素处理显著增加了玉米行粒数、穗粗、穗长、百粒重和单株产量,降低了秃尖长度。褪黑素处理后叶片SPAD值、N含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著增加,胞间二氧化碳浓度显著降低。与对照相比,褪黑素处理下ΦPSⅡ、ETR、qN、qP和Fv/Fm均显著上升,Y(N0)和F0显著下降。200μmol/L处理显著提高叶片抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT),丙二醛MDA含量显著降低。褪黑素处理后,干物质积累量和干物质向子粒的分配比例显著增加。自然高温胁迫下,褪黑素处理可增强玉米抗性,以200μmol/L效果最佳。     

绿玉树茎皮脂溶性成分及其抗氧化活性研究

运用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）对绿玉树茎皮脂溶性成分进行分析,为绿玉树的综合利用提供科学依据及数据支持。应用色谱峰面积归一化法定量分析各成分的相对百分含量,共分离鉴定出32个化合物,占其总量的96.01％。含量较高的分别是羊毛甾醇（29.86％）、13, 27-环乌苏-3-酮（8.45％）、9, 19-环羊毛甾-7-烯-3-醇（5.31％）。并运用DPPH法对绿玉树茎皮脂溶性成分进行抗氧化活性测定结果表明：其具一定的抗氧化活性,IC50为263.70 μg/mL。     

Antioxidant and Immunity Activity of Water Extract and Crude Polysaccharide from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficus carica</Emphasis> L. Fruit

The antioxidative activities of water extract (WE) and crude hot-water soluble polysaccharide (PS) from Ficus carica L. fruit were investigated using various assays in vitro, including scavenging abilities on DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals and reducing power. The immunity activities of PS were evaluated using the carbon clearance test and serum hemolysin analysis in mice. In addition, total phenolics and flavonoids contents were also determined. Both WE and PS have notable scavenging activities on DPPH with the EC₅₀ values of 0.72 and 0.61 mg/ml, respectively. The PS showed higher scavenging activity than WE on superoxide radical (EC₅₀, 0.95 mg/ml) and hydroxyl anion radical (scavenging rate 43.4% at concentration of 4 mg/ml). The PS (500 mg/kg) also has a significant increase in the clearance rate of carbon particles and serum hemolysin level of normal mice. The results indicate that both WE and PS might be applicable in healthy medicine and food industry.     

Effects of Untreated and Thermally Treated Lupin Protein on Plasma and Liver Lipids of Rats Fed a Hypercholesterolemic High Fat or High Carbohydrate Diet

Lupin protein is capable of reducing plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic man and animals. Whether lipid-lowering properties of lupin protein will be influenced by thermal treatment or by other nutrients has not been elucidated. In a two-factorial study, rats were fed hypercholesterolemic diets based on high amounts of carbohydrates (HC) or fat (HF), which contained either (20.4% of energy) untreated or thermally treated lupin protein (steam: 120 °C, 30 min) or casein as control protein. Lupin protein lowered plasma lipid concentrations in rats fed the HF diet but not in those fed the HC diet (P < 0.05). Among rats fed the HF diet, plasma and VLDL triglyceride concentrations were lower in rats fed thermally treated (−46% and −44%, P < 0.05) and untreated lupin protein (−47% and −46%, P < 0.05) than in those fed casein; whereas liver triglycerides were reduced only in rats fed untreated lupin protein (P < 0.05). Compared to casein, untreated lupin protein had slightly stronger cholesterol-lowering effects in plasma, LDL and HDL (−34%, −37%, −35%; P < 0.05) than thermally treated lupin protein (−23%, −29%, −31%, P < 0.10). In conclusion, the lipid-lowering effect of lupin protein strongly depends on composition of the basal diet, and thermal treatment is accompanied by a slight reduction of its hypocholesterolemic properties.     

Antihyperglycemic, Antihyperlipidemic and Antiglycation Effects of Byrsonima crassifolia Fruit and Seed in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

The hypoglycemic effects of hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts from fruits and seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia were evaluated by oral administration to normoglycemic and streptozotocin-induced severe diabetic rats (SD). The anti-diabetic effect was examined by blood glucose, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, total cholesterol levels in the serum, glycogen content of liver and skeletal muscles, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. The most active extracts were obtained with hexane. Hexane and chloroform extracts from fruits and seeds of Byrsonima crassifolia increased the levels of SOD, GSH, GSSG and CAT, hepatic glycogen content, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and the plasma insulin levels. They also decreased glucokinase (GK) and TBAR (thiobarbituric acid assay). In conclusion, Byrsonima crassifolia possesses significant antihyperglycemic properties after 4 h of a single oral dose. It can also improve hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Both extracts exhibited significant inhibitory activity against AGEs (advanced glycation end products) formation with IC₅₀ values ranging from 94.3 to 138.7 μg/ml. Therefore, B. crassifolia can be considered as a potential safe anti-diabetic agent.     

苦丁茶冬青粗多糖的分离表征及其抗氧化活性研究

水提醇沉法分离制备苦丁茶冬青粗多糖样品,对其进行初步分离表征（包括总糖、糖醛酸、蛋白质、氨基酸含量和红外光谱分析）和体外抗氧化活性（清除DPPH·自由基、·OH自由基清除能力和还原能力）研究。结果表明,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖中总糖含量为30.67％、糖醛酸含量为12.72％、蛋白质含量为9.35％;含有16种氨基酸成分,总含量为7.72％,其中含有7种人体必需氨基酸,占氨基酸总量的40.41％;红外光谱显示该粗多糖样品中含有α-吡喃糖环结构;此外,苦丁茶冬青粗多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化活性,且其抗氧化活性与多糖浓度之间存在良好的量效关系。     

Relationship Among Antimutagenic, Antioxidant and Enzymatic Activities of Methanolic Extract from Common Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L)

Common beans are rich in phenolic compounds, which can provide health benefits to the consumer. The objective of this work was to study the relationship among antimutagenicity, antioxidant and enzymatic activities of methanolic extract and trolox by principal components multivariate analysis. Antimutagenicity of phenolic compounds present in methanolic extract from the seed coat of common beans (P. vulgaris, Flor de Mayo Bajío cultivar) and trolox against AFB₁ mutagenicity were evaluated in the Salmonella typhimurium microsuspension assay. Antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract and trolox were evaluated using β-carotene and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro model assays. Cythrome P450 activity was measured by fluorometric assay. For phenolic extract, trolox and phenolic extract + trolox, the inhibition on AFB₁ mutagenicity in tester strain TA100 was 47, 59 and 69%, respectively. While in TA98 was 39, 48 and 68%. The inhibition of phenolic compounds, trolox and phenolic compounds + trolox on cytochrome P450 (CYP450) activity was 48, 59 and 88%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that phenolic extract and trolox have high antimutagenic and antioxidant activity and also inhibited enzymatic activity. The results suggest that the primary mechanism of action of phenolic compounds in beans against AFB₁ mutagenicity may be extra-cellular in the microsuspension assay.