不同笼位对鹌鹑生产性能及羽毛评分的影响

试验旨在研究不同笼位对鹌鹑生产性能及羽毛评分的影响,以期为鹌鹑的饲养管理提供参考.鹌鹑48周龄时,在鹌鹑舍的中间区域随机取一排作为研究对象,共60笼,分为6层10列.其中,从上至下分别为第1～6层,从南到北将前3列设为A组,中间4列设为B组,其余3列设为C组.每笼饲养鹌鹑50只,每天统计产蛋数和蛋重.连续统计7 d.于...     

Functional development of small intestine of Japanese quail hatched on MIR orbital station

The effect of microgravity on functional development of the small intestine of Japanese quails incubated for 2-3 d and hatched on the orbital station MIR was examined. After 5 d of space flight duodenal and jejunal alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity of the experimental group was compared with the AP activity in quails of the same age hatched on the Earth (laboratory controls). Short-term microgravity leading to decreased food intake resulted in significant increase of AP activity in both duodenal and jejunal enterocytes (P<0.001) of the experimental quails. The results suggest that increased AP activity probably reflects the delayed functional development of the small intestine as a consequence of inappropriate food intake during non-physiological conditions of space flight.     

月见草对鹌鹑生产性能及不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响

选取健康公母混合的150只1日龄黄羽雏鹌鹑,随机分成5组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只。试验设对照组,饲喂基础日粮。试验组在基础日粮中分别添加8%、10%、12%和15%的月见草籽,进行为期50 d的饲养,分别于35日龄和50日龄采样。结果表明:在日粮中添加10%以上的月见草籽能够提高鹌鹑的生长发育速度,降低35日龄鹌鹑的料肉比;添加月见草可显著增加鹌鹑肉中不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的含量,改善其品质与风味;日粮中添加10%的月见草,可使鹌鹑肉中ω-6/-ω3比例均衡,降低鹌鹑饲养成本。     

Morphometric Analysis of the Intestine of Domestic Quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) Treated with Different Levels of Dietary Calcium

The aim of this study was to perform a morphometric analysis of the various parts of the intestine of the domestic quail. Twenty-four female quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) aged 37 weeks were used and accommodated in laying cages for 12 weeks. Each group was fed a standardized diet containing different quantities of calcium: 2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0% and 3.5%. The birds were weighed, killed, and samples of 1 cm were collected from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum and submitted to the histological routine. The sections obtained were stained in haematoxylin & cosin (H&E). For morphometric analysis, 30 villi and 30 crypts of each segment of the small intestine were measured in order to determine the height and area of the villi, as well as the depth of the crypts. The results showed that although the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract was maintained in all the birds treated with the different calcium levels, a calcium level of 3.0% showed the most promise. as the levels of 2.0% and 2.5% did not cause any alteration in the intestinal tract. Furthermore, a calcium level of 3.5% led to a significant reduction in the height of the villosities, and in consequence reduced the digestive and absorptive capabilities.     

活性干酵母对肉鹑生长性能及内脏器官的影响

为研究活性干酵母对肉用鹌鹑生长性能和内脏器官的影响,探讨日粮中添加活性干酵母在鹌鹑生产中的效果,选用1日龄鹌鹑180羽,随机分成4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复15羽鹌鹑。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.06%、0.1%、0.2%的活性干酵母。结果表明:日粮添加活性干酵母均可降低14日龄鹌鹑料重比(P<0.05);0.06%活性干酵母可降低25日龄鹌鹑采食量(P<0.05),0.06%和0.2%活性干酵母可降低25日龄鹌鹑料重比(P<0.05),0.2%活性干酵母可增加25日龄鹌鹑体增重(P<0.05);0.06%活性干酵母可增加35日龄鹌鹑体增重(P<0.05),降低35日龄鹌鹑料重比(P<0.05)。活性干酵母各添加组与对照组相比肝脏、脾脏、法氏囊指数差异不显著(P>0.05),0.2%活性干酵母可提高鹌鹑心脏指数(P<0.05);0.1%活性干酵母可提高鹌鹑胰腺指数(P<0.05)。说明饲喂0.06%活性干酵母提高肉鹑生长性能效果最佳,提高活性干酵母浓度后,鹌鹑生长性能影响没有明显变化,但可改善内脏器官指数。     

Intestinal cryptosporidiosis and reovirus isolation from bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) with enteritis

An acute enteric disease of young pen-raised bobwhite quails was studied. Affected quails had white, watery diarrhea accompanied by dehydration and subsequent death. Mortality from hatch to 17 days of age ranged from 30 to 45% in the three flocks examined. Small intestines were thin-walled and distended with fluid and gas. Microscopic lesions in the intestinal tract consisted of villus atrophy, villus fusion, and sloughing of cells at the tip of the villi in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Cryptosporidium sp. and reovirus were identified in affected quails.     

Influence of bovine intestinal fluid on the expression of K99 pili by Escherichia coli

A study was conducted to determine whether intestinal fluid collected from various portions of bovine intestine differed in its effect on production of K99 pili by Escherichia coli. The small and large intestines of 7 calves, euthanatized 4 hours after a final feeding of milk, were divided into 6 to 9 segments from which intraluminal fluids were collected. Depending on the amount of fluid collected, up to 20 E coli strains that express K99 pili were grown on media prepared from the content of each specimen and then were tested for K99 pilus expression. In general, intestinal fluid from the most proximal small intestinal segments were more suppressive to K99 pilus expression than was fluid from more distal segments of small intestine. Only about 20% of the E coli test strains expressed K99 pili when grown on medium prepared from proximal small intestinal segmental fluid, whereas greater than 90% did when grown on medium prepared from distal small intestinal segmental fluid. Fluid from the large intestine varied considerably from calf to calf in its effect on K99 pilus expression. A correlation was found between K99 pilus expression and pH of the intestinal fluid, with the lower pH values (characteristic of proximal intestinal segmental fluid) being suppressive. The correlation between K99 pilus production and the pH of the medium was verified, using defined laboratory media adjusted to various pH values. Strains of E coli grown in medium at or below pH 5.5 failed to express K99 pili, whereas the same strains when grown in medium at or above pH 6.5 expressed K99 pili in abundance.     

不同水平枯草芽孢杆菌对鹌鹑内脏器官及小肠发育的影响

选用健康1日龄黄羽雏鹑80只,随机分成4组,每组设2个重复,每个重复10只。1组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,2、3、4组为试验组,在基础日粮中分别添加0.05%、0.1%、0.2%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂。结果表明:各处理组与对照组相比胰腺鲜重都有减小趋势,且0.1%组胰腺鲜重与对照组的相比差异显著(P<0.05);0.05%组脾脏干重与对照组的相比差异显著(P<0.05);0.1%组和0.2%组胰腺干重与对照组的相比显著降低(P<0.05);芽胞杆菌对空肠,回肠以及十二指肠未见明显影响(P>0.05)。     

Experimental Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 infection and egg transmission in Japanese quails

Japanese quails were inoculated orally with 1 x 10(10) colony-forming units of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 isolated from chicks to obtain information concerning S. enteritidis infection and egg transmission. The inoculation resulted in a bacteraemic infection with seeding of the liver, spleen, intestine, peritoneum, ovule, ovary and oviduct. Some infected birds showed diarrhoea, ruffled feathers, depression, loss of appetite and death. However, most infected birds remained clinically normal with normal egg production. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from the albumen of 7, yolk of 15, shell of 13, and shell membrane of 15 of 164 eggs. The experiment suggests that S. enteritidis phage type 4 is invasive for Japanese quails and the infected eggs laid by S. enteritidis infected quails are probably the result of transovarian infection.     

Melamine residues in eggs of quails fed on diets containing different levels of melamine

1. An experiment was conducted to determine residual melamine concentrations in eggs of quail given diets containing different concentrations of melamine, and to estimate the time at which withdrawing melamine from the diet would result in undetectable concentrations in eggs. A total of 600 Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were randomly divided into 5 treatments, and given melamine at concentrations of 0, 2, 10, 50, and 100?mg/kg diet respectively for 30?d. From d 31 to 41, all quails were given a diet without melamine. Each diet was offered to 4 replicates (cages) of 30 quails each. On d 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, and 41, eggs were collected for the determination of melamine and cyanuric acid levels.

2. Throughout the 41?d experimental period, inclusion levels of melamine in the diets of quails had no significant effect on daily feed intake, egg production percentage, and feed efficiency. No detectable amount of cyanuric acid was found in all eggs. When the diets contained melamine at 2?mg/kg, the amounts of melamine in eggs were below the detection limit. During the entire 30?d exposure, the maximum melamine concentrations in eggs were 0·162, 0·998 and 1·784?mg/kg for the 10, 50 and 100?mg/kg treatment groups, respectively, which demonstrated a linear dose-response relationship.

3. Upon feeding a diet without melamine, the melamine concentration in eggs decreased rapidly. The time taken for the amounts of melamine to decline below the detection limit were 1, 5, and 5?d for quails fed on the diets containing melamine at 10, 50, and 100?mg/kg respectively.

4. Melamine is not metabolised into cyanuric acid in quails, and a positive relationship exists between the concentrations in feed and in eggs.     

Effects of supplemental vitamin E in diet of Japanese quail on male reproduction, fertility and hatchability

1. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of feeding higher supplemental vitamin E (VE) concentrations on male reproductive variables, fertility and hatchability of quails. 2. In experiment 1, sixty 5-week-old male quails, reared in individual cages, were fed male breeder diets supplemented with 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 IU alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg. At 10 weeks, observations on cloacal gland size, foam production, testes weight and blood samples for testosterone estimation were taken. 3. In experiment 2, 50 male and 50 female cage-reared quails (5 weeks old) were fed male breeder and layer rations, respectively, supplemented with 0, 75, 150, 225 or 300 IU/kg. At 13 weeks, 9 different mating pairs (5 pairs/group) were formed. Group 1 contained one control male and one control female in each of 5 pens. In groups 2 to 5, control males were paired with females on supplements of 75, 150, 225 or 300 IU/kg. In groups 6 to 9, control females were paired with males on supplements of 75, 150, 225 and 300 IU/kg. During subsequent adaptation and egg collection periods, each of 10 d, control layer ration was fed to all groups. All the eggs laid during the 10-d egg collection period were incubated artificially to estimate fertility and hatchability. The trial was repeated at 15 weeks. 4. Adult male quails receiving moderate supplemental VE (75 and 150 IU/kg) had a higher cloacal gland index, quantity of foam secretion, testicular weight and plasma testosterone than quails fed on either VE-deficient or more highly supplemented diets (225 and 300 IU alpha-tocopherol acetate/kg). 5. It was concluded that a supplement of 75 IU VE/kg in maize/soybean diet could provide the best reproductive performance of male breeder quails. Cloacal gland index, quantity of foam secretion, testicular weight and plasma testosterone can serve as indirect indicators of testicular activity and fertilising ability in quails. Supplemental VE did not affect the fertility and hatchability of male and female Japanese quails.     

Sertoli cell tumors in Japanese quail

Testicles were collected from 33 male Japanese quails older than 3 years. Three of these quails (9.1%) had one or two large neoplastic testicles. These testicles were 2-5 times normal size, round, and firm, with cystic spaces of various sizes. Microscopically, there was marked intratubular Sertoli cell proliferation and various-sized cystic spaces filled with an eosinophilic vacuolated fluid. Microscopic changes in all neoplastic testicles were diagnostic for Sertoli cell tumors.     

Ultrastructure of pancreatic alpha and beta cells in young quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed aflatoxin

The present investigation was undertaken to assess the effects of aflatoxin (AF) containing diets on alpha and beta cells of the endocrine pancreas in young quails by means of light and electron microscopy. A total of thirty quails were divided into 3 groups, each comprising 10 animals. Total AF was incorporated into the diet of these groups, at dosages of 0 (control, group 1), 2.5 (group 2), and 5.0 (group 3) mg AF/kg feed. The chicks were housed in electrically heated battery cages and exposed to light for 24 h from hatching to 3 weeks of age. Quails consumed the diets and water ad libitum. Electron microscopic examinations demonstrated degranulation of alpha cells, decrease in the size and number of secreting granules, and increase in the number of free ribosomes and polisomes in the animals of group 2 and 3. In beta cells, the numbers of free ribosomes and polisomes decreased, whereas the number of mature granules increased in the animals of group 3. Mononuclear cell infiltrates were observed in the periphery of capillaries and around endocrine islets in the experimental groups. Furthermore, capillaries of the animals in group 2 and 3 were dilated at all sides of both alpha and beta islets. According to the results of this study, the addition of aflatoxin to the diets of quails at dosage of 2.5 and 5 mg AF/kg leads to significant changes in pancreatic alpha and beta cells. These changes may exhibit adverse effect on the metabolism of carbohydrates in poultry.     

Pathogenicity of quail's inclusion body hepatitis virus (avian adenovirus-1) for Japanese quails and broiler chicks

Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and broiler (Gallus domesticus) chicks were inoculated experimentally with IBH virus (avian adenovirus-1) derived from quails to determine its pathogenicity. Quail chicks were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route at 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 weeks of age. Lesions were encountered most frequently in the liver, kidneys and lungs. These included pale, swollen and mottled liver, swollen nephrotic kidneys, and congested and pneumonic lungs. The lesions were severe in birds inoculated at 5 weeks of age. Large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies were seen in hepatocytes and occasionally in the renal epithelium. The results showed that this isolate is pathogenic for quails above 3 weeks of age. Broiler chicks were inoculated at 4 weeks of age by the intraperitoneal route. The lesions produced in these chicks were similar to those of adenovirus-induced inclusion body hepatitis. Viral antigen was also demonstrated by dot-ELISA in suspensions of liver tissue from both quail and broiler chicks.Abbreviations AAF amnio-allantoic fluid - AAV avian adenovirus - DPI days post inoculation - EID₅₀ dose infective for 50% of embryos - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - IBH inclusion body hepatitis - INIBs intranuclear inclusion bodies - NAF normal allantoic fluid     

P and Ca requirements for Japanese quail

Four experiments were conducted to estimate the phosphorus and calcium requirements for weight maintenance and weight gain in Japanese quails during their growth phase from 16 to 36 days. Japanese quails aged 16 days were used for estimating the phosphorous and calcium requirements for weight maintenance or weight gain, with these quails composing each reference slaughter group and the others distributed in a completely randomized design, housed in cages of galvanized wire (33 × 33 × 16 cm) that were stored in acclimatized chambers with specific environmental temperatures. The light programme used during the 20‐day experimental period was 24 h of artificial light. Analysis of the data showed that the prediction equations for estimating the phosphorus and calcium requirements for weight maintenance and weight gain of Japanese quails between 16 and 36 days of age were P (g/quail/day) = P^0.75*(9.3695 + 7.7397*T) + 9.70*WG, in which P is the phosphorus requirement, and Ca (g/quail/day) = P^0.75*(363.99 – 8.0262*T) + 28.15*WG, in which Ca is the calcium requirement, P is BW (kg), T is temperature (°C) and WG (g/quail/day).     

Distribution of oxytetracycline to tissue cages and granuloma pouches in calves and effect of acute inflammation on distribution to tissue cages

The effect of acute inflammation on oxytetracycline (OTC) distribution was studied in a tissue cage model in calves. An acute inflammatory reaction was induced in tissue cages by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium. The distribution of OTC to tissue cage fluid (TCF) was also compared with distribution to fluid from granuloma pouches (GPF). Tissue from LPS-injected cages showed histological changes indicating an acute inflammatory reaction. Concentrations of OTC were higher in LPS cages than in controls; at 1, 2, 4 and 10 h the difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Numerically the overall elimination rate constant (kel) was larger, elimination half-life (t1/2) shorter, peak concentration (Cmax) higher, and time of peak concentration (Tmax) shorter in LPS cages than in controls. The area under the curve (AUC) of OTC was greater and the ratio AUCTCF/AUCserum was higher in LPS cages than in controls. Although statistically significant differences were not found for all the pharmacokinetic parameters, it was concluded that distribution to and elimination from LPS cages were both faster than in controls. Concentration-time profiles of OTC were similar in TCF and GPF in that concentrations were lower and elimination was more prolonged than in serum. Levels were higher in GPF than in TCF up to 3 h after injection; thereafter the relationship was reversed. Distribution to and elimination processes from GPF appeared to be faster than from TCF as numerically kel was higher, t1/2 shorter and Tmax shorter in GPF than in TCF. It was concluded that the granuloma pouch model and the tissue cage model have similarities in distribution and elimination patterns and that differences are most probably due to differences in the ratio of the surface area to the volume.     

Virulence of wild and mutant strains of Salmonella typhimurium in ligated intestinal segments of calves, pigs, and rabbits

A ligated intestine model in calves, pigs, and rabbits was tested for its value as an indicator of virulence of potential vaccine strains of Salmonella typhimurium. A wild virulent strain (3860C), a laboratory strain LT2, and mutants of these 2 strains were evaluated. Inoculation of calf intestinal segments with strain 3860C revealed that fluid responses were greatest in the proximal portion of the small intestine and that doses greater than 10(7) organisms were required to produce fluid responses and mucosal damage. Immunoperoxidase-stained sections of intestine revealed that a large dose of Salmonella organisms was required before mucosal invasion could be detected. Aromatic (aroA), galactose epimerase (galE), and diaminopimelic acid (dap) mutants of strain 3860C all resulted in much less fluid response, mucosal invasion, and mucosal damage compared with those by the parent organism. Strain LT2 induced such weak responses that it was not possible to evaluate reductions in virulence of its mutants. In 6-week-old pigs, there was no fluid response to any strains; however, in 1-week-old pigs, there was fluid response to the wild strain and some of its mutants. In adult rabbits, fluid responses were not observed, except when the wild strain was inoculated in the proximal portion of the small intestine. The calf and 1-week-old pig models appeared to be best suited for assessment of virulence of mutant strains of S typhimurium.     

朝鲜龙城系鹌鹑适宜配种年龄的研究

本试验用三组交配试验测定了朝鲜龙城系鹌鹑的适宜初配年龄。结果表明成年公鹑与青年母鹑交配，青年母鹑在５７～６３日龄时，受精率达８８．８９％，受精蛋孵化率为９１．６７％，健雏率达９８．７０％。成年母鹑与青年公鹑交配，青年公鹑在５７～６３日龄时，受精率可达８８．２０％，受精蛋孵化率达９３．６９％．健雏率达９２．３１％。青年公鹑与青年母鹑交配，在６４～７０日龄时，受精率为８７．０３％，受精蛋孵化率为８９．８５％，健雏率为９７．３８％。提示朝鲜龙城系鹌鹑６４日龄就可作种用。     

鹌鹑肠道微生物总DNA的最佳提取方法

为了获取高质量、较完整的肠道菌群基因组DNA,试验采用常规的饱和苯酚/氯仿法(方法一)、牛瘤胃DNA的提取法(方法二)和对上述两种方法进行优化后得到的肠道微生物DNA的提取法(方法三)对鹌鹑肠道微生物总DNA进行了提取,并对结果进行了比较。结果表明:应用方法一和方法二提取的DNA浓度比较低,电泳显示样品DNA条带没有方法三明亮;以方法三提取的肠道总DNA为模板,采用细菌通用引物,对其16S rDNA V3可变区进行PCR扩增,得到较清晰的图谱,条带整齐。说明采用方法三提取鹌鹑肠道微生物DNA较完整,可用于后续的分子生物学试验研究。     

Marek's disease in Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica): a study of natural cases

Marek's disease was observed in quails. Gross lesions were confined mostly to the spleen and liver. Microscopic lesions were commonly seen in spleen, proventriculus, liver, and duodenum. Skin, peripheral nerves, and other visceral organs were also involved. Of 123 quails examined, 39 had serum antibodies against Marek's disease. These antibodies were detected from 11 to 17 weeks of age; the highest incidence was recorded at 15 weeks. Feather follicular antigen detected in 30 of the 95 quails was comparable to that of chicken. The disease was experimentally reproduced in susceptible quails. Marek's-disease-tumor-associated surface antigens (MATSA) were demonstrated in the peripheral leukocytes and spleen cells of affected quails. The possible source of infection and its epidemiological importance are discussed.