MD疫苗免疫雏鸡vMDV攻击后体液免疫球蛋白含量的变化

本实验以马立克氏病（ＭＤ）三价苗（ＳＢ＿１＋８１４＋ＨＶＴ）和ＨＶＴ疫苗免疫１日龄肉用雏鸡，１５日龄时腹腔注射马立克氏病强毒（ｖＤＭＶ）进行攻击，在攻毒后５、２５、４５和７５天用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ法测定实验雏鸡血清、泪液、气管液、胆汁和肠液ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ｌｇＡ含量的动态变化，结果发现免疫雏鸡强毒攻击后，其血清、泪液和气管液的ＩｇＧ、ｌｇＭ和ＩｇＡ含量显著高于感染对照鸡，胆汁和肠液中ＩｇＡ以及ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ显著高于感染对照鸡，其中三价菌免疫鸡的３种免疫球蛋白含量明显高于ＨＶＴ免疫鸡；表明ＭＤ强毒攻击后，免疫雏鸡全身和消化道、呼吸道局部的体液免疫应答显著增强，三价苗免疫鸡的体液免疫反应明显高于ＨＶＴ免疫鸡，并与其较高的免疫保护率相关。     

鸡传染性支气管炎病毒S1基因免疫对鸡的保护作用

将鸡传染性支气管炎病毒肾型 Ｔ 株 Ｓ１ 基因ｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 连接于ｐｃ Ｄ Ｎ Ａ３ 的 Ｈｉｎｄ Ｉ Ｉ Ｉ与 Ｂａ ｍ Ｈ Ｉ位点之间构建含有 Ｃ Ｍ Ｖ 启动子及 Ｂ Ｇ Ｈｐｏｌｙ Ａ 信号序列的鸡传染性支气管炎病毒 Ｓ１ 蛋白真核表达质粒。实验证明, Ｓ Ｐ Ｆ 鸡肌注免疫后血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体逐渐升高,至第３５ 日龄左右达到高峰,攻毒后血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体先下降而后升高,血清 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体升高幅度不及 Ｉ Ｂ 油苗免疫组。质粒 Ｄ Ｎ Ａ 免疫鸡攻毒后有４０ ％ 的鸡可耐过强毒的攻击,说明 Ｓ１ 基因在体内获得了表达并使鸡产生了一定的免疫力。     

感染鸡传染性贫血病毒雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫后免疫器官组织的抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化

鸡传染性贫血病是继鸡传染性法氏囊病之后,７０ 年代末新发现的又一禽的免疫抑制病,该病除引起雏鸡一定数量死亡之外,临床经过雏鸡生长发育迟缓,体重降低,并对其它病原（如 Ｍ Ｄ Ｖ、 Ｉ Ｂ Ｄ Ｖ、腺病毒等）的易感性增加,更为严重的是可导致某些禽病疫苗免疫失败,从而造成重大经济损失。本项研究对１ 日龄感染鸡传染性贫血病病毒（ Ｃ Ｉ Ａ Ｖ）雏鸡接种新城疫（ Ｎ Ｄ）疫苗和新城疫强毒（ｖ Ｎ Ｄ Ｖ）攻击后免疫器官组织的 Ｉｇ Ｇ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ、 Ｉｇ Ａ 抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化及免疫保护率等进行了研究。结果发现：１） １ 日龄感染 Ｃ Ｉ Ａ Ｖ 雏鸡 Ｎ Ｄ 疫苗免疫后,其体液免疫中枢器官法氏囊、外周最大的免疫器官脾脏和细胞免疫中枢器官胸腺的 Ｉｇ Ｇ、 Ｉｇ Ｍ 、 Ｉｇ Ａ 抗体生成细胞数量均不同程度低于未感染 Ｃ Ｉ Ａ Ｖ 的免疫对照雏鸡。其中,感染雏鸡 Ｉｇ Ｇ 抗体生成细胞于免疫后７～２８ ｄ,在法氏囊和胸腺髓质及脾脏红髓和白髓区明显低于未感染 Ｃ Ｉ Ａ Ｖ 的免疫对照雏鸡, Ｉｇ Ｍ 生成细胞分别于免疫后７～２８ ｄ、７ ｄ 或１４ ｄ 明显降低;而 Ｉｇ Ａ生成细胞于免疫后２８ ｄ,仅在法氏囊髓质 区明显减少,表明 Ｃ Ｉ Ａ Ｖ 感染雏鸡免疫器官对 Ｎ Ｄ 免     

MD疫苗免疫雏鸡vMDV攻击后免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

本实验用马立克氏病（ＭＤ）三价疫苗（ＳＢ－１＋８１４＋ＨＶＴ）和火鸡疱疹病毒（ＨＶＴ）疫苗分别肌肉注射免疫１日龄ＡＡ肉鸡,１５日龄腹腔注射ＭＤ强毒（ｖＭＤＶ）,攻毒后５,２５,４５和７５ｄ,以彩色免疫金银染色法检测实验雏鸡法氏囊,脾脏,盲肠扁桃体和哈德尔腺的ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞的动态变化,结果发现;ＭＤ强毒攻击后,免疫雏鸡法氏囊和脾脏中ＩｇＧ,ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞较对照攻毒雏鸡     

感染鸡传染性贫血病毒的雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫后局部体液免疫球蛋白含量变化

本试验对感染鸡传染性贫血病毒（ＣＩＡＶ）雏鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）疫苗免疫及其强毒攻击后，其泪液、气管液、肠液和胆汁的免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量的动态变化进行了检测。结果发现，感染雏鸡泪液的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ和气管液的ＩｇＧ及胆汁的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量均于接种ＮＤ疫苗后７～２８天明显低于未感染ＣＩＡＶ的免疫对照雏鸡；泪液的ＩｇＭ和气管液的ＩｇＡ含量在ＮＤ免疫后１４～２８天明显降低；肠液的ＩｇＡ和ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＧ含量分别于免疫后７～１４和７、１４天也显著减少。表明ＣＩＡＶ感染雏鸡对ＮＤ疫苗免疫的局部体液免疫应答能力降低。ＮＤ强毒攻击后，ＣＩＡＶ感染ＮＤ免疫雏鸡泪液、气管液、肠液和胆汁的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＭ含量及免疫保护率，均明显低于未感染ＣＩＡＶ的免疫对照雏鸡。     

接种La Sota疫苗雏鸡外周器官中CD4+T细胞的来源及其作用

切除胸腺的２日龄雏鸡,接种抗鸡Ｔ细胞表面分子ＣＤ４的单克隆抗体,于１２日龄时以ＬａＳｏｔａ疫苗免疫。然后,在不同的日龄分别用ＦＡＣＳ,ＭＴＴ及间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测定脾脏和外周血中ＣＤ４＾＋和ＣＤ８＾＋Ｔ淋巴细胞亚类数量,脾Ｔ淋巴细胞转化功能及病毒特异的血清ＩｇＧ抗体的动态变化。     

马立克氏病弱毒苗接种雏鸡T细胞亚群观察

为深入探讨马立克氏病疫苗的免疫保护机理,本实验以马立克氏病弱毒８１４株接种ＳＰＦ雏鸡,接种后不同时间以流式细胞仪分析脾脏、胸腺、外周血ＣＤ４＋、ＣＤ８＋及ＣＤ３＋Ｔ细胞的动态变化。结果表明,在接种病毒１０天测定,脾脏和外周血ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞略有下降,但以后逐渐升高,在２４～３１天测定时,外周血和脾脏ＣＤ４＋Ｔ细胞均明显增高;而ＣＤ８＋Ｔ细胞在接种后１０天在脾脏和外周血中明显增高,以后下降恢复于正常水平,在整个试验期间,ＣＤ３＋Ｔ细胞在脾脏和外周血中均保持较高水平,胸腺中各亚群Ｔ细胞均无明显变化。     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡ND免疫后血清Igs和HI抗体的动态变化

本试验对１日龄感染鸡传染性贫血病毒（ＣＩＡＶ）雏鸡接种新城疫（ＮＤ）疫苗及其强毒攻击后外周血液免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量和ＨＩ抗体滴度的动态变化进行研究。结果发现，ＣＩＡＶ感染雏鸡ＮＤ疫苗免疫后，其外周血液ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ＩｇＡ含量和ＨＩ抗体滴度，于接种ＮＤ疫苗后７￣２８ｄ较未感染ＣＩＡＶ的免疫对照雏鸡明显减少，表明ＣＩＡＶ感染雏鸡对ＮＤ疫苗免疫的体液免疫应答功能明显降低。ＮＤ强毒攻击后     

感染鸡传染性贫血病毒的雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫后局部体液免疫球蛋白…

本试验对感染鸡传染性贫血病毒雏鸡新城疫疫苗免疫及其强毒攻击后，其泪液，气管液，肠液和胆汁的免疫球蛋白ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ含量的动态变化进行了检测。结果发现，感染雏鸡泪液的ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＡ和气管液的ＩｇＧ及胆汁的ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＡ含量无于接种ＮＤ疫苗后７－２８天明显低于未感染ＣＩＡＶ的免疫对照雏鸡，泪液的ＩｇＭ和气管液的ＩｇＡ含量在ＮＤ免疫后１４－２８天明显降低；肠液的ＩｇＡ和ＩｇＭ，ＩｇＧ仰望     

鸡贫血病雏鸡ND免疫后免疫器官抗体生成细胞动态变化

对感染鸡传染性贫血病毒（ＣＩＡＶ）雏鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）免疫及其强毒攻击后，其免疫器官ｋｋ法氏囊、脾脏和胸腺的ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＡ抗体生成细胞的动态变化进行了检测。结果发现，感染雏鸡ＩｇＧ抗体生成细胞于免疫后７～２８ｄ，在法氏囊和胸腺髓质及脾脏红髓和白髓区明显低于未感染的免疫对照雏鸡；ＩｇＭ生成细胞分别于免疫后７～２８ｄ、７ｄ或１４ｄ明显降低；而ＩｇＡ生成细胞于免疫后２８ｄ，仅在法氏囊髓质区明显减少，表明ＣＩＡＶ感染雏鸡免疫器官对ＮＤ免疫的体液免疫应答降低。ＮＤ强毒攻击后，ＣＩＡＶ感染ＮＤ免疫雏鸡法氏囊、脾脏、胸腺的三种抗体生成细胞均程度不同地低于对照雏鸡，其中ＩｇＧ生成细胞减少最为明显。ＣＩＡＶ感染雏鸡免疫器官抗体生成细胞减少与免疫保护率降低密切相关     

Gamma/delta T cell response of chickens after oral administration of attenuated and non-attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strains

Poultry represents an important source of Salmonella infection in man. Despite intensive research on immunity, little is known about the involvement of T cell sub-populations in the immunological response of chickens against infection with non-host-adapted Salmonella (S.) serovars. In this study, the T cell composition of blood lymphocytes (CD4(+)CD8(+); CD4(+)CD8(-); CD4(-)CD8(+); CD8(+)TcR1(+); CD8(-)TcR1(+), CD8(+)TcR1(-)) after oral administration of the non-attenuated S. typhimurium wild-type strain 421 (infection) or the attenuated vaccine strain Salmonella vac((R)) T (immunization) to day-old chicks was investigated and compared with non-treated chickens by flow cytofluorometry. Additionally, the occurrence of T cell sub-populations (CD4(+); CD8(+); TcR1(+)(gammadelta); TcR2(+)(alphabeta(1))) in ceca, spleen and bursa of Fabricius of the birds was studied immunohistologically. Blood samples and tissues were examined between days 1 and 12 of age.Chicks inoculated with S. typhimurium 421 or Salmonella vac((R)) T showed significantly elevated percentages of CD8(+)TcR1(+) in blood on days 7, 8 and 9, or on day 8 in comparison to control animals. The CD4 to CD8 cell ratio was about 3:1 in infected animals on day 5 of age. In the organs of treated chicks the numbers of CD8(+)(gammadelta) and TcR1(+)(gammadelta) cells had markedly increased on days 4 and 5 in ceca, 8 and 9 in the bursa and 9 and 12 in the spleen. Moreover, infected or vaccinated birds revealed larger quantities of CD4(+) and TcR2(+) T cells in ceca on days 4 and 5. As shown by double staining, the TcR1(+) cells in the organs of infected animals additionally carried the CD8 antigen.In conclusion, immunization of day-old chicks with the attenuated Salmonella live vaccine strain resulted in the same changes in T cell composition as seen after infection with the non-attenuated Salmonella wild-type strain, but at a lower level. The remarkable increase of CD8(+)TcR1(+)(gammadelta) double positive cells in treated birds indicates an important role of this cell sub-population in the immunological defense of chickens against Salmonella exposure.     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后局部粘膜免疫功能的变化

雏鸡1日龄感染鸡贫血病毒（CAV），8日龄接种Lasota疫苗，以未感染免疫雏鸡为对照，于免疫后7、14、28d检测其哈德尔腺和盲肠扁桃体T细胞及IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ 抗体生成细胞数量，泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中IgG、IgM、IgA含量以及泪液、胆汁HI抗体滴度的动态变化。揭示了感染CAV雏鸡接种ND疫苗免疫后哈德尔腺、盲肠扁桃体的T细胞和IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ 抗体生成细胞数量，泪液、气管液、肠液、胆汁中免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA含量以及泪液、胆汁HI抗体滴度，均较未感染免疫雏鸡明显减少。表明眼部、呼吸道和消化道局部粘膜免疫防御能力减弱。     

鸡贫血病—法氏囊病联合免疫母鸡后子代雏鸡免疫器官T细胞和抗体生成细胞数量的动态变化

对鸡传染性贫血病（CIA）－传染性法氏囊病（IBD）联合免疫母鸡后的子代雏鸡免疫器官的免疫学化变化进行了研究。结果发现,混合感染CIAV、IBDV雏鸡免疫器官T细胞和IgG,IgM,IgA抗体生成细胞数量在27日龄内明显未免疫对照组、联合免疫组和联合免疫攻毒组,表明感染CIAV、IBDV的雏鸡全身免疫功能显著下降,CAI－IBD联合免疫母鸡后,子代雏鸡T细胞胞和IgG,IgM,IgA抗体生成细胞数量在27日龄内,较未免疫对照组明显增加,表明CIA－IBD联合免疫母鸡可使子代雏鸡免疫器官的免疫功能增强,能抵御强毒攻击。     

传染性法氏囊病免疫保护试验中3种评定指标的比较

100只SPF鸡均分为5组，A、B、c3组免疫后攻毒，接种3批次自制的IBD基因工程重组亚单位油乳剂疫苗；D组不免疫不攻毒，E组不免疫而攻毒。免疫后第22天，感染IBDV强毒株BC-6／85。攻毒后第4天，将所有存活的鸡只以颈脱臼致死，收集法氏囊，以3种方法和指标（法氏囊眼观病变；法氏囊显微病变；法氏囊中IBDV抗原检测）进行分析，以评定免疫保护率。结果显示，以这3种方法和指标评定，A组免疫保护率为90％，B、C组免疫保护率均为95％；试验鸡A3、A14、B7、C16、E1～E20，法氏囊眼观病变明显，法氏囊显微病理损伤评分为3～5分，琼脂免疫扩散试验检测法氏囊中IBDV抗原均为阳性；其他试验鸡，法氏囊眼观无明显异常，法氏囊显微病理损伤评分在3分以下，琼脂免疫扩散试验检测法氏囊中IBDV抗原均为阴性。结果表明，这3种方法和指标在IBD疫苗免疫保护试验评定中具有很好的一致性。     

感染鸡贫血病毒雏鸡接种新城疫疫苗后免疫功能和免疫调节的变化

雏鸡1日龄感染鸡贫血病毒，8日龄接种Lasota疫苗，以未感染免疫雏鸡为对照，于免疫后7、14、28d检测血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgM、IgA,在凝抑制抗体（HI）滴度；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、IgG^ 、IgM^ 、IgA^ ,抗体生成细胞数量及T、B细胞增殖反应；胸腺、脾脏细胞因子IL－2、IFN活性的变化。结果发现，感染CAV雏鸡Lasota疫苗免疫后，其血清IgG、IgM、IgA免疫球蛋白含量明显减少，HI抗体滴度降低；胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏T细胞、抗体生成细胞数量降低及T、B细胞增殖反应减弱，胸腺、脾脏IL－2及TNF诱生活性降低，表明其细胞免疫和体流免疫功能以及细胞因子免疫调节作用均未感染免疫雏鸡明显减弱。     

Effect of in ovo administered reovirus vaccines on immune responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens

We investigated the effect of in ovo administered reovirus vaccines on the immune responses of specific-pathogen-free chickens. T-cell mitogenic responses to concanavalin A were numerically lower at 9 and 12 days of age and significantly lower at 6 days of age in birds vaccinated with a commercial reovirus vaccine compared with unvaccinated birds or birds vaccinated with an experimental reovirus-antibody complex vaccine. There were no significant differences in proportions of subpopulations of helper (CD4+CD8-) or cytotoxic (CD4-CD8+) T cells except at 12 days of age, when the percentages of CD4-CD8+ cells in the two vaccinated groups were statistically higher than in the nonvaccinated group. B-cell populations were not different among vaccine groups except at 9 days of age, when the vaccinated groups had the highest level of B cells. This commercial reovirus vaccine should not be given in ovo to embryos having little or no maternal antibody, otherwise immunosuppression may occur in the chicks. The addition of the antibody complex to the vaccine prevented this T-cell immunosuppression.     

Effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on the immune response of chickens vaccinated and challenged with infectious bursal disease virus

One-day-old chickens were divided into two groups and reared under similar conditions. One group was fed a diet supplemented with 1000ppm ascorbic acid and the other group was fed an identical diet, but not supplemented with ascorbic acid. Both groups were vaccinated against infectious bursal disease (IBD) at 7 days of age and challenged orally with 4x10(5) of 50% embryo-lethal-dose IBDV 14 days later. The number of anti-IBDV antibody secreting cells, production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by splenocytes, number of CD4(+), CD8(+) and IgM(+) cells in spleen and IgM(+) cells in bursa of Fabricius were compared between the two groups at 7 days (prior to vaccination), 21 days (14 days post-vaccination and prior to challenge) and 31 days (10 days post-challenge) of age. The number of CD8(+) in spleen at 7 days of age and IgM(+) cells in bursa at 7, 21 and 31 days of age were significantly higher in ascorbic acid supplemented group (P<0.05). Production of IL-2 by splenocytes was higher as indicated by higher stimulation indices in ascorbic acid supplemented group. The number of anti-IBDV IgG antibody secreting cells in spleen at 21 and 31 days of age were significantly higher in ascorbic acid supplemented group (P<0.05). Dietary supplementation of ascorbic acid may ameliorate the immunosuppression caused by IBDV vaccination and improve humoral and cellular immune responses.     

H9亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫产生期内T淋巴细胞表型亚类的检测与研究

采用免疫荧光法、使用流式细胞检测仪对经H9亚型禽流感病毒人工感染SPF鸡、H9亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫SPF鸡以及经免疫后使用H9亚型禽流感病毒攻毒后的SPF鸡外周血、脾脏、胸腺中T细胞表型亚类(CD4+、CD8+、TCR1+)的变化规律进行了监测,结果表明,H9亚型禽流感油乳剂灭活苗免疫后抗原的缓慢释放可在一定程度上激发机体的细胞免疫应答,使免疫活性T淋巴细胞得到活化,免疫后鸡体外周血中CD4+、CD8+和TCR1+T细胞的数量呈现出一明显升高的过程;同时,人工感染免疫鸡后,脾脏和胸腺TCR1+T细胞的数量上升,外周血CD4+、CD8+和TCR1+T细胞的数量少量降低或维持不变,随后短期即恢复正常;而人工感染SPF对照鸡后,外周血CD4+、CD8+和TCR1+T细胞的数量呈现下降趋势.     

鸡传染性贫血免疫对肝微粒体抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的是观察鸡传染性贫血多次免疫对肝微粒体中抗氧化酶活性的影响.对20只SPF鸡随机分为2组,每组10只,免疫组鸡用鸡传染性贫血弱毒苗免疫4次,每次间隔2周,对照组鸡注射同剂量的生理盐水.最后一次免疫后10d取肝脏制备微粒体,利用测试盒测定肝微粒体中的GSH-Px活性、SOD活性、CAT活性和MDA含量.结果与对照组相比,免疫组肝微粒体中GSH Px活性、SOD活性和CAT活性都显著提高(P＜0.05),MDA含量显著减低(P＜0.05).结论为鸡传染性贫血多次免疫可提高鸡体抗氧化能力.     

Cell-mediated immune responses to a killed Salmonella enteritidis vaccine: lymphocyte proliferation, T-cell changes and interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1, IL-2, and IFN-gamma production

Two experimental approaches were used to investigate the immunological responses of chickens to a commercial killed Salmonella enteritidis (SE) vaccine. In the first, the effects of host age on antigen-specific proliferative responses and cytokine production were examined. Compared with non-vaccinated controls, 4-wk-old vaccinated chickens showed higher proliferation to SE LPS and flagella. The lymphoproliferation responses to these antigens of 8-mo-old vaccinated chickens were not different compared to the non-vaccinated controls. Increased production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) by antigen-stimulated splenocytes following vaccination were, in general, more often observed in 4-wk-old compared with 8-mo-old chickens, whereas serum levels of these cytokines were consistently higher in the vaccinated birds compared with controls regardless of age. The second set of experiments were designed to determine the effects of SE vaccination on mitogen- or antigen-induced splenocyte proliferation and serum nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine levels. Splenocytes from vaccinated chickens stimulated with SE flagella showed significantly increased numbers of TCRgammadelta+ cells at 7 days post-vaccination compared with non-vaccinated birds. In contrast, no differences were noted with CD4+, CD8+, or TCRalphabeta+ cells at any time points examined. Higher levels of NO production were observed following stimulation with SE flagella at 4, 7, 11, and 14 days after SE vaccination while serum levels of IFN-gamma, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 were elevated only at day 7 post-vaccination. In conclusion, younger chickens mounted a more robust antigen-specific immune response to the SE vaccine compared with older birds and vaccination induced not only T-cell-mediated responses but also host innate and pro-inflammatory responses.