用禽型（结核）分枝杆菌平板凝集抗原诊断禽结核病的初步探讨

用禽型（结核）分枝杆菌Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ血清型参考菌株制备禽型结核杆菌平板凝集抗原,对１０２只禽结核病鸡的检出率为９０．２％ ,对３２只健康鸡出现９．４％ 的假阳性反应。因其使用方便、快速,对种鸡群进行禽结核病的检测和病鸡群的净化有一定的实用价值。     

“禽毒灵”防治鸡传染性法氏囊病的试验

选用纯中草药制成的“禽禽灵”制剂，通过预备试验，对比试验，二次扩大试验，共收治鸡法氏囊病例３５２００只，治愈３４５３０只，治愈率达９８．１％，用卵黄抗体收治的２２００只，治愈率４７．７３％，提高治愈率４８．６４％，具有极显著生物学统计意义。应用“禽毒灵”在１０个养鸡场应用结果，其法氏囊病死亡率由１９９１年的４２．５５％降低为１９９４年的１．２１％，效果显著。由于该配方由纯中草药组成，具有药源广泛，     

一起禽结核病的诊断和防治

一起禽结核病的诊断和防治陈飞（江苏省张家港动植物检疫局２１５６３３）１９９５年７月射阳县某个体户蛋鸡场饲养的２０００多只３月龄罗曼蛋鸡，因患禽结核病被误诊，而造成严重的经济损失和环境污染。该批蛋鸡于６月初开始个别鸡表现呼吸道感染的症状，同时大多数鸡有...     

进口鸽的禽结核病及其分离株的致病性

一只２岁龄公鸽在其泄殖腔后部皮肤上发现一结核病灶（直径１５ｍｍ），从皮肤结构病灶和粪便中分离出血清２型禽分枝杆菌，分离的光滑圆形（ＳｍＤ）变异株（４．９×１０＾６ＣＦＵ）和粗糙粒状（ＲＧ）变异株（３．７×１０＾７ＣＦＵ）静脉接种鸡，用ＲＧ变异株接种的鸡在接种后第３９天死亡，用ＳｍＤ变异株脾肿大，用ＳｍＤ变异株接种鸡的肝，脾和肺中，观察到许多白色结构病变，而用ＲＧ变异株接种的鸡没有观察到大体病变，从     

泻痢停治鸡禽霍乱

泻痢停治鸡禽霍乱成鸡每只口服１／４片（雏鸡按２５ｋｇ１片），每日３次，连服３天，治愈率达９０％。泻痢停治鸡禽霍乱...     

“禽乐灵”治疗鸡传染性法氏囊炎效果观察

“禽乐灵”治疗鸡传染性法氏囊炎效果观察董满忠（山西省夏县禹王乡禹王畜禽诊疗部０４４４００）近年来，鸡传染性法氏囊炎在我国流行很广，危害甚大。为此，笔者用“禽乐灵”（山西省临猗县晋光化工厂出品）治疗３２５０只，治愈３１２０只，治愈率９６％，深受用户好评...     

鸡结核病的诊断

鸡结核病是由禽型结核杆菌引种的一种慢性消耗性传染病。2000年湖北省潜江市某养鸡户饲养本地土种鸡1500只，当年7月份以来，鸡群陆续出现精神沉郁、消瘦等症状，每日死亡1－2只，9月份送来死病鸡2号和鸡5只，经过临床观察、病理学检查、实验室检验、诊断为鸡结核病。     

“禽毒灵”研制与防治鸡传染性法氏囊病的应用

本试验研究证明，“禽毒灵”防治鸡传染性法氏囊病效果显著。跟踪追访户，用“禽毒灵”治疗病鸡15600只，治愈15325只，治愈率为96.85％－99.86％，平均为98.24%。对比试验结果表明，平均治愈率为“禽毒灵”试验组达97.00%，对照组为69.41%。试验组较对照组提高27.59%，卵黄抗体组较对照组提高26.59%。经统计学处理（X2检验），差异极显著（P＜0.001）。由此可见，“禽毒灵”略优于卵黄抗体。同时说明：“禽毒灵”还可防治鸡传染性支气管炎、喉气管炎、鸭病毒性肝炎等病毒性疾病。因此，“禽毒灵”具有开发利用和推广应用价值。     

奶山羊生产瘫痪与血钙含量变化及防治试验

本试验通过测定奶山羊血钙含量变化，以补钙的方法，对６３８只羊进行了防治对比试验。预防组３３８只，设对照（Ａ组）１００只；补钙治疗组７０只，设对照（Ｂ组）６０只，临产７０只。结果，预防组发病２只，无死亡，发病率为０．６％，比Ａ组（２３％）降低２２．４％；发病死亡率比Ａ组（１４只）降低６１％。补钙治疗组痊愈５０例，好转１９例，死亡１例，治愈率为９８．６％，比Ｂ组（２５％）提高７３．６％，死亡率比Ｂ组（７５％）降低７３．６％。治疗１５天时测日产奶量，较病前常量增加的４９例，平值１６例，奶量减少者５例，产奶恢复率为９２．９％，比Ｂ组（４５％）提高４７．９％；钙疗组奶量减少者比Ｂ组（５５％）降低４７．９％。出现反结果，效果差异显著。     

云南省楚雄彝族自治州鸡主要传染病的调查

对采自云南省楚雄彝族自治州楚雄，双柏，婉安，元谋４县（市）的３８７份鸡血清进行新城疫（ＮＤ），禽霍乱（ＦＣ）、鸡白痢（ＳＰ）、鸡马立克氏病（ＭＤ）鸡痘（ＦＰ），鸡腺病毒病（ＣＥＬＤ），鸡白血病（ＡＬＤ），鸡传染性支气管炎（ＩＢ）、鸡传染性喉气管炎（ＩＬＴ）、鸡传染性鼻炎（ＩＣ）、禽脑脊髓炎（ＡＥ）共１１种病的血清学调查，查出除ＡＬＤ外的１０种病，其阳性率分别为３７．２１％、９．８３％、１０．３４％     

Pathogenicity of Mycobacterium avium complex serovar 9 isolated from painted quail (Excalfactoria chinensis)

Avian tuberculosis accompanied with many tubercular lesions in the liver and spleen was found in a painted quail at a zoological garden in Japan. Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) serovar 9 without insertion sequence of IS901 was isolated from the liver (1.3 x 10(8) CFU/g), oviduct (9.4 x 10(7) CFU/g), and intestine (1.5 x 10(5) CFU/g). The isolates were inoculated intravenously to chickens. The inoculated chickens showed clinical symptoms of avian tuberculosis. Birds are susceptible to MAC serovar 9 without IS901.     

Isolation of an unidentified,nonfermentative, gram-negative bacterium from turkeys and chickens: 38 cases (1995-2001)

Thirty-eight cases were identified in which a nonfermentative, gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium was isolated from the respiratory system of turkeys and chickens. Cases were submitted from various parts of the country. Preliminary assessment of phenotypic characteristics indicated this bacterium was different from common pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria isolated from the avian respiratory tract. Most cases reported a history of respiratory distress and/or increased flock mortality. Lesions seen in infected birds included tracheitis and pneumonia, which correlate with the sites of isolation. Sixty-one percent of the isolations were made from the trachea and 25% from the lung. Age of infected birds ranged from 35 to 315 days in turkeys and 53 days to 3 yr in chickens. In most instances (90%), other bacteria were also isolated from affected sites. The significance of this organism in respiratory disease in birds is unknown.     

Efficacy of avian influenza vaccine in poultry: a meta-analysis

Vaccination is an effective method for controlling avian influenza (AI), especially in countries with endemic infection. This study conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of AI vaccines in chickens. We included both inactivated and recombinant fowlpox virus expressing H5 (rFPV-H5) vaccine studies that used specific-pathogen-free chickens where outcomes against the H5N1 or H5N2 AI viruses were measured. Vaccine efficacy was evaluated by protection from mortality, protection from morbidity, reductions in virus isolation from the respiratory tract, and reductions in virus isolation from the cloaca. The efficacies for homologous inactivated vaccines by those four outcomes were 92% (95% confidence interval 90%-95%), 94% (91%-96%), 54% (50%-58%), and 88% (84%-91%), respectively. Corresponding figures for heterologous inactivated vaccines were 68% (63%-73%), 78% (74%-81%), 24% (16%-31%), and 71% (64%-77%); and efficacies for rFPV-H5 vaccine were 97% (94%-99%), 93% (90%-94%), 21% (14%-27%), and 78% (72%-84%), respectively. Although those vaccines protect chickens from morbidity and mortality, virus shedding would be an important biosecurity issue for further AI endemic control.     

Search for Lawsonia intracellularis and Bilophila wadsworthia in malabsorption-diseased chickens

Proliferative enteropathy is an important enteric disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. A wide range of host species can be infected by the same bacterium, yet the clinico-pathologic features among these hosts remains almost identical. The disease has been recognized regularly among ratites, but not in other avian families, such as galliforms, even though these suffer uncharacterized enteric conditions. Fresh ileum-colon contents were obtained from 228, 3- to 8-week-old chickens with enteric disease, kept at 14 large commercial farms in the southern USA. DNA was extracted from each sample and subjected to polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with primers specific to eubacterial DNA, L. intracellularis, and Bilophila wadsworthia. All chicken samples were positive for eubacterial DNA, 29 chickens (13%) were positive for B. wadsworthia DNA, and none were positive for L. intracellularis DNA. Given the ubiquitous nature of L. intracellularis, we consider it likely that some avian families do not carry the necessary mechanism for L. intracellularis viability. Bilophila wadsworthia appears to be a consistent member of the colonic flora of some host animals. Neither bacterium appears to be associated with malabsorption syndromes in chickens.     

A single vaccination of commercial broilers does not reduce transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza

ABSTRACT: Vaccination of chickens has become routine practice in Asian countries in which H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is endemically present. This mainly applies to layer and breeder flocks, but broilers are usually left unvaccinated. Here we investigate whether vaccination is able to reduce HPAI H5N1 virus transmission among broiler chickens. Four sets of experiments were carried out, each consisting of 22 replicate trials containing a pair of birds. Experiments 1-3 were carried out with four-week-old birds that were unvaccinated, and vaccinated at day 1 or at day 10 of age. Experiment 4 was carried out with unvaccinated day-old broiler chicks. One chicken in each trial was inoculated with H5N1 HPAI virus. One chicken in each trial was inoculated with virus. The course of the infection chain was monitored by serological analysis, and by virus isolation performed on tracheal and cloacal swabs. The analyses were based on a stochastic SEIR model using a Bayesian inferential framework. When inoculation was carried out at the 28th day of life, transmission was efficient in unvaccinated birds, and in birds vaccinated at first or tenth day of life. In these experiments estimates of the latent period (~1.0 day), infectious period (~3.3 days), and transmission rate parameter (~1.4 per day) were similar, as were estimates of the reproduction number (~4) and generation interval (~1.4 day). Transmission was significantly less efficient in unvaccinated chickens when inoculation was carried out on the first day of life. These results show that vaccination of broiler chickens does not reduce transmission, and suggest that this may be due to the interference of maternal immunity.     

Experimental factors affecting mortality following inoculation of chickens with avian nephritis virus (G-4260).

Groups of approximately 20 one-day-old chickens were inoculated with G-4260, the reference strain of avian nephritis virus (ANV), or saline. Based on mortality rates from severe nephritis in comparable experiments, light Sussex chickens generally were more susceptible than Rhode Island red (RIR) chickens. Mortality was greater in those given broiler starter than those given other feeds, and was greater when light Sussex chickens were given broiler starter feed and cold-stressed at 15 +/- 1 C for 2 hr daily during the first week rather than brooded normally. Inoculation with G-4260 either orally or by intraperitoneal injection produced similar results in RIR chickens. Thirty-three inoculated chickens died of severe nephritis between 4 and 12 days postinoculation, and 24 (73%) of them had visceral urate deposits. Inoculated inbred white leghorn Line 15 chickens with maternal antibody to ANV were brooded normally and given broiler feed: they were susceptible to infection as evidenced by subsequent histological lesions in the kidneys and serology, but mortality was not a feature. There were no deaths from nephritis in inoculated non-inbred white leghorn chickens free of maternal antibody to ANV that were given broiler feed and brooded normally. These results have implications in standardizing experimental conditions for the study of mortality induced by G-4260 and similar viruses.     

安徽省部分地区鸡群禽偏肺病毒感染的血清学调查

为掌握禽偏肺病毒(aMPV)在安徽省鸡群中的感染状况,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对安徽省合肥、亳州、定远、舒城等地区的9个鸡场、7个不同品种(系)鸡群的296份血液样本进行了aMPV血清抗体检测。结果表明,所有被检鸡场均有aMPV感染,鸡场阳性率最高达100%,最低为20%;各品种(系)鸡均有感染,感染率最高的是青脚麻肉鸡,其次分别为科宝肉鸡、海兰蛋鸡、禽粤黄蛋鸡、淮南麻黄鸡、黄羽土鸡和新广麻肉鸡;其中蛋用型鸡血清样本总体阳性率为88.7%,明显高于肉用和兼用型鸡;公鸡和母鸡血清抗体阳性率均较高。研究结果表明,安徽省鸡群aMPV的感染已广泛存在,且不同地区、品种(系)、用途和性别的鸡群均较严重,应根据感染状况尽早制定相应的防控对策。     

A low pathogenic H5N2 influenza virus isolated in Taiwan acquired high pathogenicity by consecutive passages in chickens

H5N2 viruses were isolated from cloacal swab samples of apparently healthy chickens in Taiwan in 2003 and 2008 during surveillance of avian influenza. Each of the viruses was eradicated by stamping out. The official diagnosis report indicated that the Intravenous Pathogenicity Indexes (IVPIs) of the isolates were 0.00 and 0.89, respectively, indicating that these were low pathogenic strains, although the hemagglutinin of the strain isolated in 2008 (Taiwan08) had multibasic amino acid residues at the cleavage site (PQRKKR/G). In the present study, these H5N2 viruses were assessed for their intravenous and intranasal pathogenicity for chickens. It was examined whether Taiwan08 acquires pathogenicity through consecutive passages in chickens. Intravenous pathogenicity of Taiwan08 depended upon the age of the chickens used for the IVPI test; all of the eight-week-old chickens intravenously inoculated with Taiwan08 showed clinical signs but survived for ten days post inoculation (IVPI=0.68), whereas all the six-week-old chickens died (IVPI=1.86). Taiwan08-P8, which were passaged in chickens for eight times, killed all the eight-week-old chickens (IVPI=2.36). The four-week-old chickens died after intranasal inoculation of Taiwan08-P8, indicating that Taiwan08 must have become highly pathogenic during circulation in chicken flocks. These results emphasize the importance of a stamping out policy for avian influenza even if the IVPI of the causal virus is low.     

禽流感H9亚型流行毒株交叉免疫保护试验

采用北京市农林科学院畜牧兽医研究所1998年-2008年在北京及河北省分离的4株禽流感病毒H9亚型流行毒株,分别制备不同分离毒株灭活疫苗,免疫SPF鸡,进行交叉免疫保护试验。结果表明,用4个不同时期的分离毒株所制备出的灭活疫苗免疫鸡后,各免疫组鸡禽流感(H9亚型)的HI抗体效价均明显上升,所诱导产生的HI抗体效价基本相同;不同时期分离毒株大多产生了较好的交叉保护力。用1998年、2004年及2006年分离的流行毒株制备出的灭活疫苗能够保护2008年流行毒株的攻击。