重大件运输车辆安全性分析及基本流程框架图的建立

从可靠性、稳定性、通过性等方面分析重大件运输车辆的安全性，较详细阐述挂车可靠性中的挂车主梁弯矩、剪力和变形校核以及挂车的拼接校核、捆扎方式的稳定性、液压系统稳定性、挂车的三点支承稳定性、挂车的抗倾翻性以及抗侧滑性、塌点稳定性等问题，建立运输车辆的安全性分析基本流程框架图，指出保证重大件运输车辆安全稳定的要求。     

汽车发电机抛负载电压的分析与估算

分析了汽车发电机抛负载电压的形成过程及其与发电机的相电动势、激磁电流和转速之间的关系.汽车发电机抛负载电压包含两个部分,且均由定子绕组本身产生.其一为定子绕组中负载电流突变产生的自感电动势,其特点是持续时间短,危害较小;其二为在激磁磁场作用下定子绕组产生的感应电动势经整流后得到的电压,其特点是电压持续时间长,危害较大.最后推导了发电机磁路在未饱和及饱和时抛负载电压的计算公式,并给出了相应的实例分析.     

我国道路交通事故的现状及其综合治理

通过对我国1991～2000年交通事故的综合分析得出:我国道路交通事故仍呈上升趋势,而驾驶员责任肇事、高等级公路交通事故不断上升、混合交通难治、路政管理落后以及汽车运输企业管理混乱是造成交通事故攀升的五个主要原因.提出了提高驾驶员素质、管好事故"源头",加强交通法规教育、增强全民安全意识,加大道路安全设施与主体路面同步建设的力度,依法治路,规范汽车运输企业经营行为、提高汽车运输企业管理水平等五项治理措施.     

变速恒频双馈风力发电机空载并网控制策略

风力发电机组单机容量越来越大,发电机并网时造成的冲击电流已不能忽视,必须对风力发电系统并网技术进行深入的研究。将定子磁场定向的矢量控制技术应用到双馈风力发电机并网控制中,建立了变速恒频双馈风力发电机空载并网控制策略,实现了转子侧电流与磁链的解耦控制。为了说明本控制策略的有效性,利用Matlab/Simnlink建立了空载并网仿真模型并进行了仿真分析。仿真分析结果表明,该控制策略能有效控制电机定子电压与电网电压在幅值、频率及相位上保持一致,可实现大容量风电机组的无冲击并网。     

林业部油锯行业会成立

林业部油锯行业会于1983年10月15～20日在泰州林机厂召开成立会议。参加会议的有柳州机械厂、柳州磁电机厂、长春汽油机厂、富裕林机厂、齐齐哈尔农机配件厂、西北林机厂、天津林业工具厂、泰州磁电机厂、泰州林机厂、南京林产工业学院、哈尔滨林机所等单位的代表。     

哈尔滨市老城区道路绿化现状分析与对策建议

对哈尔滨道外老城区进行了调查，针对哈尔滨道外老城区道路绿化的现状进行了分析，探讨了老城区道路绿化的发展对策，达到改善老城区道路绿化的目的。     

冬季冰雪路面行车速度与安全隐患分析

冬季冰雪路面是交通事故多发的时段,依据车辆特性、视距和道路条件等因素,分析冰雪路面给车辆安全带来的隐患,推导冰雪路面不同能见度、不同坡度和平曲线条件下车辆行驶速度与各因素的关系,给出确定安全车速的方法,为减少冰雪路面交通安全隐患,提高车辆的道路运输安全提供理论依据。     

道路养护管理信息系统的研究

道路养护管理信息系统的研究南京林业大学李国芬中国林业科学院周亚坤一、引言道路在交通载荷和自然因素的作用下会发生破坏，需要经常进行养护。道路养护管理的目的就是通过路政管理、技术管理和生产管理，为道路运输提供快速、安全、舒适、经济的服务。道路养护的基本任...     

重大件运输公路关键技术指标分析程序的编制

在水电站进场道路规划、设计阶段以及重大件运输前,需要分析计算相关道路的适应性和通过性,本文详细介绍了利用Visual Basic6.0语言编写《重大件运输公路关键技术指标分析》程序的思路、模块功能、计算参数、转弯和爬坡动画模拟的实现、程序结构流程等情况。     

道路运输业节能减排评价指标体系研究

从道路运输工具、运输行业管理和道路运输基础设施3个方面分析影响道路运输业节能减排的因素,结合国家和地方颁布的相关法规政策,以区域道路运输行业节能减排的评价为目标,明确道路运输业节能减排评价指标体系的设计依据,建立道路运输业节能减排评价指标体系.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.