Protein requirements of preschool children consuming rice-milk,rice-toasted mung bean,and rice diets

Rice-milk and rice-toasted mung bean diets, and a high-protein rice (IR58 milled rice) were evaluated as part of a study on the protein requirements of toddlers consuming rice-based diets following the multilevel N balance method. Milk or mung bean contributed 1/3 of dietary N. At a daily energy intake of 418 kJ/kg body weight, weight losses were observed for all diets. The safe level of protein intakes obtained allowing 10 mg N/kg body weight/day for miscellaneous integumental losses and 15 mg N/kg body weight/day for growth was 1.11 g/kg body weight/day for the rice-milk diet and 1.34 g for the rice-mung bean diet. Preliminary data on four children indicate a safe level of protein intake of 1.44 g/kg/day for the IR58 milled rice. The protein quality of the high-protein rice as determined by the very short term N balance index on three children was 79–80% relative to milk.     

Anti-hypertensive substances in fermented soybean,natto

Natto is a traditional Japenese fermented food made by fermenting boiled soy beans withBacillus natto. Its contents of inhibitors against the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE, EC3.4.15.1) were investigated. Relatively strong inhibitory activity (IC₅₀:0.4 mg/ml, 11.8 inhibition units/g natto) was detected in natto extracts and the inhibitory activity observed in the viscous fraction was more potent than in the bean extract. Two groups of inhibitors in the viscous material, high and low molecular weight inhibitors, were resolved by dialysis test. The inhibitor of high molecular weight was a protein with low IC₅₀ value (0.12 mg/ml). The two types of low molecular weight inhibitors were detected in ethanol extracts (IC₅₀: 0.53 mg/ml and 0.95 mg/ml) and they were found to be stable over a wide range of pH and temperature up to 100°C. They were different in the mode of ACE inhibition. One is competitive, and the other noncompetitive against the hydrolysis of Bz-Gly-His-Leu by ACE.     

Nitrogen Uptake by Faba Bean from 15N-Labelled Oilseed-Rape Residue and Chicken Manure with Ryegrass as a Reference Crop

Abstract

The effects of soil amendment with oilseed-rape residue (OSRR) and chicken manure (CM) on the growth and nitrogen (N) uptake of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) were assessed in a pot experiments with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) as a reference crop. A ¹⁵N isotope dilution method was used to estimate the amount of N derived from the residue (OSRR and CM) and from atmosphere through N₂ fixation in the plants. Dry weights (DW) of shoots and whole plants were heaviest in the plants grown on the soil amended with CM (CM plants) followed by the plants grown on the soil amended with OSRR (OSRR plants) and control plants in this order. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in dry weight between CM, OSRR and control plants. DW of roots was also increased by amendment with either CM or OSRR in faba bean, but it was decreased in ryegrass. The amount of total N in both roots and shoots were increased by application of either CM or OSRR in both faba bean and ryegrass. The amount of N₂ fixed by faba bean cultured on 1.2 kg soil amended with 10g residue (CM or OSRR) was 85.9 mg pot-¹ but total N in faba bean derived from OSRR and CM was 192 and 374 mg pot-¹, respectively. The percentage of N derived from atmosphere to total N in faba bean plants ranged from 15.9 to 26.5%. The amount of N taken up by faba bean and ryegrass plants from CM were larger than those from OSRR by 81.0 and 54.3%, respectively. Soil N balance was calculated as the difference between the amount of N applied (including fixed) and taken up by the plants. The N balance of soil amended with OSRR after cultivation of faba bean was 72.2% higher than that of the soil amended with CM, and that after cultivation of ryegrass was 89.9% higher.     

Quality characteristics of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. oil

The oil content and quality characteristics of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. oil are described. The oils were extracted from the mesocarp and endocarp using hexane to remove the free flowing lipid (FFL) and successive extraction with CHCl₃-MeOH followed by water saturated butanol to remove bound lipid (BL). On a dry matter basis, the mesocarp contained 68.3% FFL and 13.7% BL while the endocarp contained 67.0% FFL and 13.0% BL. The quality characteristics of the mesocarp oil extracts were 151.9–195.3 mg KOH/g fat saponification value (SV), 20–40 mEq peroxide/kg fat peroxide value (PV), 71.1–94.9 g iodine/100 g fat iodine value (IV) and 1.33–8.30 mg KOH acid value (AV). Characteristics for the endocarp oil extracts were 95.4–184.3 mg KOH/g fat SV, 4.0–8.0 mEq peroxide/kg fat PV, 100.1–118.3 g iodine/100 g fat IV, and AV of 0.48–8.70 mg KOH. The fatty acid composition of the first hexane extracts indicated that the oils were primarily C16 and C18s. The mesocarp contained 31.7% hexadecanoic acid, 30.0% 9-octadecenoic acid, 30.1% 6,9-octadecadienoic acid and 8.2% 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid, while the endocarp, contained 31.2% hexadecanoic acid, 28.9% 9-octadecenoic acid and 31.3% 6,9-octadecadienoic acid.     

Phlorotannin Extracts from Fucales Characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn: Approaches to Hyaluronidase Inhibitory Capacity and Antioxidant Properties

Purified phlorotannin extracts from four brown seaweeds (Cystoseira nodicaulis (Withering) M. Roberts, Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss, Cystoseira usneoides (Linnaeus) M. Roberts and Fucus spiralis Linnaeus), were characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSⁿ. Fucophloroethol, fucodiphloroethol, fucotriphloroethol, 7-phloroeckol, phlorofucofuroeckol and bieckol/dieckol were identified. The antioxidant activity and the hyaluronidase (HAase) inhibitory capacity exhibited by the extracts were also assessed. A correlation between the extracts activity and their chemical composition was established. F. spiralis, the species presenting higher molecular weight phlorotannins, generally displayed the strongest lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 2.32 mg/mL dry weight) and the strongest HAase inhibitory capacity (IC₅₀ = 0.73 mg/mL dry weight). As for superoxide radical scavenging, C. nodicaulis was the most efficient species (IC₅₀ = 0.93 mg/mL dry weight), followed by F. spiralis (IC₅₀ = 1.30 mg/mL dry weight). These results show that purified phlorotannin extracts have potent capabilities for preventing and slowing down the skin aging process, which is mainly associated with free radical damage and with the reduction of hyaluronic acid concentration, characteristic of the process.     

Agronomic performance of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines in an Oxisol

Soil acidity and low nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability are the most important constraints for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in highly weathered soils of the humid tropics. The objective of this study was to identify bean lines capable of producing higher yields as the result of greater N and P use efficiency under conditions of intermediate soil N and P availability. Selection for adaptation to low soil fertility can be used by plant breeding programs to improve bean seed yields. The performance of 33 bean lines and the varieties ‘Morales’ and ‘Verano’ from Puerto Rico and ‘Salagnac 90’ from Haiti were evaluated under three fertilization regimes in an Oxisol (very-fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrustox): (i) 50 kg N/ha (+N), 57 kg P₂O₅/ha (+P), 54 kg K₂O/ha (+K), (ii) −N, +P and +K, and (iii) +N, −P and +K in two field plantings of June 2007 and January 2008. The black bean line PR0443-151 and red bean line PR0340-3-31 had consistently higher seed yields under nutrient non-limiting conditions (+N +P +K). The low N tolerant lines and those that consistently had the highest N use efficiencies were PR0443-151, VAX 3, RBF 11-33 and RBF 19-63. Lines that were both efficient in N utilization and responsive to N application were PR0443-151, IBC 309-23, and A774. PR0340-3-31, PR0443-151, A774 and VAX 3 had the highest seed yields under soil P limiting conditions and expressed high soil P use efficiency. The identification of the bean lines with high relative yields under both nutrient limiting and non-limiting conditions, high nutrient use efficiency, and tolerance to low soil N and P, can help breeding programs and eventual sustainability of bean production in the Caribbean.     

Effect of soya bean oil supplementation and forage type on methane production and fibre digestibility using the in vitro gas production system

We aimed to evaluate the effect of soya bean oil (SBO) supplementation with different forages on in vitro gas production kinetics, methane (CH₄) emissions and potentially digestible neutral detergent fibre (pdNDF) digestibility (IVpdNDFD). Samples of whole‐crop maize silage (MS; Zea mays), sugarcane (SC; Saccharum sp.), perennial ryegrass (RG; Lolium perenne), guinea grass (GG; Panicum maximum) and palisadegrass (PG; Brachiaria brizantha) were incubated with three concentrations of SBO (0, 30 and 60 g/kg of dry matter). The interaction between forage species and SBO inclusion affected molar proportion of acetate, acetate‐to‐propionate ratio, asymptotic gas and IVpdNDFD. Acetate‐to‐propionate ratio numerically decreased from 3.56 to 3.44 and 3.77 to 3.56 for MS and SC respectively. Soya bean oil inclusion at 60 g/kg DM decreased 21.2% and 12.9% of IVpdNDFD for MS and SC respectively. Soya bean oil increase did not affect IVpdNDFD for RG, GG and PG. Soya bean oil inclusion decreased quadratically the asymptotic gas (294–265 ml/g OM) for MS and increased linearly (275–283 ml/g OM) for GG. Lower and greater CH₄ production was observed for RG and SC respectively. Methane production decreased quadratically by SBO increase. Soya bean oil inclusion linearly decreased CH₄ concentration in total gas at 48 hr of incubation from 133 to 128 ml/L. In conclusion, MS and SC are more sensitive to adverse effects of SBO supplementation from 30 to 60 g/kg DM on rumen fermentation when compared to RG, GG and PG.     

Comparative studies on the storage proteins and anti-nutritional factors from seeds ofPsophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC from five South-East Asian countries

The seeds of 27 varieties ofP. tetragonolobus from six regions of South-East Asia have been examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. No marked variations in the electrophoretic patterns were found which could be exploited by plant breeders to improve nutritional quality with respect to sulfur containing amino acids. The amino acid compositions of varieties from the different regions showed little variation. Seed extracts of all 27 varieties ofP. tetragonolobus showed trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities, and hemagglutinating activities. The levels of trypsin inhibitory activities showed some genotypic differences varying from 22.2 to 42.5 mg trypsin inbibited g^?1 of seed meal. As a group the varieties from Malaysia showed the lowest levels of trypsin inhibitor. The chymotrypsin inhibitory activity also showed a similar variation (30.1–47.6 mg chymotrypsin inhibited g^?1 of seed meal). Seed extracts agglutinated type O⁺ and B⁺ human and rabbit erythrocytes with little difference in activity between varieties. Autoclaving winged bean seed meal prior to protein extraction inactivated the anti-nutritional factors and resulted in considerable reduction of protein solubility.     

Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral effects of Lactuca sativa extracts

Antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral effects of aqueous and methanol extracts of Lactuca sativa var longifolia leaves were investigated. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay. The effect of the extracts against 5 Gram-positive and 6 Gram-negative bacteria was tested. The antiviral activity was determined against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strain AD-169 (ATCC Ref. VR 538) and coxsackie B virus type 3 (CoxB-3) using a cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. The methanol extract had the highest total phenolic contents (235.31 mg CE/g extract). It exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) greater hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 3.5 μg/ml) than the aqueous extract (4.1 μg/ml). It was also the most effective extract with the lowest MIC (2.5 mg/ml) against all Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Methanol and aqueous extracts exhibited antiviral activity against HCMV and Cox-B3 viruses with IC₅₀ of 200 μg/ml.     

Antifungal activity of leaf extracts from South African trees against plant pathogens

The antifungal activity of acetone, methanol, hexane and dichloromethane leaf extracts of six plant species (Bucida buceras, Breonadia salicina, Harpephyllum caffrum, Olinia ventosa, Vangueria infausta and Xylotheca kraussiana) were evaluated for antifungal activity against seven plant pathogenic fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Colletotricum gloeosporioides, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium expansum, Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium oxysporum). These plant species were selected from 600 evaluated inter alia, against two animal fungal pathogens. All plant extracts were active against the selected plant pathogenic fungi. Of the six plant species, B. buceras had the best antifungal activity against four of the fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.02 mg/ml and 0.08 mg/ml against P. expansum, P. janthinellum, T. harzianum and F. oxysporum. Some of the plant extracts had moderate to low activity against other fungi, indicating that the activity is not based on a general metabolic toxicity. P. janthinellum, T. harzianum and F. oxysporum were the most sensitive fungal species, with a mean MIC of 0.28 mg/ml, while the remaining four fungi were more resistant to the extracts tested, with mean MICs above 1 mg/ml. The number of active compounds in the plant extracts was determined using bioautography with the listed plant pathogens. No active compounds were observed in some plant extracts with good antifungal activity as a mixture against the fungal plant pathogens, indicating possible synergism between the separated metabolites, B. salicina and O. ventosa were the most promising plant species, with at least three antifungal compounds. Leaf extracts of different plant species using different methods (acetone, hexane, DCM and methanol) had antifungal compounds with the same R_f values. The same compounds may be responsible for activity in extracts of different plant species. Based on the antifungal activity, crude plant extracts may be a cost effective way of protecting crops against fungal pathogens. Because plant extracts contain several antifungal compounds, the development of resistant pathogens may be delayed.     

Production of gluten-free wheat starch by peptidase treatment

The potential of peptidase-containing bran extracts from germinated cereals (wheat, emmer, barley) and a peptidase preparation from Aspergillus niger (AN-PEP) to degrade gluten in wheat starch below the threshold for gluten-free foods of 20 mg/kg was compared. The gluten-specific peptidase activity of the peptidases was determined by using gliadin as a protein-based substrate as well as the two celiac-active peptides PQPQLPYPQPQLPY (α-gliadin) and SQQQFPQPQQPFPQQP (γ-hordein). The peptidase activity of AN-PEP exceeded the activities of bran from germinated cereals by a factor up to 690,000. Three wheat starches with initial gluten contents of 110, 1679, and 2070 mg/kg, respectively, were incubated with bran extracts and AN-PEP, lyophilized, and residual gluten was quantitated by a competitive ELISA. Unlike peptidases from bran extracts, AN-PEP was capable of degrading gluten below 20 mg/kg in all starches. The absence of gluten in AN-PEP-treated starches was confirmed by liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry. The properties of gluten-free starches were comparable to the native starches with the exception of a reduced viscosity after AN-PEP treatment. This problem could be overcome by using higher enzyme concentrations and shorter incubation times or by optimizing AN-PEP production for lower residual α-amylase activity.     

茯砖茶减肥作用研究

探讨了茯砖茶和绿茶对营养型肥胖大鼠的减肥作用。茶叶水提物的低、中、高灌胃剂量分别为：75、150、300mg/kg。结果表明：与肥胖模型组相比,茯砖茶和绿茶均能显著抑制大鼠体质量增长,降低食物利用率、脂肪系数以及Lee氏指数。脂肪细胞观察表明,喂饲茯砖茶和绿茶组大鼠的脂肪细胞中脂滴含量明显减少,脂肪细胞直径明显变小。茯砖茶降低血清甘油三酯的效果优于绿茶。     

Dyeing and antibacterial properties of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Liriope platyphylla</Emphasis> fruit extracts on silk fabrics

Dyeing and antibacterial properties of a natural dye extracted from Liriope platyphylla fruit applied on silk fabrics have been studied. The total phenolic content (1109.13±69.02 mg), total flavonoid content (530.60±89.44 mg), and total anthocyanin content (492.26±77.79 mg) were measured in 100 g fresh weight of L. platyphylla fruits. In addition, ten anthocyanins and four flavanols were identified in L. platyphylla fruits by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS). A broad variation in color shade and color depth can be achieved with mixtures of dye extracts and metal mordants. Purple, blue, and pale green were main color shades of silk fabrics dyed with the extracts. The fastness of dyed silk fabrics except for control dyed fabrics against light, washing, and rubbing were acceptable with at least a grey scale rating of 3. The antibacterial activities of L. platyphylla fruit extracts were retained on dyed silk fabrics even after home washing 30 cycles. Mordanting with metal salt mordant had a positive effect on antibacterial activity of dyed silk fabrics in this study. Among them, aluminum and copper were the most effective mordants for improving antibacterial activity of silk fabrics dyed with L. platyphylla fruit extracts. The costs of natural dyeing of per silk fabrics kg by the extracts from L. platyphylla fruit were also calculated on laboratory scale.     

Mucoadhesive Microparticles for Gastroretentive Delivery: Preparation,Biodistribution and Targeting Evaluation

The aim of this research was to prepare and characterize alginate-chitosan mucoadhesive microparticles containing puerarin. The microparticles were prepared by an emulsification-internal gelatin method using a combination of chitosan and Ca²⁺ as cationic components and alginate as anions. Surface morphology, particle size, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency and swelling ratio, in vitro drug released, in vitro evaluation of mucoadhesiveness and Fluorescence imaging of the gastrointestinal tract were determined. After optimization of the formulation, the encapsulation efficiency was dramatically increased from 70.3% to 99.2%, and a highly swelling ratio was achieved with a change in particle size from 50.3 ± 11.2 μm to 124.7 ± 25.6 μm. In ethanol induced gastric ulcers, administration of puerarin mucoadhesive microparticles at doses of 150 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 450 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg body weight prior to ethanol ingestion significantly protected the stomach ulceration. Consequently, significant changes were observed in inflammatory cytokines, such as prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin1β (IL-1β), in stomach tissues compared with the ethanol control group. In conclusion, core-shell type pH-sensitive mucoadhesive microparticles loaded with puerarin could enhance puerarin bioavailability and have the potential to alleviate ethanol-mediated gastric ulcers.     

Effects of Zn rates and application forms on protein and some micronutrients accumulation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

In order to investigation the effects of Zn rates and application forms on protein and element contents (Fe, Cu, Mn, N and Zn) in bean plant, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design at greenhouse conditions during 2006. Treatments were included zinc rates in 4 levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1) in ZnSO4 source) and 3 application forms (soil application, seed pelleting and foliar spraying). Results showed that Zn rates had significant effect on accumulation of Zn, Cu, Mn and N in bean leaves. Nitrogen accumulation in leaves reduced with increasing of zinc in the soil. Among Zn application forms, spray application had the highest accumulation of Fe, Zn and Mn in leaves (423.17, 282.89 and 88.17 mg kg(-1), respectively). The highest Zn content in seed was observed in 20 and 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1) levels (46.39 and 45.62 mg kg(-1), respectively). Meanwhile, all treatments of Zn (both rate and application) had not significant effects on Cu and Mn accumulation in bean seeds. According to interaction effects between Zn rates and application forms, the highest Fe content in seed was observed when 40 mg kg(-1) soil(-1) of Zn was applied as foliar spraying. The seed protein content nearly was stable while Zn levels was increased from 20 to 40 mg Zn kg(-1) soil(-1). Grain yield had significant correlation to zinc and Cu of leaves but, biomass had significant and negative correlation to Zn content of leaves at p < 0.05% probability levels.     

Effects of Roasting on Phenolic Composition and In vitro Antioxidant Capacity of Australian Grown Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

Faba bean phenolic compounds encompassed phenolic acids, flavonols, proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins. Roasting faba beans for 120 min decreased the total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents by 42, 42 and 30 %, respectively. Roasting beans for 120 min decreased the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity, total equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power by 48, 15 and 8 %, respectively. High performance liquid chromatography-post column derivatisation revealed the generation of new phenolic compounds as a result of roasting. Antioxidant mechanism of bean less-polar phenolic compounds was largely based on free radical scavenging activity. The bean phenolic compounds with reducing capability were heat stable. Roasted faba bean extracts (70 % acetone, v/v) were fractionated into relatively polar and non-polar fractions; the latter contributed the majority of the antioxidant capacity. The extracts from beans with different seed coat colours differed in their phenolic compositions, which suggest different levels of potential benefits to health. Although roasting initially lowers the bean antioxidant capacity, prolonged roasting at 150 °C for 60 min and longer causes generation of new phenolic compounds and an increased antioxidant capacity. The findings encourage a wider ultilisation of faba beans for human foods particularly in baked/roasted products.     

Tannins,Trypsin Inhibitors and Lectin Cytotoxicity in Tepary (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus acutifolius</Emphasis>) and Common (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis>) Beans

This study compared the levels of antinutritional components and cytotoxic effect of extracts, from tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common (Phaseolus vulgaris) beans. Antinutritional factors were evaluated by determining their effect on the viability of epithelial cells isolated from rat small intestine. The protein and carbohydrates content were similar in all the genotypes studied (20 and 60%, respectively). Common beans presented higher content of trypsin inhibitors, tannins and lectins than tepary beans. There was not a significant correlation between tannins and cooking time. However, water absorption and cooking time correlated significantly (p < 0.05). Considerable variation was observed in lectin activity (1302–18161 Ul/mg) of extracts from different beans. Tannins, lectins, trypsin inhibitors and fat content differed between bean varieties whereas protein content was similar. The percent cellularity on rat epithelial cells was significantly different among protein extracts from different bean cultivars and ranged between 53.5% and 87.4% (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the incorporation of tepary beans in the diet would not alter the current nutritional contribution of common beans or introduce adverse toxic effects. The agronomic characteristics of tepary beans make them attractive for cultivation. However, the harder to cook phenomenon may be a limiting factor that needs further consideration.     

Feasibility of SRI methods for reduction of irrigation and NPS pollution in Korea

An experimental study on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) methods was conducted to investigate the feasibility of using them to conserve irrigation water and reduce non-point source (NPS) pollution in Korea. Eight experimental runoff plots were prepared at an existing paddy field. Runoff and water quality were measured during the 2010 growing season in which a Japonica rice variety was cultivated. The irrigation water requirements of SRI methods and conventional (CT) plots were 243.2 and 547.3 mm, respectively, meaning that SRI methods could save 55.6% of irrigation water. Runoff from SRI methods plots decreased 5–15% compared with that from CT plots. Average NPS pollutant concentrations in runoff from SRI methods plots during rainfall-runoff events were SS 89.4 mg/L, COD_Cr 26.1 mg/L, COD_Mn 7.5 mg/L, BOD 2.0 mg/L, TN 4.2 mg/L, and TP 0.4 mg/L. Except for COD_Cr and TN, these concentrations were significantly lower than those from CT plots. Measured pollution loads from SRI methods plots were SS 874 kg/ha, COD_Cr 199.5 kg/ha, COD_Mn 47 kg/ha, BOD 13 kg/ha, TN 36.9 kg/ha, and TP 2.92 kg/ha. These were 15.8–44.1% lower than those from CT plots. Rice plants grew better and healthier in SRI methods plots than in CT plots. However, rice production from SRI methods plots ranged between 76 and 92% of that of CT plots because the planting density in SRI methods plots was too low. It was concluded that SRI methods could be successfully adopted in Korea and could help save a significant amount of irrigation requirement in paddies and reduce NPS pollution discharge.     

Dry gibberellic acid combined with talc or fir bark enhances early stem and tuber growth of Shepody potato

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) powder was applied to seed pieces of Shepody potato in combination with water, fir bark and talc carriers. In a greenhouse study, emergence, stem growth and tuber number from seed pieces treated with dry GA₃ and carriers were compared with that of an untreated control. All carriers alone reduced stem emergence. GA₃ (0.5,1 and 2 mg/ kg) combined with talc, and 0.5 and 2 mg GA₃/kg with fir bark+talc enhanced emergence. Only 2 mg GA₃/kg enhanced emergence when applied in solution. Emergence of stems from pieces treated with GA₃ and fir bark was no different or slower than the control. In the absence of GA₃, water and talc increased stem number and fir bark-containing treatments reduced tuber number. All concentrations of GA₃ applied with talc or fir bark+talc, and 2 mg GA₃/kg with fir bark increased stem and tuber number. With water, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg GA₃/kg increased stem number but only 2 mg GA₃/ kg resulted in more tubers. One and 2 mg GA₃/kg combined with talc resulted in the most stems and tubers 58 days after planting. GA₃ was as effective or more effective in speeding emergence and increasing stem and tuber number when applied in the dry form with talc or fir bark+talc as when applied in solution.     

番橄榄脂溶性成分比较分析

用正己烷提取番橄榄干燥果实的脂溶性成分,经GC-MS分析,共鉴定出26个成分,其中青果中主要成分有烷烃类(34.58%),甾体化合物类(30.25%),醇类(10.04%),酯类(6.02%);黄熟果中主要成分有烷烃类(47.23%),醇类(15.72%),甾体化合物类(12.08%),酯类(6.76%)。用UPLC-MS/MS对其中的β-谷甾醇和维生素E进行了定性定量测定,结果表明:番橄榄青果中β-谷甾醇的含量为2286.5 mg/kg,维生素E的含量为5.0 mg/kg;黄熟果中β-谷甾醇的含量为925.5 mg/kg,维生素E的含量为52.0 mg/kg。通过与已报道的关于番橄榄成分的文章比较,并分析结果差异产生的原因。