肥料和稻草氮利用率的三年定位研究

对氮肥和稻草氮的利用率进行了3年6季同位素15N田间定位研究。结果表明,首季单季水稻对氮肥的利用率为37.02%,050cm土壤中15N的残留率为25.81%。经过连续3年6季的种植,作物肥料N的累计回收率分别为40.15(秸杆还田)41.63%(秸杆不还田),050cm土壤中15N的残留率仍达到23.62(秸杆不还田)28.33%(秸杆还田)。在不施氮肥条件下,小麦对稻草氮的吸收率为4.46%,第二季单季稻对稻草氮的吸收率为4.78%。5季作物累计吸收稻草氮11.76%,而土壤残留率为70.37%。     

氮肥种类和施用量对南洋杉苗期的影响

Nitrogenous fertilisers are under consideration for promoting the growth of nursery-reared hoop pine （Araucaria cunninghamii Alton ex A. Cunn） seedlings in the establishment phase of second rotation （2R） plantations. Using ^15N- labelled fertilisers, we investigated the effect of different forms （ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate and urea） and rates of application （0, 150 and 300 mg N kg^-1 dried soil） of fertilisers on the growth, ^15N recovery and carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of hoop pine seedlings in a 12-month glasshouse trial in southeast Queensland, Australia. The ^15N-labelled fertilisers were applied to nursery-reared hoop pine seedlings, which were then grown in pots, containing ca. 1.2 kg dried soil, under well watered conditions for 12 months. Four seedlings from each treatment were harvested at 4-month intervals, divided into roots, stem and foliage, with a further subdivision for new and old foliage, and then analysed for ^15N, total N, δ^13C and total C. There was no significant response in the seedling growth to the form or rate of application of nitrogen （N） fertiliser within the 12-month period, indicating that the seedlings did not experience N deficiency when grown on second rotation hoop pine soils. While the combined ^15N recovery from soil and plant remained at around 70% throughout the experiment, the proportion of ^15N recovered from the plants increasing steadily over time. Nitrate containing fertilisers at 150 mg N kg^-1 soil gradually increased seedling foliage δ^13C over the 12-month period, indicating an increase in seedling water use efficiency.     

~(15)N示踪不同施氮量对超级稻产量形成及氮素吸收的影响

为探讨施氮量对超级稻产量、光合作用以及氮肥利用率的影响,以杂交稻品种两优培九、Y两优1号,常规稻品种玉香油占、黄花占为材料,采用15N示踪法进行了5种施氮量处理的大田盆栽试验。结果表明,增加施氮量提高了SPAD值和光合速率,品种间表现一致。拔节期以后,SPAD值呈现高-低-高的变化趋势,叶片光合速率品种间有差异,杂交稻呈线性下降变化趋势,常规稻呈线性下降后略有回升。随施氮量增加,稻草中氮素含量杂交稻比常规稻低,分别为0.72%~0.78%和0.59%~0.61%;而稻谷中差异不显著。供试品种的产量、氮肥利用率对施氮量的反应分别表现为先增后稳和先增后减的非线性变化趋势,其中以施氮量为150 kg·hm-2处理的氮素利用率最高,杂交稻为33.9%~34.6%,常规稻为33.8%~34.2%,但杂交稻产量显著高于常规稻,平均增产16.4%。可见,随施氮量增加,杂交稻更多的将稻草中的氮素通过光合作用转移到稻谷中,常规稻则是将更多的营养积累在稻草中。本研究为杂交稻高产与氮高效协调栽培提供了理论依据。     

Fate of Basal N Under Split Fertilization in Rice with 15N Isotope Tracer

Split fertilization strategy is popularly adopted in rice to synchronize soil nitrogen(N) supply and crop N demand. Attention has been paid more on mid-season topdressing N, but limited on basal N. A clearer understanding of the basal N fate under split fertilization is crucial for determining rational basal N split ratio to improve the yield and reduce the loss to environment. A two-year field experiment with two N rates of 150 and 300 kg Nha~(-1), two split ratios of basal N, 40% and 25%, and two rice varieties,Wuyunjing 23(japonica) and Y-liangyou 2(super hybrid indica), was conducted. Labelled ~(15) N urea was supplied in micro-plots as basal fertilizer to determine the plant uptake, translocation, soil residual, and loss of basal N fertilizer. The results showed that basal N absorbed by rice was only 1.6%–11.5% before tillering fertilization(8–10 d after transplanting), 6.5%–21.4% from tillering fertilization to panicle fertilization, and little(0.1%–4.4%) after panicle fertilization. The recovery efficiency of basal N for the entire rice growth stage was low and ranged from 18.7% to 24.8%, not significantly affected by cultivars or N treatments. Soil residual basal N accounted for 10.3%–36.4% and decreased with increasing total N rate and basal N ratio, regardless of variety and year. 43.8%–70.4% of basal N was lost into the environment based on the N balance. Basal N loss was significantly linearly positive related with the basal N rate and obviously enhanced by the increasing basal N ratio for both varieties in both 2012 and 2013. The N use efficiency and yield was significantly improved when decreasing the basal N ratio from 40% to 25%. The results indicated that the basal N ratio should be reduced, especially with limited N inputs, to improve the yield and reduce the N loss to the environment.     

Nitrogen turnover in soil after application of animal manure and slurry as studied by the stable isotope 15N: A review

In the last decades many aspects of nitrogen turnover have been studied by ¹⁵N methods. In this article contemporary ¹⁵N tracer as well as natural ¹⁵N abundance methods for the study of animal manure turnover are briefly reviewed. The nitrogen dynamics after application of farmyard manure and slurry are elucidated. Here, emphasis was put on results from ¹⁵N stable isotope work in the fields of nitrogen immobilization, nitrogenous trace gas emissions, turnover of organic nitrogen fractions, and finally plant uptake. Added nitrogen interactions, which must be considered when interpreting ¹⁵N studies, are discussed. Finally promising research fields for the use of stable isotopes are outlined.     

氮肥后移对引黄灌区水稻产量和氮素淋溶损失的影响

通过田间小区试验研究在优化施肥条件下氮肥后移技术对引黄灌区水稻籽粒产量和氮素渗漏淋失量的影响。结果表明:与农民常规施肥处理(N300)比较,氮肥后移各处理在氮素投入降低20%的基础上水稻产量没有降低,显著提高了氮肥利用率,N240/3处理的氮肥利用率达到40.5%,比N300处理提高了8.8%。田面水中TN和NH4+浓度施肥后1～3d达到最大,而NO3-极大值出现在施肥后3～5d内,之后逐渐降低,施肥后的前9d做好水肥管理是防止氮素流失的关键时期。N300处理氮素渗漏淋失主要发生在分蘖期,氮肥后移处理主要发生在分蘖期和孕穗期,TN渗漏淋失量在29.78～44.51kg/hm2之间,N240/3处理TN淋失量比N300处理降低了33.1%;氮素淋失形态以NO3-为主,占TN淋失量的74.14%～79.44%。综合考虑水稻产量和环境效益,氮肥后移技术N240/3处理可作为一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术在水稻种植上应用。     

利用15N示踪研究不同肥力土壤棉花氮肥减施的产量与环境效应

【目的】华北平原棉区中等肥力棉田经济最佳施氮量为300 kg/hm2左右,这一结果仅从产量效应得出,未充分考虑棉花对氮肥的回收利用和土壤中氮肥的残留。探讨低肥力土壤施氮量及施氮比例对棉花产量及氮肥利用率的影响,以及低、中、高肥力土壤条件下等量施氮效应,旨在为棉花减氮增效提供理论依据。【方法】田间试验选择了高 (S1)、中 (S2)、低 (S3) 三个肥力水平的地块,其全氮含量分别为0.83、0.74、0.60 g/kg。低肥力地块设置低氮 (N1 113 kg/hm2)、中氮 (N2 225 kg/hm2)、高氮 (N3 338 kg/hm2) 3个氮肥用量;中肥力和高肥力地块设低氮量处理,氮肥两次追施在苗期与初花期进行,氮肥比例为1∶2;此外,设置低肥力土壤低氮量,氮肥追施在苗期与初花期进行,氮肥分配比例为1∶1。在吐絮70%时采集棉株和土壤样品,用15N技术分析了棉株氮素吸收来源、籽棉产量、棉株氮肥回收率和土壤氮肥残留率。【结果】低氮处理,土壤肥力对棉花籽棉产量无显著影响,随土壤肥力提升,棉株吸收氮素来源于肥料的比例下降,相对增加了对土壤氮素的吸收。棉花植株15N回收率随施氮量增加显著下降,随土壤肥力提高呈下降趋势,低肥力土壤与中肥力土壤间棉花植株15N回收率差异不显著,但显著高于高肥力土壤。高肥力土壤15N残留率高于低肥力土壤和中肥力土壤。15N损失率随施氮量和土壤肥力提高显著增加。低土壤肥力低氮量条件下氮肥分配比例1∶2处理籽棉产量高于1∶1处理。低肥力土壤条件下,中氮处理籽棉15N积累量相对高于高氮和低氮处理,籽棉产量较优。【结论】在较低土壤肥力条件下,施氮225 kg/hm2籽棉产量和氮回收率均优于施氮338 kg/hm2,氮肥损失率较低,减氮增效是可行的。高肥力土壤条件下减少氮肥投入可减少肥料的浪费。     

15N示踪法研究生物炭施用对水稻—土壤系统氮肥去向的影响

为探究施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻产量、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留及损失的影响,采用盆栽试验结合¹⁵N示踪技术,分析了施用水稻秸秆生物炭对水稻生物量、氮素积累量、肥料氮去向以及氨氧化微生物的影响。研究共设置5个处理:不施氮肥(N0)、单施化肥(CF)、施化肥配施0.5%生物炭(BC1)、施化肥配施1%生物炭(BC2)和施化肥配施2%生物炭(BC3)。结果表明:与CF处理相比,BC2和BC3处理均显著提高水稻产量,增产率分别为19.3%和22.0%。施用生物炭显著增加水稻氮素积累量和表观利用率。施用生物炭的水稻籽粒肥料氮积累和总肥料氮积累量较CF处理分别提高18.6%~23.4%和18.5%~26.5%。然而,施用生物炭处理与CF处理之间的籽粒土壤氮吸收量没有显著差异。BC1、BC2和BC3处理的氮肥利用率分别为30.4%,28.5%和29.3%,均显著高于CF处理(24.1%)。施用生物炭有利于肥料氮在土壤中的 残留,从而减少损失。因此,施用生物炭的肥料氮损失率(25.7%~27.5%)显著低于单施化肥处理(38.4%)。与CF处理相比,高量施用生物炭(BC3)显著降低氨氧化细菌的amoA基因拷贝数,但施用生物炭对氨氧化古菌丰度没有显著影响。综上表明,施用水稻秸秆生物炭是提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率,同时还是有效减少氮素损失的一种有效措施。     

Effect of increasing rates of 15N‐labelled fertilizer on recovery of fertilizer N in plant and soil N pools in a pot experiment with winter wheat

The effect of increasing rates of ¹⁵N‐labelled Ca(NO₃)₂ (N₀ = no N application, N₃₀₀ = 300 mg N/pot; N₆₀₀ = 600 mg N/pot; N₉₀₀ = 900 mg N/pot) on recovery of fertilizer N in winter wheat plants and soil (total soil N, soil microbial biomass N [N_mic], extractable organic N [N_org]) and on N mineralization (NM_soil) was investigated at milk‐ripe growth stage in a pot experiment. The N rates were equally split at tillering, stem elongation and ear emergence. Fertilizer N recovered in crops increased with increasing N rates (N₃₀₀: 223.5 mg N/pot [74.5% of applied fertilizer N], N₆₀₀: 445.6 mg N/pot [74.3%], N₉₀₀: 722.1 mg N/pot [80.2%]). NM_soil slightly increased from N₀ (43.8 mg N/pot) to N₉₀₀ (75.6 mg N/pot) indicating that N application enhanced availability of soil‐derived N for the plants. However, in fertilized treatments NM_soil is balanced by immobilization and losses (non‐recovered fertilizer N). Therefore the effective soil N mineralization is indicated by apparent net N mineralization (ANNM = NM_soil — fertilizer N immobilization — lost fertilizer N). Fertilizer N immobilization in soil increased from N₃₀₀ (38.7 mg N/pot) to N₆₀₀ (60.7 mg N/pot) and N₉₀₀ (65.5 mg N/pot). Lost fertilizer N increased from N₃₀₀ (14.8 mg N/pot) to N₆₀₀ (56.7 mg N/pot) and N₉₀₀ (62.1 mg N/pot). As a consequence negative ANNM values were calculated at N₆₀₀ and N₉₀₀. Due to the small differences between N₆₀₀ and N₉₀₀ fertilizer N immobilization and lost fertilizer N did not increase linearly with increasing N rates, i.e. both processes were limited by factors other than N rate. Only 5.6—7.4% of the immobilized fertilizer N was recovered in N_org and 5.4—9.3% in N_mic soil pools. It is assumed that most of the immobilized fertilizer N was in non‐extractable organic N forms. N_mic and N_org were weak indicators for the extent of fertilizer N immobilization.     

15N标记的包膜尿素在华北平原渗滤系统中的回收和淋失

The effectiveness of polyolefin-coated urea (Meister-5 and Meister-10; CU) in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-maize (Zea mays L.) rotation system was studied in lysimeter plots located in the North China Plain for three consecutive maize- wheat-maize cropping seasons. An isotopic method was used to compare the fate of CU to that of non-coated urea (NCU), and N application rates of 0, 100, 150 and 225 kg N ha-1 were evaluated. The results showed that the nitrogen use effciency (15NUE) of CU was 13.3%–21.4% greater than that of NCU for the first crop. Alternatively, when the difference method was applied (apparent NUE), no significant variations were observed among treatments in all three seasons. Although inorganic N leached from the 1.3 m layer was less than 1% of the total applied N, unidentified losses of 15N (losses of 15N = 15N applied as fertilizer – 15N absorbed by crops – 15N remaining in the 0–0.2 m layer – 15N leached from the 1.3 m layer) in CU-treated plots were 24.2%–26.5% lower than those of NCU-treated plots. The nitrate concentration in the 0–1.3 m layer of CU plots at the end of the experiment was 53% lower than that of NCU-treated plots. Thus, CU increased crop N uptake from fertilizer and reduced unidentified losses of applied N, which can reduce the risk of groundwater pollution.     

Effects of Irrigation Water Quality and Nitrogen Rate on the Recovery of 15N Fertilizer by Sorghum in Field Study

The effects of ¹⁵N-labeled ammonium nitrate on yield, uptake of nitrogen (N) by sorghum (Sorghum sudanense, Piper), and on N remaining in the soil were studied in a field experiment with different N rates (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha^?1) and with two irrigation water qualities, well water (WW) and treated wastewater (TWW). Treated wastewater irrigation increased dry matter and N yield compared to WW. At equal N rates, recovery of ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer by plants increased with TWW irrigation compared to WW (36% versus 23%). Neither fertilizer rate nor water quality had an effect on the ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer remaining in the 0- to 60-cm layer of soil. On average 41% in the TWW treatment (49–33%) and 38% in WW treatment was mostly present in the surface 20-cm layer. Losses of ¹⁵N-labeled fertilizer were unaffected by irrigation water quality (35%) and increased with N application rate in TWW (4% versus 31%).     

稻秆碳氮在黑土种稻土壤颗粒有机质中的分配特征

颗粒有机质是土壤活性有机质的重要组成部分,是评估土壤有机质变化的敏感指标。东北地区气候寒冷,稻田土壤淹水期短,非淹水期长且多处于冻结状态,水稻秸秆碳氮在黑土不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机质中的分配如何尚不清楚。通过室内培养试验,将1%双标记(¹³C/¹⁵N)水稻秸秆添加到不同种稻年限(0、12、35、62和85 a)土壤,淹水培养150 d(培养温度20℃,淹水层1 cm),去除淹水层后冻结培养150 d(培养温度–15℃,饱和水分状态),研究水稻秸秆碳(氮)在不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机碳(Particulate organic carbon,POC)和颗粒有机氮(Particulate organic nitrogen,PON)中的分配特征。结果表明,在培养过程中,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理,各年限稻田土壤POC和PON含量均低于对照土壤(0 a),添加秸秆处理的各年限土壤POC和PON含量在淹水培养5 d时明显增加,但其后并未表现出一致的增加趋势。秸秆碳(氮)对各年限土壤POC(PON)的相对贡献率为0.2%～13.9%(0.4%～3.8%),分配...     

Seasonal Changes of Shoot Nitrogen Concentrations and 15N/14N Ratios in Common Reed in a Constructed Wetland

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) concentrations and stable N isotope abundances (δ¹⁵N) of common reed (Phragmites australis) planted in a constructed wetland were measured periodically between July 2001 and May 2002 to examine their seasonal variations in relation to N uptake and N translocation within common reed. Nitrogen concentrations in P. australis shoots were higher in the growing stage (7.5 to 24.8 g N kg^?1) than in the senescence stage (4.2 to 6.8 g N kg^?1), indicating N translocation from shoots to rhizomes. Meanwhile, the corresponding δ¹⁵N values were higher in the senescence stage (+12.2 to +22.4‰) than in the growing stage (+5.1 to +11.3‰). Coupled with the negative correlation (R²=0.24, P<0.05, n=18) between N concentrations and δ¹⁵N values of shoots in the senescence stage, our results suggested that shoot N became enriched in ¹⁵N due to N isotopic fractionation (with an isotopic fractionation factor, α_s/p, of 1.012) during N translocation to rhizomes. However, the positive correlation between N concentrations and δ¹⁵N values in the growing stage (R²=0.19, P<0.001, n=54) suggested that P. australis relies on N re‐translocated from rhizome in the early growing stage and on mineral N in the sediment during the active growing stage. Therefore, seasonal δ¹⁵N variations provide N‐isotopic evidence of N translocation within and N uptake from external N sources by common reed.     

不同施氮量配施硝化抑制剂对柴达木枸杞园15N肥料去向的影响

枸杞产业已成为青藏高原的优势产业,但存在氮肥利用率低、环境污染等问题。适当施用氮肥和硝化抑制剂是减少氮肥气态损失、提高氮肥利用率和降低温室气体排放的有效途径。为探讨枸杞栽培的适宜施肥方式,于2020年在柴达木盆地青海诺木洪农场,以11年生宁杞1号为试验材料开展田间试验,设置4个处理：N₂₆₇、N₁₃₃处理分别施用纯氮267、133 kg·hm^-2,N₂₆₇I_1.33、N₁₃₃I_0.67处理分别在N₂₆₇、N₁₃₃处理施氮量的基础上配施硝化抑制剂—2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(nitrapyrin)1.33、0.67 kg·hm^-2,研究施氮量和2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶对施用的¹⁵N-尿素在枸杞-土壤系统去向的影响。结果表明,N₂₆₇I_1.33处理枸杞全株的干物质量、吸氮量和植株¹⁵