微量荧光法测定血清中维生素A含量

采用荧光法测定了水牛、奶牛、绵羊、杂种犬、产蛋鸡血清中维生素Ａ的含量，测定值分别为２８．３±２．７、９７．６±８．２、２４．８±４．９、４４．４±３．８、１２１．７±１．４ｕｇ／ｄｌ；用同一血清样品做１０次重复性分析，精确度Ｓ分别为０．０８、０．０６、０．１０、０．１２、０．０８，变异系数≤０．３５％、平均回收率≥９８．８％．试验表明荧光法测定血清中维生素Ａ的最佳激发光波长为３４５ｎｍ、发射光波长为４８０ｎｍ．该方法灵敏度高，试样用量少，操作简便．部分测定值填补了动物血液生化参数的空白．     

马鹿血液某些生理生化成分的测定

采用常规方法测定高原地区马鹿血液生理生化成分表明；１．红细胞数１３．８０±１．７１个／Ｌ，平均红细胞体积４４．９９±７．７８μｍ＾３；平均红细胞血红蛋白１４．７２±２．４９ｐｇ，平均红细胞血红收白浓度３２．７４±３．１８％。２．血清总蛋白，糖，总脂和胆固醇分别为７３．２９±５．１９ｇ／Ｌ，４．６±９．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，３．２９±１．１３ｇ／Ｌ和２．９９±０．６３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ。３血清Ｎａ＾＋，Ｋ＾＋，     

笼养乌骨鸡人工授精技术的研究

我们于１９９６年４￣６月对笼养１０￣１２月龄种用乌骨鸡进行人工授精技术研究。其结果：乌骨鸡精液颜色为乳白色，射精量为０．４９±０．２３８ｍｌ；精子密度２０．３±１０．８４×１０＾８／ｍｌ；精子的畸形率（５．７９±１．６４）％。乌鸡骨精子形态与家鸽同，精子总长度为（８０．５９±３．９４）μｍ，头为弯园柱状，直径０．５μｍ，头长约８μｍ，精子头部前端为顶林，长约２μｍ，尾部（中、主、末段）长７１±２．     

白唇鹿血清生化指标测定

测定了３５头青海白唇鹿的１９项血清生化指标。结果为Ｎａ＾２＋１３８．１±５．８４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｋ＾＋５．７５±０．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｃａ＾２＋２．４２±０．２０／Ｌ，Ｐ２．３３±．３８ｍｍｏｌ／，Ｃｌ＾－，１０２．２±６．０３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，总蛋白８７．５０±６．１７ｇ／Ｌ白蛋白５９．１８±６．９６ｇ／Ｌ球蛋白２８．３４±５．２６ｇ／Ｌ，Ａ／Ｇ，２．１９±０．５９，血清蛋白质组分（％）Ａ６７．５７±     

三价铁离子对离体卵泡细胞内分泌的影响

用含Ｆｅ＾３＋０．００、１．３４×１０＾－３、１．３４×１０＾－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的溶液处理卵泡细胞及垂体细胞的培养液,观察不同Ｆｅ＾３＋水平对离体卵泡细胞分泌雌二醇和孕酮的影响。结果表明,不同水平的Ｆｅ＾３＋显著抑制了离体卵泡细胞分泌雌二醇和孕酮（Ｐ〈０．０５）。     

乐都驴血液生化参数测定

对青海省乐都县５１头驴的１３项血清（浆）生化参数进行测定，结果：总蛋白为７４．４±９．７ｇ／Ｌ，Ａ／Ｇ为Ｏ．９±０．２，总脂为２．５±０．６ｇ／Ｌ，胆固醇为２．５±０．９ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｋ￣＋为４．５±０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｎａ￣＋为１３７±３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｃａ￣（２＋）为２．３±０．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，Ｍｇ￣（２＋）为１．６±０．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，无机磷为２．０±０．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ＧＰＴ为８．４±６．４ＩＵ／Ｌ，ＧＯＴ为１１．６±９．７ＩＵ／Ｌ，血浆葡萄糖为５．６±０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；上述参数在骟、母驴间无显著差异。     

北极狐生理指标和血液生化参数测定

对引入青海高原的２７只北极狐作２０项生理生化参数测定。测定结果：ＲＢＣ，ＷＢＣ，Ｈｂ，嗜中性白细胞，淋巴细胞，单核细胞，嗜酸性、嗜碱性白细胞分别为９．４０±１．８６（１０￣（１２）／Ｌ），７．４０±１．２８（１０￣９／Ｌ），１４．２０±１．８（ｇ／ｄｌ），４０．５８±１．５５（％），５６．５０±１．９３（％）．２．４０±０．７５（％），０．８１±０．０８（％），０．２９±０．０６（％）；血清总蛋白，Ａ／Ｇ，尿素氮，血清总脂，淀粉酶，血糖，Ｋ￣＋，Ｎａ￣＋，Ｃｌ￣－，Ｃａ￣（２＋），Ｍｇ￣（２＋），Ｐ分别为５８．４１±５．３０（ｇ／Ｌ），１．８０±０．１８，６．６９±１．５５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），７．８８±０．６６（ｇ／Ｌ），６２１±８７．０７（Ｕ／ｄｌ），５．２２±０．６３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．２４±０．５３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１７７．０８±１３．４２（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１０５．５０±１１．６０（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４８±０．４５（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），１．１７±０．２３（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ），２．４１±１．０６（ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）；同时测得Ｔ，Ｐ，Ｒ分别为３９．２±０．３９（℃），１２７±１０．３（次／ｍｉｎ），２９．２±５．２     

野牦公牛血液生理指标测定

对青海省大通种牛场饲养的４头野牦公牛的９项血液生理指标进行测定。结果：ＲＢＣ１０．０±０．７４（１０＾１２／Ｌ），Ｈｂ１４４．５±１０．３（ｇ／Ｌ），ＰＣＶ０．４７±０．０３（Ｌ／Ｌ），ＷＢＣ１１．１５±１．０９（１０＾９／Ｌ），ＷＢＣ－ＤＣ（％）嗜酸性白细胞７．５０±３．４０，杆状核嗜中性白细胞０．２５±０．５０，分叶核嗜中性白细胞４４．２５±１３．５７，淋巴细胞４７．２５±１３．４３，单核细胞     

小尾寒羊生理指标测定

对青海省民和县自繁自养的３０只小尾寒羊１０项生理指标进行了测定，结果：体温３８．９４±０．３２℃，呼吸频率２５．６０±７．１０（次／ｍｉｎ），心率８２．２０±１９．２０（次／ｍｉｎ），瘤胃里面动次数２．７７±０．６８（次／２ｍｉｎ），蠕动持续时间１８．４７±６．３６（Ｓ），ＲＢＣ为１０．４１±１．８０（×１０＾１２／Ｌ），Ｈｂ含量１２９±２１．８（ｇ／Ｌ），ＰＣＶ为０．３４９±０．０４３（Ｌ／Ｌ）     

黄河故道沙荒草地生物量及营养价值特性研究

对黄河故道沙荒草地生物量季节变化规律以及牧草营养物质出动态进行了分析，结果表明：（１）沙荒草地牧草生物量的增长呈二次曲线变化规律：ｙ＝１／（３．７９×１０＾－７ｔ＾２－９．３２×１０＾－５ｔ＋７．８３×１０＾－３），并且其生物量在９月份达到最大值；（２）从５月份开始沙荒草地牧草营养价值逐渐降低，且于物质消化率（ＤＭＤ）与其粗蛋白质（ＣＰ），木质素（ＬＩＧ）含量分别表现为显著正相关（ｒ＝０．９４）和     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein