施氮量对密植壶瓶枣生长及果实品质的影响

由于枣树的物候期具显著的重叠性,导致各器官营养竞争激烈。为给枣树氮肥精细化管理提供科学依据,以8年生密植壶瓶枣为指示品种,不施氮为对照,设置5个氮素施用量(0.08、0.12、0.16、0.20、0.24 kg/株),测定不同氮素水平对壶瓶枣生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明,各施氮处理均有利于壶瓶枣树基径、叶面积的增大,对生长后期叶片叶绿素含量的影响较小。当施N 0.16 kg/株分别在萌芽期、花期、果实膨大期按施氮总量的40%、30%、30%施入时,壶瓶枣树生长良好,枣果品质综合表现最优,单果重、果实横径、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量、糖酸比均达到最大值,分别较不施氮增加61.29%、17.64%、6.23%、28.04%、55.51%;果实纵径较不施氮增加9.42%;总酸含量低,较不施氮降低17.47%。因此认为,在试验设计范围内,施N 0.16 kg/株是武威枣园及类似生态区域促进密植壶瓶枣生长和提高枣果品质的最佳施氮量。     

树干注射铁肥对金丝小枣产量及品质的影响

叶片缺铁黄化是制约金丝小枣优质高产的重要生产问题。为改善金丝小枣果实品质及产量,采用树干注射方式在金丝小枣生育期补充树体铁素营养,以期研究注射铁肥对金丝小枣树体生长指标、产量及品质的影响。试验设置注射不含铁基础营养液、含0.2、0.3和0.4 g/L Fe-EDTA基础营养液4个处理。结果表明,树干注射不同浓度铁均能促进金丝小枣的生长,0.2 g/L Fe-EDTA处理显著促进了果实的生长发育,使横径、纵径、单果重、可溶性糖含量相对基液对照分别提高了6.6%、4.2%、6.2%和7.9%,0.3 g/L Fe-EDTA处理显著提高了一级枣果比例。因此,采用注射方式对金丝小枣补施铁肥是金丝小枣高产、优质、高效率生产的有效技术途径。     

氮对亚适宜温光下黄瓜生理特性和产量的影响

以中农26为试材,以正常施氮(2.392 g N·株-1)处理为对照,研究了亚适宜温光环境下浇灌1倍(增施16%氮肥)和2倍(增施32%氮肥)含氮量营养液对结果期黄瓜生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明:亚适宜温光环境下,与对照相比,浇灌1倍氮营养液处理的黄瓜株高、茎粗、产量和品质均明显升高;根系活力、叶绿素含量与氮代谢相关酶活性及含氮量均显著高于对照;与氮代谢相关的N转运蛋白基因的表达均明显上调。而浇灌2倍氮营养液处理下,黄瓜生长受抑,产量和品质降低。说明在亚适宜温光环境下,0~16%的范围内合理增施氮肥能使黄瓜N转运蛋白基因表达上调,促进黄瓜对氮的吸收与代谢,最终促进植株生长和产量的提高,但过量(16%)增施氮肥会抑制黄瓜生长,降低产量和品质。     

基于灰枣产量和品质的水氮耦合效应研究

以滴灌为条件设置不同的水氮处理,通过水氮耦合模型建立与分析,研究了水、氮二因素对灰枣产量与品质的影响。结果表明：在设计水平范围内,增加土壤含水量会降低灰枣果实的单果重,而适量增施氮肥能提高灰枣产量;土壤中水分和氮素含量过高会降低灰枣果实还原糖与Vc含量,蛋白质的含量却随着土壤中氮肥量的增加而增加;水、氮二因素对灰枣产量、糖度、Vc、蛋白质含量的作用顺序均为：施氮量〉灌水量,水氮对产量具有协同效应,对灰枣还原糖、Vc和蛋白质含量交互作用不明显;以产量和品质为目标,推荐灌水量和施氮量分别为：4 500～5 250m3/hm2和225～375kg/hm2。     

水氮耦合对枣树生长与产量的影响

以滴灌为条件设置不同水肥处理,研究水氮耦合对枣树生长与产量的影响。结果表明:在年生长周期内枣树枝干生理生长在夏季最快,叶片生理生长在春季最快;在设计水平范围内,土壤中增施氮肥和增加灌水量均能促进枣树基径、树高和梢条的生长发育,提高叶面积指数,但会一定程度上降低叶片厚度和叶绿素含量;另外,增加土壤含水量还会降低枣树果实的单果重和果形指数;通过模型建立与分析,二因素对枣树产量的作用顺序为:施氮量>灌水量,水氮对产量具有协同效应,以枣树产量为目标,推荐灌水量和施氮量分别为:5 250～6 000m3/hm2和300～375kg/hm2。     

增施生物肥对啤酒大麦产量及品质的影响

系统研究增施生物肥对啤酒大麦"甘啤6号"的生长发育、产量性状、原麦品质、麦芽品质的影响。结果表明:从生长发育看,增施生物肥对啤酒大麦的出苗期、拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期无明显影响,但成熟期较对照推迟2 d,同时增施生物肥促进啤酒大麦的株高、穗、茎、叶、鞘生长发育;从产量性状看,增施生物肥明显提高啤酒大麦的成穗数、穗粒数、千粒重,其中对成穗数影响最大,其次为穗粒数,最后为千粒重,增施生物肥的产量较对照增加3.4%,但经济系数较对照降低1.3个百分点,降幅为2.6%;从原麦品质看,增施生物肥使啤酒大麦的籽粒蛋白质含量、淀粉含量和饱满度升高,千粒重增大,瘦秕率降低;从麦芽品质看,增施生物肥的麦芽微粉浸出率、粗粉浸出率、a-氨基氮、可溶性氮含量有不同程度增高,麦芽糖化力、粘度、粗细粉差、β-葡聚糖含量、蛋白质含量有不同程度降低,但对糖化时间和色度无影响。     

喷施不同营养元素叶面肥对蟠枣缩果病和品质的影响

为探讨喷施不同营养元素叶面肥对蟠枣(‘京沧1号’)缩果病发病率及品质的影响,对不同叶面肥处理蟠枣缩果病发病率及产量进行了调查,对蟠枣果实外观指标和营养指标进行了测定。结果表明:喷施不同营养元素叶面肥处理后蟠枣缩果病发病率显著降低,蟠枣果实产量、商品率分别较清水(对照组)提高8.73%～27.21%和3.53%～17.94%;除硫酸锰、四硼酸钠、富瑞朋流体硼叶面肥处理外,其他处理蟠枣果实硬度与对照处理差异不显著;喷施不同营养元素叶面肥处理对蟠枣果实色差参数影响差异不显著;喷施不同营养元素叶面肥处理对蟠枣果实中可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C、总酚和类黄酮含量积累有积极影响。整体看来,氮元素叶面肥对降低蟠枣缩果病发病率、提高蟠枣果实商品率、可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白和总酚含量作用显著,锰元素对提高蟠枣果实产量、硬度、可溶性糖和类黄酮含量作用显著,钾元素叶面肥处理对蟠枣整体作用效果不明显,硼元素叶面肥对提高蟠枣产量,增加蟠枣果实可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白和维生素C含量作用效果明显。因此,该结果可为蟠枣缩果病防控及品质调控提供理论依据和科学参考。     

硅、硫、锌、锰肥配施对水稻品质及产量的影响

通过田间和盆栽试验,探讨了水稻在常规施用氮、磷肥基础上,配施硅、硫、锌、锰肥对其品质和产量的影响,试验结果表明配施硅、硫、锌、锰肥对大米碾磨品质、外观品质有一定的改善,并有一定的增产效果。以每公顷配施Si61 1～122 2kg、S30～45kg、Zn3 4kg、Mn4 0kg用量组合效果较佳,硫锌锰、硅锌锰、硅硫锌配施好于其它组合。     

陕西省锰肥应用分布的研究

本文研究了土壤有效锰(DTPA-Mn)含量与作物产量之间的关系.试验结果表明,土壤有效锰含量和作物产量密切相关.有效锰含量较低,施锰肥就有较好反应.因而,根据锰肥对作物产量的反应,初步将土壤中有效锰分为:最低;较低;低;中等;丰富五级.在全省范围內,在陕北和关中大面积土壤需施锰肥,而陕南土壤有效锰较丰富,需施锰肥面积小.土壤缺锰面积与钙质土壤的分布是一致的.此外,土壤有效锰含量和土壤pH值、碳酸钙含量呈负相关.在钙质土中,土壤有效锰易被吸附,所以含量较低.     

硅、硫、锌、锰肥配施对水稻品质及产量的影响

通过田间和盆栽试验，探讨了水稻在常规施用氮、磷肥基础上，配施硅、硫、锌、锰肥对其品质和产量的影响，试验结果表明配施硅、硫、锌、锰肥对大米碾磨品质、外观品质有一定的改善，并有一定的增产效果。以每公顷配施Si61．1～122．2kg、S30～45kg、Zn3．4kg、Mn4．0kg用量组合效果较佳，硫锌锰、硅锌锰、硅硫锌配施好于其它组合。     

灰枣多糖大孔径树脂提纯工艺优化

新郑灰枣富含各种营养成分,特别是多糖具有抗氧化抗癌等许多生物效应。为研究新郑灰枣多糖的提纯工艺,该文在超声波酶法联合提取、乙醇沉淀、超滤膜过滤得到的粗多糖的基础上,筛选出的AB-8大孔树脂纯化多糖,并对树脂的动态吸附解吸特性进行研究。响应曲面法优化AB-8大孔树脂动态吸附工艺条件,最佳动态吸附条件为:上样速率1.5mL/min,料液浓度2.2mg/mL,pH值5.6,最大动态吸附量为19.52mg/g;正交试验优化AB-8大孔树脂动态解吸的最佳工艺条件为:氯化钠浓度为0.4mol/L,乙醇添加量60%,盐酸浓度0.2mol/L,流速1.5mL/min,最优动态解吸率为85.21%。通过树脂纯化,多糖纯度可达88.87%。该红枣多糖提纯技术是一种非常有效的方法,在医疗及保健行业具有巨大的应用潜力和市场。     

Protective role of selenium on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) exposed to cadmium and lead stress during reproductive stage role of selenium on heavy metals stress

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of selenium on flowering indices, sex determination of flowers, and yield of cucumber plant under heavy metal stress conditions. Treatments consisted of selenium (0, 4, 6, 8 mgL^?1) and heavy metals of cadmium (0, 20, 25 µM) and lead (0, 60, 100 µM), which were applied in three stages during the experiment period. The results of this study showed that the stress of heavy metals with a negative effect on flowering indices resulted in delayed flowering and changing flower’s sex toward male flowers. Furthermore, delayed fruiting and significant decreases in fruit growth indices and total yield was observed in plants treated with cadmium and lead. Adding selenium to the culture medium resulted in accelerated flowering (reducing the time and number of nodes needed until the first flower emerges), the emergence of more male flowers, increased the ratio of the number of female flowers to male flowers in plants under stress, and the highest effect of this element was observed at the concentration 6?mg/L. Based on this results, the application of 4and 6mg/L selenium in stress and non-stress conditions enhanced fruiting (a significant reduction in the time required from cultivation to fertilize the first flower and the formation of fruit in lower nodes) and significantly increased the number of fruits, fruit length and diameter, single fruit weight and total yield, and the greatest effect of this element was observed in 6?mg/L concentration. The results of this study showed that selenium has a positive effect on control of stress conditions and improvement of flowering indices and total yield in cucumber plant under the stress of heavy elements of lead and cadmium.     

Identifying nutrient imbalances in pomegranate (Cv. Bhagwa) at different phonological stages by the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system

The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach was used to interpret nutrient analyses of leaf tissues from pomegranate cv. Bhagwa orchards grown in southwestern Maharashtra, India. The DRIS norms were established for three growth stages,viz. 50% flowering, fruit development and first harvesting of pomegranate. Various nutrient ratios were obtained from high-yielding population and were used to compute DRIS indices for diagnosing nutrient imbalances and their order of limitation to yield. Nutrient sufficiency ranges at 50% flowering derived from DRIS norms were 1.32–2.15% nitrogen (N), 0.18–0.24% phosphorus (P), 1.29–1.99% potassium (K), 0.64–1.20% calcium (Ca), 0.23–0.45% magnesium (Mg), 0.16–0.26% sulfur (S), 103.04–149.12 mg kg^?1 iron (Fe), 39.60–72.85 mg kg^?1 manganese (Mn), 15.99–26.10 mg kg^?1 zinc (Zn), 6.16–9.32 mg kg^?1 copper (Cu), 23.38–39.88 mg kg^?1 boron (B) and 0.29–0.47 mg kg^?1 molybdenum (Mo). Similarly, the sufficiency range at fruit development and first harvesting was developed for computing DRIS indices. The requirement of Fe, Mg, S, Zn and N by the pomegranate plant was higher at 50% flowering and fruit development stages. According to these DRIS-derived indices, 87.85, 73.83, 70.09, 69.16 and 65.42% orchards were deficient in Fe, S, Mg, Zn, and N, respectively, at 50% flowering, while 70.03, 66.36, 63.55, 61.68, and 68.22% orchards were found to be deficient in respective nutrients during the fruit development stage.     

YIELD AND GROWTH RESPONSE OF STRAWBERRY TO PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA INOCULATION

This study was conducted to examine the effect of inoculation of plant growth-promotion Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on phenological data, total yield and fruit quality characteristics of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch) cv. ‘Fern’ during 2006 and 2007. All bacterial root inoculations significantly increased yield per plant (1.98–20.85%), average fruit weight (3.05–19.26%) and first quality fruit ratio (10.30–32.05%) compared to control, whereas the bacterial inoculations did not affect leaf area, first flowering and harvest dates in strawberry cv. ‘Fern’. The bacteria also increased soluble solid content (SSC) and vitamin C in strawberry cv. ‘Fern’. The vitamin C contents of fruits ranged from 47.41 mg 100 g^?1 (control) to 53.88 mg 100 g^?1 (RC05), while SSC values varied between 10.16% (control) and 12.83% (RC01). Results of this study show that RC19 (Bacillus simplex), RC05 (Paenibacillus polymyxa), and RC23 (Bacillus spp.) have the potential to increase the yield and growth of strawberries.     

Effects of Fe deficiency chlorosis on yield and fruit quality in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch)

The effects of iron (Fe) deficiency on fruit yield and quality were measured in two peach cultivars, Carson (yellow-skin fruit) and Babygold (red-skin fruit). In both cultivars, Fe deficiency caused major decreases in fruit fresh weight per tree and number of fruits per tree. Fruits from Fe-deficient peach trees had a smaller size, resulting in a large decrease in the percentage of commercially acceptable fruits, whereas fruit firmness was unaffected. In cv. Babygold, Fe deficiency greatly decreased the red color of the fruit skin. Part of these results was likely associated with a delay in fruit ripening. When fruits with similar appearance were compared, taking into account fruit size, color, and firmness, Fe deficiency generally led to higher concentrations of organic anions (especially succinate and quinate), vitamin C, and phenolic compounds and to lower total sugar/total organic acid ratios. This could lead to decreased fruit eating quality and to a slight improvement in fruit nutritional value.     

生殖生长期弱光对番茄表型特征和果实品质的影响

在人工光型植物工厂中以番茄品种“丰收74-560 RZ F1”为试材,分别在花期、果实膨大期、转色期、采收期进行160μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹的弱光处理,非处理的生殖生长期光强度均保持在1000μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹,通过番茄生长和果实品质指标评估不同生殖生长期弱光对番茄的影响。结果表明：（1）花期或膨大期弱光处理对番茄植株形态结构影响较大,其中花期弱光处理下的番茄植株徒长趋势最突出,且平均单株叶片数和节数最少,较对照分别减少了3.5个和1.6个;膨大期弱光处理后番茄叶片叶绿素a/b值及类胡萝卜素含量较其他处理显著降低;花期弱光处理后单株第一果穗坐果数较对照降低了53%,其他发育期弱光处理后坐果数均未受到显著影响;花期或膨大期弱光处理后平均单株第一、二、三果穗产量均显著低于其他发育期弱光处理;（2）与对照相比,各发育期弱光处理导致番茄第一穗果实可溶性固形物含量均出现不同程度的降低,其中花期降低25%,转色期弱光处理后番茄果实可溶性糖含量较对照降低15%,但总酸含量提高了26%,导致该处理下番茄果实糖酸比最低;与对照相比,所有发育期弱光处理后果实维生素C含量均有所降低,以采收期弱光处理后番茄果实维生素C含量最低。研究表明弱光导致番茄产量和品质降低,且不同生殖阶段番茄对弱光的敏感性有所差异。根据不同时期番茄生长特性及其对弱光的响应特点进行针对性补光对设施番茄稳质稳产具有一定的意义。     

氮磷钾肥对红壤地区幼龄柑橘生长发育和果实产量及品质的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了氮、磷、钾肥对幼龄柑橘树生长发育和果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明,施用氮、磷、钾肥明显影响柑橘树新生叶片数和叶片大小;对柑橘三梢抽梢和生长状况也产生明显影响,不施氮、磷、钾肥处理的柑橘树三梢生长量分别为OPT处理(施足各种养分)的14.5%、74.5%和91.6%。不施氮、磷、钾肥处理的柑橘树开花数分别为OPT处理的28.9%、89.8%和91.9%;成果率分别为24.3%、83.3%和93.0%。不施氮、磷、钾肥柑橘果实产量分别下降22.2%、16.8%和21.2%;柑橘果实的品质指标尤其是外观品质受到严重影响。试验结果还表明,氮肥对红壤上种植的幼龄柑橘树的营养生长的影响程度大于磷肥,钾肥对营养生长影响程度最小,然而对柑橘产量和品质,氮、钾肥的影响程度大于磷肥。3年的试验结果说明,合理施用氮、磷、钾肥能明显促进幼龄柑橘树体生长发育,同时能提高柑橘产量和改善果实品质。     

水分调控对梨枣果实品质与投入产出效益的影响分析

本试验以梨枣为试验材料, 设置5 个灌水梯度(保持70%、60%、50%、40%的田间持水量和不灌水对照), 分别在梨枣萌芽展叶期、开花坐果期与果实膨大期各灌水2 次, 研究水分调控对梨枣果实品质的影响,并进行投入产出效益的比较分析。结果表明: (1)梨枣果实膨大期与开花坐果期是影响果实品质与经济效益的关键需水时期。(2)适当灌溉可以明显改善果实的风味品质与营养品质, 并显著提高梨枣树的果实单果重与果实收获数; 但灌水过多, 产量与品质未得到明显改善, 却增加了成本。(3)合理调控“高产”与“优质”的关键需水时期, 可以均衡达到“高产和优质”。综合分析认为: 对陕北梨枣树灌溉至田间持水量的60%比较适宜,既改善梨枣果实品质, 并显著提高经济产量。     

番茄不同生育期遮荫对其干物质分布、产量及叶片养分含量的影响

Pot-grown tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Maofen) was used to study the effects of three shading levels (0, 75% and 40%) for 8 days on dry matter partitioning, contents of nitrogen (N),phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in leaves and yield at three growth stages (early flowering (EF), peak flowering (PF) and later flowering (LF)). Shading reduced the dry weight of root and stem tissues at the EF and PF stages, but the 40% shading increased root dry weight and stem dry weight by 43.2% and 21.6%,respectively, at the LF stage. The influence of shading on the dry weight of leaves was very small at most growth stages. Shading had no effects on total leaf N, P and K contents at the EF and PF stages, showing that N, P and K absorption were regulated by the carbon assimilation at these two stages. The leaf N, Pand K contents of 40% shaded plants at the LF stage were significantly increased. There were no obvious differences in leaf N and K contents between 75% and 40% shading treatments, but significant difference in leaf P contents was found between them at the LF stage. Shading significantly enhanced the friit yield of 40% shaded tomato plants at the LF stage, but failed to affect the fruit yield of shaded plants at the EF stage. These showed that tomato could grow well and a better yield could be obtained if some moderate shading (i.e., 40% shading) was applied at the LF stage at s, mmer midday.     

Growth and development of pepper are affected by humic substances derived from composted sludge

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of humic substances extracted from composted sewage sludge on growth, phenological development, and photosynthetic activity of pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Piquillo) plants. Humic substances derived from composted sludge (HSS) were compared with those derived from leonardite (HSL). Two doses of both humic substances were assayed (200 and 500 mg C [L substrate]^–1) and compared with a control (C). HSS showed higher nitrogen content and a higher percentage of aliphatic carbon, as well as a lower content of aromatic and phenolic carbon than HSL. HSS significantly increased plant dry‐matter production (up to 560%), plant height (86%–151%), and leaf area (436%–1397%) during the early stages of pepper development. Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased in the treatments with HSS (up to 48% and 63%, respectively) at the vegetative stage. In addition, HSS accelerated the phenological development of pepper plants, reducing significantly the number of days to flowering and ripening, which occurred 12 and 14 d earlier than in control plants, respectively. In general, the treatments with HSS and HSL did not markedly affect chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in the leaves. At maturity, only small differences in total fruit yield, number of fruits per plant, and fruit size were observed between amended and control plants. The results suggest that the mechanisms through which HSS affected plant growth and development were not associated with an improved nutrient uptake. Although the identity of the growth‐promoting factors remains to be found, the results suggest that they may be linked to the chemical structure of the humic substances.