稻壳炭和沸石对赤红壤和潮土磷有效性的影响

本文通过研究肥料中稻壳炭和沸石添加对赤红壤与潮土中磷素有效性的影响,旨在利用稻壳炭和沸石提高磷肥在土壤中的有效性,进而减缓磷肥在土壤中的固定,提高磷肥利用率。采取室内培养试验与土壤盆栽试验相结合的方法,研究了混合肥料中稻壳炭(R)和沸石(Z)添加量、混合比例对混合肥料在两种土壤中磷素有效性的影响,以及对番茄磷肥利用率的影响。结果表明：稻壳炭和沸石总添加量和混合比例对赤红壤中有效磷含量影响显著,且其交互作用对赤红壤有效磷含量影响显著,添加量是影响赤红壤有效磷含量有关参数的主要决定因子。稻壳炭和沸石混合比例对潮土中有效磷含量影响显著,是影响潮土中有效磷含量有关参数的主要决定因子。混合肥料中添加5%~10%的沸石和稻壳炭后,番茄的磷肥利用率提高了31.05%~76.46%。与稻壳炭、沸石单独使用相比,在稻壳炭和沸石混合处理下,番茄的磷肥利用率在一定程度上有所提高。混合肥料中添加稻壳炭和沸石可以提高混合肥料在土壤中的磷素生物有效性,这对减少磷肥施用量和提高磷肥当季利用率具有积极的作用。     

Farmers' Perceptions on Rice Varieties in Sikasso Region of Mali and their Implications for Rice Breeding

Rice is an important staple food and cash crop. Although many varieties of rice have been developed to date, few are adopted possibly because researchers did not take into account farmers’ preferences and perceptions on varieties during the development process. Because farmers increasingly rely on low-yielding landraces, production fails to meet demand. To provide an understanding of farmers’ preferences for rice cultivars and perceptions on drought stress and management practices as inputs to rice breeding research, this study was conducted in the Sikasso region of Mali in September 2005 using participatory rural appraisal approach. A total number of 125 farmers were randomly selected from 10 villages in three ecologies and interviewed individually and in groups. Results showed that farmers’ preferences, crop management practices and ranking of production constraints differed significantly across ecologies. Whereas farmers in the irrigated ecologies preferred high-yielding, long duration rice varieties, those in the upland and lowland ecologies preferred tall plants of short duration. While upland and lowland farmers preferred red and white long grains, respectively, irrigated ecologies were indifferent about grain colour. Farmers appeared willing to trade-off yield for grain quality and plant height, inconsistent with traditional breeders’ selection criteria. The high preference for tall varieties among farmers in the upland and lowland ecologies also contrasted sharply with the model of dwarf rice varieties responsible for the green revolution in Asia. The implication of these findings for rice breeders is that different plant idiotypes complemented by effective drought management practices should target different ecologies to increase impact.     

土壤改良剂对盐化草甸土物理性质及水稻产量的影响

为解决盐化草甸土水稻种植产量低的问题,实现盐碱土可持续利用,本研究采用盆栽试验和大田对比法,通过测定土壤相关物理性状和水稻产量,以期明确土壤改良剂对盐化草甸土的改良效果。盆栽试验结果表明,与常规盆栽管理方式（T1）相比,施用改良剂处理（T2）可显著增加土壤的电导率,降低土壤的代换性钠含量和pH,提高土壤不同粒级水稳性团聚体的质量百分比、有机碳含量和水稻产量;大田对比试验结果表明,与仅灌水处理相比,4个试验地点施用改良剂处理可以显著增加水稻单位面积返青穴数、穗粒数和单位面积产量,增加幅度分别为83.7%~87.4%（P<0.01）、40.4%~98.3%（P<0.01）和293.0%~411.2%（P<0.01）。综上分析,施用土壤改良剂能够明显改善草甸盐土物理性状,提高水稻产量,增加种植户收益。     

晋南黄土残塬沟壑区梨园土壤养分评价—以山西隰县为例

为给晋南黄土残塬沟壑区梨园土壤养分评价提供科学依据,从而合理进行土壤培肥,在县域尺度下采集48 个覆盖隰县梨园的典型土样,通过主成分和方差分析模块对其养分分布特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）隰县梨园0~20 cm土层中,大量养分相对适中;20~60 cm土层中,全磷和速效钾适中,其余大量养分偏低。（2）研究区梨园整个土层中有效铜含量适中,有效硼明显不足,其余微量养分含量偏低。（3）对梨园进行土壤养分综合评价,结果表明研究区NImac和NIm（ic 土壤大量和微量养分综合指数）主要分布在较低(Ⅳ)级,且各土层中1~5 年生梨园有效样本在NImic为低级(V)所占比例均明显高于10~20 年生梨园。随着土层的加深,1~5 年生梨园有效样本在NImac和NImic为低级(V)的样本所占比例有明显降低的趋势;10~20 年生梨园有效样本在各土层养分分布趋势相差不大。该区梨园土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效锌及有效硼的含量有待提高,1~5年生梨园土壤养分有待提高。     

In-field development of a conceptual crop functioning and management model: A case study on cotton in southern Mali

West African cotton production has increased rapidly in recent years. Cotton is being cropped under new ecological conditions by new cotton-producing farmers, but the cropping techniques recommended by developers have essentially remained the same. Methodologies are needed to generate a broad scope of recommendations on cropping techniques to deal with the increasing diversity concerning farmers and cropping conditions.

A conceptual model of a cotton field was developed that approaches a crop field as a biophysical system under the influence of a “technical system” (i.e. the combination of farmers’ practices implemented in the field). The system outputs were restricted to yield and the main yield components. A theoretical model was first designed on the basis of published data and expert knowledge on cotton physiology, local soil–climate conditions and farmers’ practices. It was based on five specific hypotheses on links between technical and biophysical systems. The hypotheses were tested in a local farmers’ network. Thirty “cropping situations” (soil–crop–technique combinations) were selected in farmers’ fields around Katogo village (Mali), a village that had been previously selected for a cotton crop management prototyping program. Homogeneous groups of situations were drawn up on the basis of the dynamics of crop aerial biomass accumulation. They were compared for their management and environment features. The initial conceptual model was then simplified, while taking the measured variability in its components and the sensitivity of the outputs to these components into account. This conceptual model is being evaluated in other villages, where we have partnerships with farmers, in order to develop a version adapted to a broad range of situations.     

典型黑土区耕地生态安全评价及阻力分析——以长春市为例

研究旨在针对黑土区耕地生态安全状况,以典型黑土区长春市为例,基于“压力-状态-响应”模型构建黑土区特有的耕地生态安全评价指标体系。釆用层次分析法和熵值法相结合的综合确权法及阻力度模型对长春市2005—2014年的耕地生态安全状况以及阻力因素进行分析。研究结果表明：（1）2005—2014年长春市耕地生态安全等级经历了“安全—临界安全—较安全—临界安全”的变化过程,呈波动下降的状态;（2）长春市耕地生态安全响应指数呈上升状态,压力指数和状态指数呈下降状态;（3）从单项阻力指标变化趋势上看,草地覆盖率、自然灾害受灾指数、农业财政支出比重、单位耕地面积化肥负荷等指标阻力度上升幅度较大;（4）长春市下辖县市耕地生态安全的空间分布方面,2005年长春市地区均处于安全和较安全状态;2008年安全区分布范围向长春市西部缩小,敏感区向长春市东部扩展;2011年除双阳区之外,长春市其他地区均处于安全状态。因此在耕地利用过程中应注重水土保持和化肥农药的科学利用,保护黑土区的耕地生态安全。     

水稻镉积累特点及影响因素研究——潜育水稻土与潴育水稻土的比较

中国农田土壤和稻米镉(Cd)污染严重,摸清稻田土壤与水稻各器官中Cd积累的关系,可为水稻安全生产提供依据。以潜育水稻土和潴育水稻土为研究对象,通过点对点采集土壤和水稻样品,比较了潜育水稻土与潴育水稻土生长水稻Cd积累的差异及影响因素。结果表明：在相似的土壤Cd污染水平下,生长于潜育水稻土上的水稻各器官镉积累明显低于潴育水稻土,潜育水稻土上生长水稻的茎叶、糙米镉平均含量只有生长于潴育水稻土上的55.53%和56.10%,表明潜育水稻土上生长水稻对土壤Cd的吸收量明显低于潴育水稻土上生长的水稻。土壤全Cd含量均是影响两类土壤水稻各器官Cd积累的主要因素,但其他土壤因素对水稻各器官中Cd积累的影响在两类农田中有较大的区别;潜育水稻土上影响水稻Cd积累的因素还有交换性亚铁和粘粒含量,而潴育水稻土中则为CEC。结果还表明,在潜育水稻土中,采用新鲜土样测定的土壤有效Cd比风干土测定的土壤有效Cd更能有效预测水稻各器官中Cd的积累。故,土壤潜育化可降低水稻对土壤Cd的吸收,减免糙米Cd污染的风险。     

山地果园土壤肥力调查与评价——以重庆市金果园为例

采集重庆市金果园9个园区的土壤样品,调查和评价果园土壤的肥力状况。结果表明果园各园区土壤均呈强酸性,pH在4.55以下,且pH随土层深度的增加而降低。结合全国第2次土壤普查的养分分级标准,各园区表土中有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效磷的含量基本处于中等或中上水平;全磷、全钾和速效钾含量偏低,处于较缺和缺乏状态;不同深度果园土壤样品中养分含量存在明显差异,表现为表层含量显著高于下层。分析果园常施的2种有机肥（鸡粪和油饼）的肥力状况,发现油饼中有机质含量较丰富,但2种有机肥的氮、磷、钾含量配比难以满足高需钾果树的需求。     

中国水稻土壤氮素丰缺指标与适宜施氮量

系统总结了中国开展的水稻土壤氮素丰缺指标与适宜施氮量研究。结果表明：水稻土壤氮素丰缺指标不同区域之间差异颇大,以缺氮处理相对产量90%指标为例,土壤碱解氮含量变动于131~ 248 mg/kg 之间;除辽宁、福建、广东和云南4 省外,中国水稻土壤氮素丰缺指标研究存在很多空白区域;水稻土壤缺氮较为普遍,第3~5 级为土壤氮素集中分布的丰缺级别,缺氮处理相对产量大多处在60%~90%;土壤养分丰缺指标研究的试验点数不宜过少,丰缺指标高端和低端采用外推数据需谨慎,并应予以注明;适宜施氮量与土壤氮素丰缺级别线性负相关,与水稻目标产量线性正相关,与氮肥当季利用率线性负相关;当氮肥当季利用率40%、目标产量4.5~15 t/hm2时,土壤氮素丰缺级别第1~7 级的水稻适宜施氮量范围依次为0~0、23~75、45~150、68~225、90~300、113~375、135~450 kg/hm2。     

Elaboration and test of a decision rule for the application of mepiquat chloride on cotton in Mali

Farmers often make complex management decisions during a cropping cycle. To design new cropping systems that go beyond standard setups and are better adapted to local constraints, agronomists must formalize these farmer's decisions into decision rules that can be tested and disseminated. In Mali, there has been a marked decrease in cotton productivity over the last 10 years, whereas the area planted with cotton has doubled. However, cropping recommendations remain almost the same throughout the country. Cotton researchers have been asked to put forward new technical proposals suited to a wider range of socio-economic and biophysical cropping conditions.

The aim of this study was to develop a methodology to build a decision rule (DR) to help Malian farmers in making decisions on the use of growth regulators in cotton fields.

In the first phase, a 2-year experiment was conducted in two experimental stations, under a wide range of cotton vegetative growth conditions, along with different stand densities and fertilization rates. Mepiquat chloride (MC) was applied to half of the plots, and its effects were then computed against selected vegetative growth indicators measured before the date of MC application. A DR was proposed on this basis. In the second phase, the DR was tested in a six-village experiment. MC was applied in plots on 15 farms in each village and its effects on yield were recorded.

The results showed that is possible to build a DR for MC application based on LAI or aerial biomass indicators. The usual indicators, such as the five-node length technique, were not found to be useful. The response of cotton plots to MC for a given level of vegetative growth remained scattered, as other factors probably interfered, such as the length of the rainy season. Testing the DR in farmers’ fields showed that it was useful in determining appropriate MC applications. The usefulness of the DR is discussed on the basis of its accuracy and on the complexity of the selected indicator.     

平原潮土区土壤有机质变化分析——以河南省民权县为例

为了剖析平原潮土区1982年和2009年2期土壤有机质的时空变化情况,以期提高耕地利用效率和实现农业可持续发展,笔者采用统计学、地统计学和地理信息系统（GIS）相结合的方法,研究了河南省民权县土壤有机质含量（SOM）的时空变异特征。结果表明：空间上,1982年土壤有机质含量自东向西逐渐降低;与1982年相比,2009年的土壤有机质含量普遍增加1个级别,增加最多的区域分布在研究区域的中部。时间上,1982-2009年,随着施肥量的增加、施肥水平的提高,种植结构的合理化和水利资源利用率的提高,整个研究区域土壤有机质含量普遍增加。有机质含量平均值从6.23 g/kg增加到13.19 g/kg,增加了111.7%。通过2个时期土壤分析得到的结果对合理施肥、农业种植区划具有指导有意义。     

湖南典型酸性镉污染稻田全过程管控技术案例研究

长沙县试验稻田属于南方典型的酸性镉污染稻田,水稻对土壤中镉的富集程度较高[1],镉大米的生产将对食品安全和人类健康产生风险。本文对选取的镉污染稻田其进行了污染特征分析及污染风险评价,然后根据分析评价结果采用全过程管控模式（前端灌溉水净化,中端稳定化控制,末端植物富集）开展了修复治理研究。结果表明：该试验稻田案例地属于高风险,采用全过程管控模式后,稻米镉下降67.24%;土壤有效态镉下降38.10%,水稻增产8.85%。土壤总镉的去除率达3.17%~8.45%,油菜植株对土壤总镉的富集系数为2.69~3.43。通过估算,本案例地直接治理成本为每季5100元/hm2。本研究对污染稻田修复建立起一套完整的全过程管控集成技术并进行推广及示范有重要意义。     

基于GIS技术的陕西省设施农业越冬期低温冻害精细化风险区划——以泾阳县为例

为了掌握陕西省设施农业种植各县内越冬期低温冻害风险分布情况,以泾阳县为例,选择泾阳县9个区域气象站及周边县级气象站越冬期Tmin≤-8℃的日数(D)作为区划指标,应用GIS技术建立数据空间分布模型,并通过分级,将泾阳县设施农业越冬期低温冻害分为基本无风险区、风险Ⅰ区、风险Ⅱ区、风险Ⅲ区4个区,进行风险区划并制作区划图。结果表明,泾阳县设施农业越冬期低温冻害风险从泾河两岸向南北逐渐增大,泾阳县农业局可根据此区划结果,合理规划设施农业发展区域,并科学设计各区内设施大棚建造结构,以将越冬期低温冻害对设施农业生产和发展的影响降至最低。     

县域水稻精确栽培决策支持系统研究与开发——以姜堰市为例

本研究运用农业信息技术原理与方法,以姜堰市为例,初步开发出了功能全面、内容丰富、现势性强、图形生产力高的基于VB 6.0和MapObjects 2.3的县域水稻精确栽培决策支持系统软件。该系统涵盖了基本苗精确定量、精确施氮、精确灌溉、精确测产及气象数据库、智能学习等内容。该系统还具有电子地图浏览导航与地理信息系统空间数据查询功能。经初步试用,系统的功能可用性、功能可靠性、易用性较强,用户满意度较高。     

Effect of Application Method on the Efficiency of Potassium Chloride in Wetland Rice on a Beidellitic Potassium Problem Soil

A greenhouse pot experiment evaluated the effect of incorporation and placement on the efficiency of KC1 in wetland rice on a K-problem soil with beidellitic clay mineralogy and high tendency to fix added K.
Placement turned out to be superior to incorporation by increasing significantly both grain and straw yields.

Zusammenfassung

Einfluß der Anwendungsmethode auf die Effizienz von Kaliumchlorid in Wasserreis auf einem beidellitischen Kali-Problem-Boden
In einem Gewächshaus-Gefäßexperiment wurde der Einfluß des Einmischens und der Plazierung auf die Effizienz von KC1 bei Naßreis in einem K-Problemboden mit beidel-litischem Ton, der eine starke Tendenz zur Fixierung von gedüngtem Kalium aufwies, untersucht. Die Plazierung erwies sich gegenüber einer Einmischung überlegen; dies galt signifikant sowohl für Korn- als auch Stroherträge.     

江淮丘陵区土壤可蚀性K值研究——以肥东县为例

水土流失是当前较为严重的环境问题之一。江淮丘陵区是水土流失较为严重的区域。本研究以肥东县为例研究土壤侵蚀问题,依据第二次土壤普查资料,采用分段3次Hermite插值法对土壤质地粒径进行转换及几何平均粒径修正模型进行计算,运用数理统计方法及SPSS相关性分析和ArcGIS软件地统计分析对研究区土壤质地类因子和可蚀性K值特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)水稻土、黄褐土土壤质地组分含量变异系数差异较显著,黄棕壤变异系数差异较低;(2)水稻土、黄褐土质地类各因子主要通过CLA和Dg对土壤可蚀性进行作用,且均为负向作用;(3)肥东县土壤可蚀性K均值为0.02797,水稻土0.0279,黄褐土0.0281,黄棕壤0.0263;(4)不同土壤质地K值平均值中粉壤土最大,砂壤土最小,且土壤质地K值均呈弱变异性;(5)肥东县土壤可蚀性以中等可蚀性、高可蚀性为主。肥东县土壤可蚀性K值空间分布呈现由北向南先降低、后增高、再降低的趋势,由东向西逐渐增高的趋势,存在极大的土壤侵蚀风险。     

沿黄稻麦区水稻生长和氮素利用与土壤透水性的关系

采用^15N示踪和模拟土柱技术，对不同透水性土壤施用氮肥后水稻生育和氮肥利用率进行了研究。结果表明:土壤透水速率以20－30mm/d对水稻生育最为有利，完全不渗漏和透水速率超过40mm/d时，水稻分蘖明显减少，收获期干物质积累和子实产量仅为适宜透水率时的66．7％－93．4％和65．2％－93．8％。土壤透水性强烈影响水稻对氮肥的利用效率。土壤透水率在20－30mm/d时，水稻对氮的利用率超过60％，而不透水土壤和严重渗漏土壤的水稻对氮肥利用率仅为32．65－44．1％，损失率达30．8％－46．0％。稻作期间田面水层和0－5cm土层pH与土壤透水率呈负相关，排水不良易引起氮挥发。日渗漏20－30mm可作为沿黄高产稻麦田培育的定量指标。     

基于BP神经网络的土壤重金属污染评价方法——以包头土壤环境质量评价为例

为了克服国标(GBl5618—1995)内梅罗综合污染指数评价土壤环境质量时存在的缺点,借助BP神经网络模型,并结合GIS技术对包头土壤重金属污染的空间分布进行研究。实地调研获得221个土壤样,利用原子荧光光谱法和等离子体质谱法测试得到8种重金属含量数据。统计结果表明,研究区主要为Pb、Zn污染,考虑研究区特异性构造神经网络学习样本,建立基于特征模式的BP神经网络土壤环境质量评价模型。根据采样点评价结果,利用Kriging插值法绘制包头土壤环境质量专题图,分析得出包头土壤环境呈沿昆都伦河被污染的条带特点。结果表明,根据采样统计量信息利用BP神经网络模型,能够有效建立特殊研究区土壤中各种重金属含量与环境质量之间的非线性映射关系,为土壤污染的来源、分布、累积效应和主要影响因素以及污染链的阻断提供依据。     

福建稻区连续3年稻秆还田腐熟的培肥增产效应

为了研究连续稻秆还田腐熟对稻田土壤的培肥增产效应,采用定点监测的方法,在福建6个典型县（市）布置定位试验3年。结果表明,与基础土壤相比,连续3年稻秆还田腐熟,各试验区土壤有机质提升11.3%,容重下降12.9%,均达到极显著差异水平;土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾和阳离子交换量分别增加17.3%、12.6%、12.7%、21.6%、37.7%、5.2%和10.1%,pH变化不明显;比常规施肥(CK),后季作物平均增产7.1%,增产效应为马铃薯(8.8%)＞莴苣(7.2%)＞水稻(6.8%)＞烟叶(5.5%)。稻秆还田腐熟不仅培肥地力,而且促进增产稳产。     

宁夏中部干旱带土壤肥力综合评价

【目的】同心县作为宁夏中部干旱带的核心区域,由于引水灌溉干旱区耕地利用方式、作物结构调整、施肥管理措施的变化土壤肥力随之发生深刻变化,自第二次土壤普查已经历30年,科学评价土壤肥力变化特征,明确该区域当前土壤肥力状况,以实现耕地资源的有效利用的和农业可持续发展。【方法】通过对2008—2012年宁夏中部干旱带同心县测土配方施肥项目的2000份土壤肥力指标数据采用One-anova统计描述、主成分分析法进行分析,并与第二次普查数据对比分析农田土壤肥力的变化特征,明确同心县农田土壤肥力现状。【结果】目前,宁夏中部干旱带同心县农田土壤的pH 平均为8.77,与土壤全盐、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾极显著的负相关(P＜0.01),全盐含量平均为0.30g/kg,土壤全盐与土壤有效磷呈正相关,但无显著差异,与其他指标呈负相关,有机质含量平均为7.08 g/kg,与土壤全氮、速效氮磷钾养分之间有极显著正相关性(P＜0.01),全氮含量平均为0.57g/kg,与土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量有极显著正相关(P＜0.01),碱解氮含量平均为36.07mg/kg,有效磷含量平均为14.77 mg/kg,速效钾含量平均为170.63mg/kg,速效氮磷钾之间均呈显著极显著正相关。同心县农田土壤有碱化趋势,与第二次土壤普查结果相比,土壤有机质下降12.2%,全氮下降降低10.5%,碱解氮含量基本持平,有效磷提高121.4%、速效钾下降4.8%。【结论】干旱气候条件下,宁夏中部干旱带同心县农田土壤肥力指标变化显著。建议该区域在作物栽培过程中选择酸性土壤调理剂降低土壤碱化程度,重视生理酸性肥料的应用,强化有机肥与化肥配施,加大秸秆还田技术的推广力度,以实现区域农田土壤肥力的提升和养分的平衡供应。