猪仿生消化中小肠阶段消化酶对饲粮总能与粗蛋白质消化率的贡献

本试验旨在探讨猪仿生消化中小肠阶段主要消化酶的组成及活性对饲粮养分消化率的贡献,为仿生消化法评定猪饲粮养分的消化率提供参考。试验采用单因素完全随机设计,5个处理分别为胃模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶)模拟消化、胃+小肠(淀粉酶+糜蛋白酶+胰蛋白酶+小肠消化4 h时补充消化酶)模拟消化,每个处理5个重复,每个重复1根消化管。考察各处理条件下玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质及总能消化率的差异和各消化酶的贡献。结果表明:1)模拟小肠液中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶均可显著提高胃消化后玉米、豆粕、小麦麸及玉米-豆粕型饲粮的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能的消化率(P<0.05);胰蛋白酶可以进一步提高胃消化后豆粕、小麦麸的干物质、粗蛋白质以及总能消化率(P<0.05);补充3种消化酶可以提高对小麦麸粗蛋白质及玉米-豆粕型饲粮干物质、粗蛋白质及总能的消化率(P<0.05)。2)小肠液中消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献上,因饲粮底物的不同而异,其中淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶对总能和粗蛋白质消化率的贡献相对较高,而胰蛋白酶和补充消化酶对饲粮养分消化率的贡献虽然相对较少,但也可以引起消化率显著性差异(P<0.05)。在猪的小肠模拟消化阶段,淀粉酶、糜蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶及补充消化酶对饲粮养分的消化程度均有显著性贡献。     

中华绒螯蟹幼体消化酶活力的研究

动物消化酶活力的高低直接影响着动物对营养物质的吸收利用程度。甲壳动物消化酶活力研究在国外已有６０年的历史，研究内容主要集中在成体消化酶的产生、生化特性及消化酶活力变化与性腺发育的关系等方面。而幼体（尤其是蟹类）这方面的研究仅在少数几个种类有过报道。Hirche和Anger测定了蛛形哈蟆蟹各幼体消化酶活力研究，潘鲁青等对山东地区中华绒螯蟹幼体消化酶活力进行了研究，汤鸿等对锯缘青蟹幼体消化酶活力进行了研究，但中华绒螯蟹幼体发育受海域、环境因子等的影响较大，其消化酶活力可能也存在种质和地区差异。本文主要研究了浙…     

不同日龄仔猪的饲养管理及痢疾的防治

1仔猪的生理特点1．1消化机能差仔猪胃肠容积小,消化酶种类不完善。初生期只有消化母乳的消化酶,消化饲料的消化酶1周龄才开始发育和分泌。胃肠运动机能微弱,限制了养分的吸收。     

猪大肠消化生理的研究进展

人们对猪胃期消化生理和小肠消化生理已经研究得比较清楚,随着猪肠道消化生理研究的深入,动物营养专家十分关注猪大肠的消化生理。猪大肠主要进行微生物消化,以进入大肠的未消化饲料残渣、脱落的肠黏膜和胃肠道消化酶为底物,经过大肠消化相关的微生物发酵产生以挥发性脂肪酸为主的产物,大部分产物被动物吸收利用,为动物生长提供能量。本文分别从发酵底物、发酵产物及其对猪消化能的贡献和大肠微生物3个角度对猪大肠消化生理展开综述。     

酶制剂如何高效使用

(一)酶及其作用酶在动物体内消化与新陈代谢过程中起着非常重要的作用。饲用酶制剂大致可分为消化酶和非消化酶两大类。非消化酶是指动物自身不能分泌到消化道内的酶,这类酶能消化动物自身不能消化的物质或降解一些抗营养因子,主要有纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、植酸酶、果胶酶等。消化酶是指动物自身能够分泌的淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶类等。     

饲用酶制剂在家禽生产中的应用

动物对饲料的消化主要是靠体内消化酶的作用,除了动物自身分泌的消化酶外,人们也可以在饲料中添加酶制剂帮助动物对饲料的消化利用。饲用酶制剂可以补充动物不足的内源消化酶和机体不能分泌的一些外源酶,促进对养分的消化以及对肠道消化吸收环境的改善,从而提高养分的消化率,节约能量和蛋白资源,改善动物的生产性能,降低动物生产成本,同时还可以减少动物生产带来的环境污染。     

水禽消化生理的研究进展

本文从食糜排空、消化道pH、消化酶以及微生物区系方面对水禽消化生理进行了阐述,并总结出水禽消化生理特性。     

几种蛋白质原料体外消化率测定方法的比较

试验分别采用胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步法、肉食性鱼类(如鲈鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法和草食性鱼类(如草鱼)消化道粗酶提取液消化法测定了酪蛋白、鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉等7种蛋白质原料的体外消化率。3种测定方法中,鱼粉的消化率差异不显著(P>0.05);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉用两步法和草鱼消化酶法测定的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05);棉籽粕消化率用两步法测定值高于用消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01);豆粕、菜籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉的消化率用两步法比用鲈鱼消化酶测定的值高,差异极显著(P<0.01);草鱼消化酶法和鲈鱼消化酶法对酪蛋白的消化率无显著差异(P>0.05),而对于豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕、酵母粉和玉米蛋白粉草鱼消化酶法测定值高于鲈鱼消化酶法的测定值,差异极显著(P<0.01)。结果表明,胃蛋白酶-胰蛋白酶两步体外消化法在测定鱼粉蛋白质消化率时可以替代鱼类消化液粗酶消化法,对于其它蛋白质原料使用该方法应慎重。     

不同饲料对莫桑比克鳗鲡消化酶活性的影响

<正>消化酶主要指由消化腺和消化系统分泌的具有营养消化作用的酶类,根据作用底物的不同大致分为3类:淀粉酶类、脂肪酶类和蛋白酶类。有关鱼类消化酶的研究国内外已有大量报道,许多研究表明,饲料的种类和质量对消化酶的活性有重要影响。     

禽胰液分泌的调节

综述近年来对家禽胰液分泌的研究进展.胰液含有多种消化酶,在家禽对饲料的消化中起重要作用,是研究动物消化代谢的主题之一.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.