黑龙江省小麦诱变育种成就与展望

本文总结了黑 龙江省小麦诱变 育种的成就。１５ 年间共育成了 ８ 个 小麦新品种,占同期 全省推广品种总数的 １３．１％ ,累计种植面积 １００ 多万 ｈｍ ２ ;诱变育种手段多样化。有６ ０ Ｃｏ － γ射线、快中 子照射、３ ２ Ｐ内 照射、辐射与组织培 养结合等;诱变对 象多样化。有 Ｆ０ 种子处理、 Ｆ１ 种子处理, 纯系种子 处理、组织培养中幼穗、幼胚及成熟胚处理等。育种方法上有辐射与杂交育种相结合、辐射与远缘杂 交育种相结合、辐射与生物技术育种、纯系诱变育种 等;对小麦诱变育种中的诱变因素、诱变 环境及不同诱变 处理对 象的诱变 效果进行 了研究; 获得了 优质、抗 根腐病、赤霉病、病毒病、白粉病 突变 系,丰富 了种质 资源。并对小麦诱变育种的发展进行了展望。     

黑龙江省小麦诱变育种成就与展望

本文总结了黑龙江省小麦诱变育种的成就。１５年间共育成了８个小麦新品种,占同期全省推广品种总数的１３．１％,累计种植面积１００多万ｈｍ＾２;诱变育种手段多样化。有＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线、快中子照射、＾３２Ｐ内照射、辐射与组织培养结合等;诱变对象多样化。有Ｆ０种子处理、Ｆ１种子处理,纯秒种子处理、组织培养中幼穗、幼胚及成熟胚处理等。育种方法上有辐射与杂交育种相结合、辐射与远缘杂交育种相结合、辐射与生物技术     

花生体胚诱导和植株再生研究

在含２０ｍ ｇ／Ｌ２，４－ Ｄ ＭＳ诱导培养基上，未成熟种胚和成熟种子种胚为外植体，光照培养下体胚诱导率分别为９２％ 和７８％ ，单个外植体平均产胚４８ 和４１ 个；而成熟种子胚小叶和未成熟种子子叶体胚诱导率均较低。以成熟种子种胚为外植体，２０ｍ ｇ／Ｌ２，４－ Ｄ和５ｍ ｇ／ＬＰｉｃｌｏｒａｍ 暗培养体胚诱导率分别为５５％ 和５８％ ，单个外植体平均产胚分别为４４和４２ 个。在含５ｍ ｇ／ＬＰｉｃｌｏｒａｍ 培养基上，１３个花生品种（系）体胚诱导率６％ ～８３３％ ，产胚量１２～４５个，差异显著，珍珠豆型花生品种体胚诱导率、产胚量普遍高于普通型花生品种。８ 个品种（系）体胚在含１０ｍ ｇ／ＬＢＡ 的ＭＳ培养基上枝条再生率３６３％ ～７７８％ 。再生枝条在含０３ｍ ｇ／ＬＮＡＡ ＭＳ培养基上生根后，植株移到温室已正常开花、结荚。     

物理方法在作物种子处理中的应用现状与发展趋势

种子是农作物最基本的生产资料,通过播前种子处理能增加种子活力,物理方法以时间短、见效快、费用低、设备简单、无污染、易推广等优点,将会受到广泛应用。常见的物理方法有超声波处理、等离子体处理、电磁场和静电处理、核辐射处理、磁化水处理、光子辐射和低能离子照射种子处理,都能引起种子提高发芽率,增加产质量的作用。本文通过综合各种物理方法及其作用机理,得出各种物理方法的优缺点,并对各种方法的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

秋水仙碱对油菜小孢子产胚率和再生植株二倍体率的影响

为探索适用于长江流域主产区生态条件下的甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养技术中最佳秋水仙碱浓度,以2个适合进行小孢子培养的油菜材料为对象,研究了4种不同浓度(0、100、200和400mg/L)的秋水仙碱处理对小孢子产胚率和二倍体率的影响。结果表明,200mg/L的秋水仙碱处理24h后,小孢子的产胚率和二倍体率都达到最大,与对照有显著的差异。用这一浓度,对40份不同基因型油菜的小孢子进行诱导培养,结果表明不同基因型油菜小孢子产胚率和二倍体率存在较大差异,小孢子产胚率为0.12~10.39胚/蕾,再生植株二倍体率为26.7%~90.0%。按照种皮颜色分类后发现,黄籽油菜与黑籽油菜的小孢子产胚率有显著差异,而二倍体率因材料基因型而异,推测油菜种皮颜色与小孢子的产胚率有一定相关性,而与再生植株二倍体率的相关性不大。     

茶树辐射育种的几个问题探讨

照射茶种的适宜剂量,1978年取用云大种子,用钴~(60)伽马射线照射,结果是①照射1,000伦的,获得各种类型变异茶苗。②照射5,000伦的胚芽处于抑制状态,胚根不能伸长。③照射10,000伦以上的,种胚自然枯     

甜菜单胚型杂交种良种繁育技术探讨

总结了多年雄性不育甜菜单胚型杂交种的良种繁育实践经验,对该类品种的良种繁育主要原则和技术措施进行探讨。提出了繁育该类种子的产质量保证体系和特殊技术要求;分析了种子生产的内因和外因的辩证关系,以及抓管理和落实的重要意义;探讨了提高种子产质量的高效实用技术和相关辅助工作的操作方法。     

快中子辐照对花生种子胚小叶植株再生的影响

以花生品种花育22号的成熟饱满种子为试材,采用14Mev不同剂量的快中子(0、9.7、14和18Gy) 进行辐照处理。处理后的种子经表面杀菌后,取胚小叶作为外植体先后在添加2,4-D 和BAP 的培养基上进行培养,诱导体胚形成及其萌发和植株再生。结果表明,体胚诱导率和植株再生率因辐照剂量的不同表现出明显的差异,随辐照剂量的增加,外植体形成体胚的频率及再生植株的频率明显降低。推断快中子辐照花育22号的适宜剂量为9.7~14.0Gy。再生小苗经无菌嫁接驯化后移栽田间,得到了成熟种子。           

紫外线照射促进冬小麦种子萌发的研究

为了解紫外线照射对种子萌发的影响,以冬小麦品系聊大2号为材料,采用不同波长的紫外线分别照射休眠的干种子及吸水萌动（浸种3 h）的种子,然后在自然光和黑暗条件下进行发芽实验,比较了不同时间段种子萌发的动态变化及萌发过程中α-淀粉酶活力的变化。结果表明,不同剂量的紫外线照射（UVB85μW.cm-2照射3 h;UVC 420μW.cm-2照射1 h;UVC处理1 h附加照射6 h UVA或1 h UVB）对干种子和吸水萌动种子萌发均有促进作用,发芽较自然光下（CK）及黑暗下快,相关时段发芽率均高于CK,但不影响最终发芽率,只是缩短了种子萌发的时间。UV处理（UVB 85μW.cm-2照射3 h;UVC 420μW.cm-2照射1 h）的干种子及吸水萌动种子的α-淀粉酶活力在萌发前随时间的推移呈快速增加的趋势,与对照相比可提高2.5%~68.7%,发芽后α-淀粉酶活力下降,但仍高于CK,且UVB与UVC处理种子的α-淀粉酶活力变化趋势相同。说明不同波段的紫外线照射对种子具有相同的生物学效应。     

玉米种子越夏储藏技术

玉米是大粒大胚种子,胚占体积的30%以上,占粒重的10%～12%。因种胚大,种子的呼吸旺盛,所以在同样的水分和温度条件下,比其他禾谷类种子的呼吸强度大,因而玉米种子易发热导致种子变质。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.