马铃薯微型薯田间繁殖的研究

以马铃薯晚熟品种“下寨６５”为试验材料,研究了离体诱导微型薯直播田间繁殖块茎繁殖脱毒田间１～５代种薯的质量和效率。结果表明,生育阶段比同品种网室繁殖脱毒小薯同代脱毒种薯略迟;生长势、株高、茎粗、主茎分枝数、单株叶面积、根系数、匍匐茎数和匍匐茎长度等生长发育指标,ＰＶＸ、ＰＶＹ、ＰＬＲＶ和ＰＶＡ等重要病毒害发病率及病情指数,干腐病和软腐病发病率,晚疫病发病率和叶面枯死率相同;未发现环腐病和黑经病。单薯重量平均４５．１ｇ,随田间种植代数增加而增大;单株结薯数、单位面积结薯数逐代减小,脱毒田间１～４代单株产量和单位面积产量逐代增加,繁殖效率与脱毒小薯相同,故离体诱导微型薯田间繁殖块茎繁殖脱毒种薯是经济有效且切实可行的。     

脱毒马铃薯试管苗剪尖扦插无土繁殖研究

在防虫网室中无土扦插试管苗继代生产脱毒微型薯。用 4次剪尖和 4次培土办法 ,80d平均单株结薯数达 10 6个 ,110d单株商品粒数 >1g达 8 7个。增加剪尖和培土次数 ,是提高单株结薯数量的一种新技术方法     

马铃薯库建成动态研究

在马铃薯块茎的形成和增长过程中 ,小薯不断地形成、退化或转化成大中薯 ,其中出苗2 8d以后的 2～ 3周是决定大中薯数的关键期。在不同密度及施肥处理下 ,马铃薯块茎体积及干重的增长均呈S型曲线变化。单株块茎体积随密度增加而减少 ,适量施用氮、磷、钾 ,可增加块茎体积、单株结薯数和大中薯数 ,其中磷钾肥可使结薯时间提前 ,过量氮肥则推迟结薯时间 ;随密度的增加 ,块茎日增重逐渐降低 ,适量增施磷、钾肥可提高库的充实度 ,增加产量。在本试验因素中量 (适量 )组合 ,底西芮品种单株块茎体积最大增长速率为 2 5 7392ml d ,块茎干重的最大增长速率为 10 6 82 6 g d ;种植密度 4 5 0 0株 6 6 7m2 时 ,单株结薯数为 13 5个 ,大中薯数平均为 10个 ,单产可达 30 0 0kg 6 6 7m2 以上     

延边地区早熟马铃薯品种比较试验

通过两年试验,采用分期收获法调查了试验品种的薯块性状、单株结薯数、单株块重、商品率。结果表明:早-50的熟期最早,商品率高,单株结薯数少,产量低;东农303的熟期次之,单株结薯数多,商品率稍低,单株块重和单株商品重均最高;中薯5号、早大白、费乌瑞它熟期相近,都比早-50和东农303晚,单株结薯数适中,商品率高,单株块重和单株商品重高;中薯3号和本053熟期较中薯5号、早大白、费乌瑞它稍晚,中薯3号单株结薯数少,本053单株块重较低;双丰-5号在参试品种中熟期最晚,生育前期单株块重和商品率低,生育后期单株块重和商品率较高。早期商品率高,说明块茎形成早。产量的差异主要表现在构成产量的因素不同,如块茎膨大速度(或单薯增长率),单株结薯数,以及单株块重等。     

磷素对甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡的影响

通过2年盆栽试验研究不施磷P₀（P₂O₅ 0 g/kg）、适量施磷P_0.04（P₂O₅ 0.04 g/kg）和过量施磷P_0.08（P₂O₅ 0.08 g/kg）对鲜食型甘薯‘烟薯25’和‘普薯32’生长前期（栽后0~40 d）根系活力、根系形态分化、潜在块根重量、结薯数、薯块重量、根生物量、叶面积、茎叶生物量、根干物质分配比例、茎叶干物质分配比例及根冠比的影响。结果表明,在块根形成期（栽后0~30 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷显著提高了甘薯总根条数、根尖数、总根长、根系表面积、根系平均直径、根系体积和总根鲜重,并显著提高了根系活力,提高了潜在块根鲜重;显著提高叶面积、叶鲜重、茎鲜重、地上部总鲜重;显著提高甘薯茎叶干重、根干重和植株干重,显著增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,为块根形成提供良好的物质基础。而过量施磷抑制干物质在根中的分配比例,导致根冠比降低,不利于块根的形成。在封垄期（栽后40 d）,与不施磷处理相比,适量施磷可以显著增加单株结薯数（主要提高直径5 mm以上的块根数量）、单薯重和单株薯重,若继续增加施磷量将导致单株结薯数和单薯重显著降低。因此,适量施磷可以促进甘薯根系和茎叶发育,增加干物质根分配比例,降低干物质茎叶分配比,显著提高根冠比,增加甘薯单株结薯数和单薯重,提高单株薯重,促进甘薯生长前期源库关系建立和平衡,为甘薯丰产奠定基础。     

红河州石屏县冬季马铃薯品种比较试验研究

通过在红河州石屏县进行冬马铃薯新品种引进与比较试验，旨在为冬播区引进筛选优良的马铃薯新品种。试验结果表明与对照宣薯2号相比，丽薯6号的单株结薯数、单株商品薯重量分别增加3个和546g，商品薯率与宣薯2号近似，产量增加293kg／667m^2，增幅8．3％；说明丽薯6号适宜在石屏示范推广。     

甘薯源库发育及产量品质对氮源和施氮量的响应

通过大田试验研究氮源、施氮量及其互作对鲜食型甘薯鸣门金时全生育期源库发育及其与产量和品质形成的关系。结果表明：施氮提高了栽后70～110 d功能叶叶绿素(Chl)含量和净光合速率(Pn),提高了单株结薯数、平均单薯重和产量,显著增加了可溶性糖(soluble sugars, SS)、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白(soluble proteins, SP)、多酚和维生素C(VC)的含量,显著降低了淀粉的含量。在相同氮源下,栽后30～120 d,茎和叶鲜重随施氮量增加而显著增加;平均单株结薯数、平均单薯重和平均单株薯重随施氮量增加先增加后降低,在施氮量120 kg/hm²时最大;T/R(Top/Root)随施氮量的增加先降低后升高,在施氮量120 kg/hm²时最低;施氮量120 kg/hm²的单株结薯数和产量最高。在高产施氮量120kg/hm²下,与酰胺态氮素和硝态氮素相比,铵态氮素在栽后70～110d显著提高了Chl含量和Pn;栽后30d显著提高了叶和茎鲜重;栽后30～120 d显著提高了单株结薯数;栽后60～...     

延庆县马铃薯加工型品种不同栽培密度试验

本试验对延庆县种植的2个马铃薯加工型品种“大西洋”和“夏波蒂”的种植密度进行了试验。试验结果的方差分析表明:每667m2种植密度在4000￣5500株范围内,大西洋的单株结薯数、单株商品薯数、单株薯重都存在显著与极显著差异;而小区产量、总薯数及商品薯数无显著差异。夏波蒂各产量指标的分析结果都无显著差异。     

GGE双标图在氮肥对马铃薯生长影响分析中的应用

为研究氮肥施用量对马铃薯产量及农艺性状的影响,试验以马铃薯品种‘新大坪’为材料,采用随机区组设计,以尿素(N 46%)为氮源,分别设置0,45,90,135和180 kg/hm25个氮素施用处理,利用方差分析及GGE双标图分析了产量与农艺性状。结果表明,氮肥不同施用量对马铃薯产量及农艺性状有一定影响,当氮肥施用量为T2(N 90 kg/hm2)时,在2014~2015年试验马铃薯的产量以及单株薯块数,单株薯块重量,商品薯率表现最好。其中产量,单株薯块数,单株薯块重量,商品薯率相比对照CK分别增加67%、30%、63%、30%;而氮肥施用量为T4(N 180 kg/hm2)时,尽管各项指标均优于对照,而且株高较T2处理增加4%,但是相比T2处理下的马铃薯产量下降18%,商品薯率降低12%;产量、单株薯块重量对各试验处理差异的区分力和对目标农艺性状的代表性较好。因此,试验结果表明,精准合理的施用氮肥可以提高马铃薯的产量,同时方差分析与GGE双标图结合能够帮助科研工作者更加客观、有效地分析肥料施用量的最佳效应。     

苗源及栽培密度对马铃薯原原种生产的影响

为提高马铃薯原原种结薯效率,降低生产成本,开展了苗源及栽培密度对马铃薯原原种生产的影响研究。试验为二因素裂区设计,4次重复,苗源为主区,栽培密度为副区,供试品种为‘费乌瑞它’。试验设置组培苗和水培苗2个苗源,200,400,600和800株/m~24个栽培密度。结果表明,苗源对匍匐茎长度和叶面积以外的其他农艺性状均有显著影响,密度仅对根长、匍匐茎数量、叶面积和单株干物质积累量有显著影响,根长具有显著两因素互作效应。同一密度下,水培苗的单株结薯数和产量(600株/m~2除外)高于组培苗。在主因素组培苗和水培苗中,密度200株/m~2单株结薯数和结薯产量均显著高于3个高密度处理,随密度增大,单位面积结薯数和产量增幅下降,组培苗和水培苗均在200～400株/m~2单位面积结薯数和产量增幅最大,分别增加68.0%和46.0%,25.3%和20.1%,组培苗在600～800株/m~2,水培苗在400～600株/m~2时增幅大幅下降,平均单薯重也随之降低。苗源类型和栽培密度均能显著影响原原种结薯数、产量和单薯重,在保证单薯重基础上,获得较多的单位面积原原种结薯数更有意义。组培苗在密度为600株/m~2处理,水培苗在密度为400株/m~2处理,既可以确保适当的单薯重,又可以提高单位面积结薯数。因此,从原原种生产成本和经济效益考虑,组培苗栽培密度600株/m~2,水培苗400株/m~2可以获得较好的生产效益。     

Effect of seed tuber and seed piece size on growth and incidence of hollow heart in Norgold Russet potatoes

Small seed pieces decreased yield and number of tubers. Both seed tuber and seed piece size affected the percentage of tubers with hollow heart. Hollow heart increased from 14 to 22% as the seed tuber size increased from 57 to 228 g and decreased from 27 to 19% as the seed piece size increased from 28 to 57 g. The least hollow heart (11%) occurred in tubers of plants grown from 57 g whole seed pieces and the most (26%) in tubers of plants grown from 228 g seed tubers cut into 28 g seed pieces. Hollow heart was positively correlated with the mean tuber size and negatively correlated with the number of mainstems per hill, total yield, and total number of tubers.     

Comparative performance of different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed

The growth and yield of plants from different-sized seed tubers derived from true potato seed were evaluated on a per stem, per plant, and per unit area basis using either single or multiple-sprout tubers. In single-sprout tubers, haulm dry weight per stem 47 days after planting was greater in the 40–60 g tubers when compared with that in the 5–10 g or the 10–20 g tubers. This resulted in greater tuber weight per stem in the 40–60 g tubers throughout the growing season. The number of tubers per stem was not affected by seed tuber size. In multiple-sprout seed tubers of increasing size, total tuber number and total tuber weight, as well as weight of those tubers larger than 45 mm, increased on a per plant basis but decreased on a per stem basis. At different rates of planting, 1–5 g seed tubers produced smaller tubers than 5–10 g or 10–20 g seed tubers. Increased rate of planting resulted in non-significant yield increases per unit area in plots planted with 1–5 g seed tubers. The yield increases were significant when 5–10 g and 10–20 g seed tubers were planted at higher rates. The number of main stems per unit of seed tuber weight was five times greater in 1–5 g tubers compared with that in 40–60 g tubers. This resulted in low seed weights per hectare when small tubers were planted and in a high ratio of harvested to planted tuber weight.     

Comparative performance of three small seed tuber sizes and standard size seed tubers planted at similar stem densities

Summary Small seed tubers of 1–5 g, 5–10 g and 10–20 g were planted at the same sprout densities as standard size seed tubers of 40–60 g in order to give similar stem densities. Early ground cover by foliage, total yield, and yield of tubers >45 mm were consistently greater in plots planted with larger seed tubers. The effect of seed tuber size on yield and tuber number per stem varied between years but 1–5 g seed tubers always gave lower yields per stem than larger seed tubers. Reducing the spacing between rows from 90 cm to 60 cm and maintaining the same sprout density was more effective in increasing yields from small seed tubers than increasing sprout density from 20 to 40 sprouts per m² by reducing plant spacing within the row.     

Effect of fumigation of potato seed tubers with 2-aminobutane on plant growth and yield

From 1968 to 1973, 13 field experiments were carried out to discover any effects of fumigation of seed tubers with 2-aminobutane (used for tuber disease control) on subsequent plant growth and yield. Nine experiments were done with tubers treated within 1 month of harvest, the remaining 4 with tubers stored for several months before treatment. In general, fumigation did not have any substantial effect on the growth pattern or the yield of the crop obtained from treated seed, although in most cases it was probable that there were small increases in the number of sprouting eyes, percentage emergence, stem number and in weight and number of seed tubers at harvest. However, these effects rarely reached levels which gave a statistically significant increase over crops grown from untreated material.     

“九二〇”和插植本数对籼型不育系广抗13A繁种的影响

研究"九二〇"和插植本数对广抗13A繁种的影响。结果表明:每穗总粒数、产量在不同插植本数间有显著或极显著差异;喷施"九二〇"剂量及时期对包颈度、包颈粒数、包颈粒率、每穗总粒数、穴有效穗、产量等特性均产生显著影响;插植本数与喷施"九二〇"剂量及时期共同影响广抗13A抽穗集中程度;广抗13A的繁种产量与穴有效穗、结实率呈极显著正相关,与包颈度、包颈粒数、包颈粒率呈极显著负相关;双本配以始穗期1 d喷施"九二〇"180 g/hm2、始穗期3 d喷施"九二〇"180 g/hm2、始穗期5 d喷施"九二〇"120 g/hm2和三本配以始穗期1 d喷施"九二〇"60 g/hm2、始穗期3 d喷施"九二〇"60 g/hm2、始穗期5 d喷施"九二〇"120 g/hm2处理的产量效果较好。     

The effectiveness of using a minituber crop for selection of agronomic characters in potato breeding programmes

Summary Performance of 20 potato genotypes was studied for seven agronomic characters in crops raised from minitubers and normal seed tubers. Correlation coefficients were computed between minituber crop and normal seed crop in order to study the selection efficiency at minituber crop level. The performance of normal seed crop was significantly better than the minituber crop for various characters including tuber yield and its components. Correlation coefficients between minituber and normal seed crop were significant for various characters except number of stems and number of tubers. Highest correlation coefficient (r=0.86) was for tuber yield followed by average tuber weight (r=0.67) and number of nodes (r=0.63). The results suggest that selection for tuber yield can be practised at the minituber crop level in potato breeding programmes     

Short-Term exposure to low temperature in the fall affects field performance of seed tubers

Field trials were conducted in Alberta and Ontario with Norchip, Norland, Russet Burbank, Sangre and Superior potato cultivars to determine response to short-term exposure of seed tubers to below freezing temperatures in the fall. Exposure of the dormant seed tubers to ?-1 C for up to 48 hours did not affect the yield or growth characteristics of the cultivars. However exposure of seed tubers to ?-5 C temperatures for 6 or 12 hours caused marked (P < 0.05) reductions in marketable yield, marketable tuber number, maturity and vine size. Exposure to ?-5 C for periods longer than 12 hours resulted in severe freezing damage and subsequent decay of most of the tubers.     

Auxin Modulates Gibberellin-Induced Effects on Growth,Yield, and Raw Product Recovery for Frozen Processing in Potato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> L.)

Tuber shape phenotype is an important determinant of raw product (≥7.6-cm-long French fries) recovery for frozen processing. Tuber length-to-width (L/W) ratios ≥1.8 translate to maximum yield of raw product; however, some cultivars produce tubers with much lower L/W ratios. While gibberellin (GA) can be used to elongate tubers, it also decreases tuber size and can thereby attenuate raw product recovery. We investigated the utility of GA and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) combination treatments for modifying tuber set, size, and shape to increase yield of raw product from ‘Payette Russet’ and ‘Alturas’; two late-season frozen-processing cultivars that often produce tubers with undesirably low L/W ratios. Models describing L/W ratio and fry yield by tuber size class were developed to translate total U.S. No. 1 tuber yields (>113 g) into yield of raw product. Increases in the L/W ratios of 113–284-g tubers had a greater effect on recovery of French fries (% fresh wt) than for tubers >284 g. Undersize (<113 g) and oversize (>340 g) tubers yielded 0 and 96% fries, respectively, regardless of L/W ratio. GA applied as a seed treatment effectively hastened emergence and altered tuber shape by increasing the L/W ratios of ‘Alturas’ and ‘Payette Russet’ tubers, enhancing total fry yield for the 113–340-g tubers by 24–46%, depending on concentration and application technique (dip, spray, in-furrow). However, GA also decreased apical dominance and shifted tuber size distribution away from >284-g tubers toward higher yields of <170-g tubers, erasing the gains in fry yield when all size classes (>113 g) were considered. When combined with GA, NAA maintained apical dominance, attenuated the shift in tuber size distribution, had no effect on the GA-induced increase in tuber L/W ratio, and only partly moderated the GA-induced stimulation of plant emergence. Raw product yield from ‘Payette Russet’ increased 12–39% in spray application trials by using NAA to confine the effect of GA to tuber shape and limit the loss of U.S. No. 1 tubers to undersize. Increases in tuber L/W ratio with GA/NAA seed treatments translated to increased yield of fries only when the relative concentrations were adjusted to minimize loss of >284-g tubers and gain in undersize tubers, as dictated by cultivar sensitivity to GA. ‘Alturas’ was less sensitive to GA than ‘Payette Russet’ for shifts in tuber size distribution but not shape, resulting in 17% increase in raw product with GA alone in pre-plant seed spray application studies. GA/NAA combination treatments provide an effective approach to manipulate tuber size distribution and enhance the yield of raw product for frozen processing in cultivars with a rounder tuber shape phenotype.     

The effect of water stress on the yielding capacity of potato crops and subsequent performance of seed tubers

Summary The effect of water stress on yielding capacity of potatoes was studied in 3 years using four different levels of soil water potential (0.7, 1.9, 3.4 and 7.8 atm.) in experiments in specially adapted structures that excluded uncontrolled water supply. Seed tubers from these crops were planted in the following years to investigate effects of water stress on their subsequent performance. Limited soil moisture availability decreased yield and the number and size of tubers. The growing period was shortened by 1–4 weeks and dormancy period by 2–8 weeks. In the following year, seed produced under conditions of moisture stress gave plants with 20% fewer stems. 24–33% less yield, 18–22% fewer tubers and 19–22% fewer large tubers than plants from seed produced under abundant water supply. It is concluded that the yield potential of seed tubers can be improved by careful attention to the availability of soil moisture during their production.     

Effect of Storage and Pre-sprouting Regimes on Seed Potato Performance in Norway

Physiological quality affects vigour and yield potential of potato seed tubers. Under short-season conditions, a seed tuber should preferably produce a short cycle and mature crop. The aim of the current studies was to assess how various storing and pre-sprouting treatments affect growth vigour and yield formation. Results showed that different low-temperature storage regimes before pre-sprouting treatments had no clear effects although some minor differences between treatments occurred. For pre-sprouted (‘green’-sprouted) seed tubers, results from field trials in southern Norway (2007–2008) showed that emergence of cvs Asterix and Saturna improved significantly compared to unsprouted seed. Total yields increased significantly for both cultivars in 1 out of 2?years. For Saturna, a major increase in number of tubers per plant resulted in larger proportions of smaller-size grades and thus lower marketable yields. In other trials (northern Norway, 2006–2007), varying duration of pre-sprouting did not affect growth vigour and yield. For number of tubers and size grades, the results varied significantly between pre-sprouting durations, but differently among trials, so no clear conclusions can be drawn. In one of the two trials, increased duration of pre-sprouting resulted in higher proportions of the smaller sizes at the expense of large tubers. Different levels of temperature sums during pre-sprouting (ca. 200 or 400?day-degrees >4?°C) did not affect seed performance. In conclusion, our studies showed that pre-sprouting may improve growth vigour and increase the proportion of smaller grade sizes.