NaCl胁迫对马铃薯抗氧化系统的影响

以紫花白、大西洋、克新12号3个马铃薯品种为试验材料,研究了NaCl胁迫下其体内过氧化物酶活性、超氧化物歧化酶活性和过氧化物酶同工酶的变化。结果表明:随着NaCl胁迫浓度的增加,马铃薯3个品种过氧化物酶活性均表现为随NaCl浓度的增加先下降后上升,而超氧化物歧化酶活性表现为随NaCl浓度的增加先降低,再升高,然后再降低的变化规律。但是,3个品种两种酶的变化幅度却不相同。克新12号在0.3%和0.45%NaCl浓度下两种酶的活性均迅速上升,且在0.45%浓度下显著的高于对照;紫花白在NaCl胁迫下两种酶活性变化较平稳,和对照差异不显著;大西洋在不同NaCl浓度下两种酶的活性均低于对照,且过氧化物酶活性在0.30%和0.45%的NaCl浓度下显著的低于对照;克新12号和紫花白在较高的NaCl浓度下过氧化物同工酶谱带较深,大西洋则随NaCl浓度的升高同工酶谱带的颜色变浅,同时,耐盐品种克新12号和紫花白在B区均诱导出了一条明亮的谱带。     

桃金娘果实提取物抗氧化活性研究

以去除种子后的桃金娘果实为试验材料,分别采用等体积的水与体积分数80%甲醇进行提取,测定2种提取物的总酚与总黄酮含量,并对2种提取物的DPPH自由基与ABTS自由基清除能力以及总抗氧化能力进行评价。结果表明,桃金娘果实的2种提取物均具有不同程度的多酚含量与抗氧化活性,体积分数80%甲醇提取物的总酚与总黄酮含量、DPPH与ABTS自由基清除能力以及总抗氧化能力均显著高于水提取物。研究结果表明,桃金娘果实多酚物质具有良好的抗氧化活性。     

Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance in Rice Genotypes

In order to elucidate the role of antioxidant responses in salinity tolerance in rice genotypes under salt stress, experiments were conducted using four rice varieties, including salt-sensitive BRRI dhan 28 and three salt-tolerant varieties BRRI dhan 47, BINA dhan 8 and BINA dhan 10. Thirty-day-old rice seedlings were transplanted into pots. At the active tillering stage(35 d after transplanting), plants were exposed to different salinity levels(0, 20, 40 and 60 mmol/L NaCl). Salt stress caused a significant reduction in growth for all the rice genotypes. Growth reduction was higher in the salt-sensitive genotype than in the salt-tolerant ones, and BINA dhan 10 showed higher salt tolerance in all measured physiological parameters. The reduction in shoot and root biomass was found to be minimal in BINA dhan 10. Chlorophyll content significantly decreased under salt stress except for BINA dhan 10. Proline content significantly increased in salt-tolerant rice genotypes with increased salt concentration, and the highest proline content was obtained from BINA dhan 10 under salt stress. Catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities significantly decreased in salt-sensitive genotype whereas significantly increased in salt-tolerant ones with increasing salt concentration. However, salt stress significantly decreased guaiacol peroxidase activity in all the rice genotypes irrespective of salt tolerance. K~+/Na~+ ratio also significantly decreased in shoots and roots of all the rice genotypes. The salt-tolerant genotype BINA dhan 10 maintained higher levels of chlorophyll and proline contents as well as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities under salt stress, thus, this might be the underlying mechanism for salt tolerance.     

诺丽果汁的抗氧化性研究

采用分光光度计法,以维他命C（Vc）为对照,考察诺丽果汁的多酚含量及其对1, 1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH）自由基、2,2-联氮双（3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）二铵盐（ABTS）自由基、羟自由基和过氧化氢（H2O2）等的抗氧化活性。结果表明：诺丽果汁中多酚含量较高（1.934 mg/mL）,对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟自由基和过氧化氢等均具有很好的清除活性,且在清除羟自由基能力试验中,其活性显著高于阳性对照（Vc）,表明诺丽果汁对人体具有良好的营养保健功效。     

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Aphanes arvensis Extracts

The objectives of this study were to examine the free radical scavenging activity and the protective effects against macromolecular oxidation as well as the cytotoxic activity of Aphanes arvensis aqueous and methanolic extracts. Free radical scavenging activity was determined by DPPH method. The methanolic extract showed a scavenging activity nearly equivalent to Trolox and Vitamin C and has an IC₅₀ value of 4.54 μg/mL. Total antioxidant capacity was determined by CUPRAC method. The antioxidant capacity of aqueous and methanolic extract was 0.792 and 1.550 mmol TE/g DWE, respectively. The protective effect of A. arvensis extracts against lipid peroxidation was evaluated using a liposome oxidation system. The methanolic extract was more active than the aqueous extract. The aqueous extract possessed protective effect against protein oxidation in a dose dependent manner. Both extracts showed inhibitory effect on DNA oxidation as measured by plasmid relaxation assay. Results presented here indicate that A. arvensis possess strong antioxidant activity and protective effects with very little cytotoxic effect, and they can therefore be used as a natural additive in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.     

原生态椰子油体外抗氧化活性

对原生态椰子油(VCO)的体外抗氧化活性进行了评价,分析了VCO中总酚酸的含量及其对DPPH自由基和ABTS+自由基的清除能力,对Fe~(2+)的络合能力以及对花生油的抗氧化能力.结果表明,VCO中总酚酸的含量为(0.180±0.003)mg/mL;对DPPH自由基的清除率为31.95%.低于Trolox、BHT和没食子酸;对ABTS~+自由基的清除能力为67.49 μmol/L Tmlox当量(TEAC值);对Fe~(2+)的络合能力优于Tmlox和BHT,但显著低于没食子酸;VCO对花生油具有一定的抗氧化能力.     

Drought-Responsive Antioxidant Enzymes in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is highly sensitive to soil drought and extracts less of the available water from the soil than other crops. Even a very short period of water shortage has a negative effect on consumptive and technological properties of potato tubers. The cause of the poorer properties of potato tubers might not only be water shortage itself but could also be the enhanced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompanying practically every kind of stress, both biotic and abiotic. However, antioxidative enzymes seem to counteract the ROS accumulation and, thus, might protect plants against the deleterious effects of environmental stresses. Our research shows that increased activity of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase protects plants from oxidative stress, and, consequently, against yield losses.     

菲利普孢囊线虫侵染后小麦防卫相关UniGene表达特性

菲利普孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi)是严重危害我国黄淮海地区小麦生产的重要病原物之一。为揭示该线虫侵染后合胞体建立早期病原与宿主细胞的互作机制,以H.filipjevi易感材料温麦19和抗性材料抗线2号为研究对象,应用real time PCR分析了线虫侵染后不同时段10个可能与防卫相关的UniGenes相对表达量的变化。结果表明,与细胞结构相关的基因UniGeneAK335102(GenBank ID,下同)在抗线2号中的表达量高于温麦19,而另一个与细胞结构相关的UniGeneDR737925在温麦19中的表达量高于抗线2号。与应激相关的一个UniGene JV948284在侵染后各时段,在温麦19中的表达量均远高于抗线2号。与抗性相关的UniGene JP233598在接种线虫3 d以后,在抗线2号中的表达量明显高于温麦19;UniGene JP852719(Ascorbate peroxidase)基因在抗、感材料中的表达量无明显差异;UniGene(CV767657)TIFY 3A-like protein在温麦19中的表达量随接种后时间延长而降低,而在抗线2号中的表达量仅在接种后3、9 d时的表达量相对较高。信号转导相关UniGeneCD87797与WRKY转录因子家族UniGeneEU665453,在温麦19中的表达量随接种后时间延长而逐渐增加,但在抗线2号中则逐渐降低。MYB转录因子UniGene JF951950的表达量在温麦19中接种早期较高,而在抗线2号中接种后期较高;另一MYB转录因子UniGeneAK330737(similarity to Os06g0258000)在抗线2号中的表达量明显高于温麦19。综上所述,在菲利普孢囊线虫侵染后的早期,10个可能与防卫相关的基因表达模式在抗性和易感材料中存在不同程度差异,此结果对揭示小麦对菲利普孢囊线虫抗、感的分子机制有一定启示。     

槟榔多糖的抗氧化活性及其对细胞内氧化损伤抑制作用的研究

研究了槟榔多糖粗提物（ASP）的抗氧化活性及其对人皮肤成纤维细胞（HSF）内氧化损伤的抑制作用。结果表明：利用超声波辅助法提取的槟榔子多糖经初步去杂质后,具有良好的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（DPPH·）清除能力、二价铁螯合能力和三价铁还原力。在对HSF细胞内氧化损伤的抑制作用研究中,当过氧化氢（H2O2）处理浓度为150 μmol/L、ASP添加浓度为20 μg/mL时,HSF细胞存活率上升至93.15％,与对照组差异不显著（p<0.05）;当短波紫外线照射强度为100 μW/cm2、照射时间为3.5 h、ASP添加量为20 μg/mL 时,HSF细胞存活率上升至82.92％,与对照组差异不显著（p<0.05）。因此,ASP具有抑制H2O2和短波紫外线处理对HSF细胞造成的氧化损伤的作用。     

树舌胞外富锌多糖体外抗氧化活性研究

利用树舌的深层发酵法获得胞外富锌多糖,从抗油脂过氧化、抑制羟自由基的产生、清除DPPH·和O2·- 4个方面,探讨树舌胞外富锌多糖抗氧化活性。结果表明：树舌富锌培养基内ZnSO4浓度在200 μg/mL时,可以显著提高胞外多糖的有机锌含量,使有机锌含量达0.67 mg/g,比对照组提高252％。有机锌对提高胞外多糖抗氧化能力有显著的效果,在多糖浓度为2.5 g/L,对油脂过氧化的抑制、清除羟自由基、DPPH·和O2·- 的能力分别比对照提高12.5％、26.83％、30％ 和20％。胞外富锌多糖抗氧化活性     

红树林植物海莲不同部位提取物抗氧化活性研究

植物抗氧化研究对寻找高效率、低毒性天然抗氧化剂具有重要的指导意义。以在海南分布较广的红树林植物海莲进行抗氧化活性研究,以期对海莲开发利用的可能性提供理论依据。采用清除DPPH自由基和清除ABTS自由基对海莲不同部位———根、茎、叶、花的乙酸乙酯提取物进行抗氧化能力评价,采用比色法和福林酚法测定总黄酮和总酚含量。结果显示,海莲茎的提取物在4个部位中抗氧化活性最好,清除二者的IC50分别为(0.234±0.053)mg/m L和(0.196±0.080)mg/m L,海莲中酚类物质含量较大,4个部位中茎的总酚含量最多,含量为13.2 mg。说明海莲各部位均显示出了较好的抗氧化能力,具有较好的开发潜力。     

露兜果实的抗氧化及抗菌活性研究

采用分光光度法,考察露兜果实浸膏的多酚含量及其对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基、2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵(ABTS)自由基和羟自由基的清除活性,并采用生物自显影技术,考察露兜果实浸膏对马铃薯炭疽病菌、草莓炭疽病菌及黄柏炭疽病菌的抑制作用。结果表明：露兜果实浸膏中多酚含量为152.6 μg/mg,对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和羟自由基均具有一定的清除活性,且呈现量效关系;此外,还发现其对马铃薯炭疽病菌和草莓炭疽病菌的生长均有一定的抑制作用。     

基于葡萄柚叶片离体再生体系的研究

以10个葡萄柚品种种子萌发的无菌苗叶片为外植体,研究葡萄柚的离体再生体系。结果表明:在MS+1.0 mg/L 2,4-D+6%蔗糖培养基上,8个葡萄柚品种能诱导出愈伤组织,其中"星路比"品种诱导率最高为46.67%,将诱导的愈伤组织转移至相同培养基中可继代增殖;"帕利斯"、"星路比"、"泰国种"3个品种的叶愈伤组织接种于MS+3.0 mg/L 6-BA分化培养基上可分化出丛生芽,这些丛生芽在MS+0.2 mg/L 6-BA培养基上平均可增殖4~6个芽;丛生芽在1/2 MS+1.0 mg/L IBA生根培养基上可诱导出不定根。炼苗后,田间移栽成活率为78.18%。为后续葡萄柚良种选育及遗传转化体系的建立奠定基础。     

By-Products of Opuntia ficus-indica as a Source of Antioxidant Dietary Fiber

Dietary fiber and bioactive compounds are widely used as functional ingredients in processed foods. The market in this field is competitive and the development of new types of quality ingredients for the food industry is on the rise. Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear) produces edible tender stems (cladodes) and fruits with a high nutritional value in terms of minerals, protein, dietary fiber and phytochemicals; however, around 20% of fresh weight of cladodes and 45% of fresh weight of fruits are by-products. The objective of this study was therefore to determine the nutritional value of by-products obtained from cladodes and fruits from two varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica, examining their dietary fiber and natural antioxidant compound contents in order to obtain quality ingredients for functional foods and increase the added value of these by-products.     

食用菌的抗氧化活性及竹荪抗氧化物质提取工艺的优化

对26种食用菌子实体干品水提液和醇提液分别进行总还原能力、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基的清除能力测定。结果表明:26种食用菌子实体干品2种提取液均具有不同程度的还原能力及羟自由基、超氧自由基、DPPH自由基清除能力。且总体来说,水提液抗氧化性要强于醇提液抗氧化性。采用模糊综合评价法比较评价26种子实体干品的抗氧化性,其中以竹荪水提液和醇提液的抗氧化活性最高。在单因素实验的基础上,用L9(34)正交设计法,研究乙醇浓度(A)、回流温度(B)、料液比(C)和提取时间(D)等4个因素,以DPPH自由基清除率为评价指标优化长裙竹荪中抗氧化物质的提取条件。结果表明,影响提取物抗氧化效果的主因素为回流温度。最佳的提取工艺为:乙醇浓度90%,回流温度90℃,料液比1/35,回流时间2.5h。     

甜叶菊多倍体离体诱导技术体系的建立

以甜叶菊茎段为外植体,用不同浓度的秋水仙素在试管苗茎段再生植株过程中进行不同时间处理,探讨适合于甜叶菊离体多倍体诱导的最佳秋水仙素处理时间和浓度,初步建立甜叶菊离体诱导多倍体的技术体系。结果表明,秋水仙素对甜叶菊植株形成影响较大,秋水仙素处理的最佳剂量为0.1%处理3 d,再生植株总数高且多倍体比率达42.3%;同时,再生苗生根也受到了一定影响;多倍体苗叶片厚实、颜色较深、植株矮化,气孔增大,单位面积气孔数较少;多倍体细胞核体积增大,染色体数加倍。     

台湾青枣多糖抗氧化活性的研究

以热水浸提法(料水比1∶4,100℃下提取4h)从台湾青枣(Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.)果实中提取的多糖为材料,通过清除超氧阴离子自由基(O.-2)、清除羟基自由基(.OH)能力和还原能力等来评价台湾青枣多糖的体外抗氧化能力。结果表明:台湾青枣多糖清除.OH能力和还原能力均随多糖浓度的增加而上升;10mg/mL的多糖对.OH的清除率高达98%,0.5mg/mL的多糖对O.-2的清除率为29.1%,6mg/mL多糖的还原能力在700nm下的吸光值为0.82。说明台湾青枣多糖有较强的抗氧化能力,对体外自由基有较好的清除作用。     

干旱胁迫对不同倍性小麦和八倍体小黑麦苗期光合能力与抗氧化系统的影响

为了解小麦进化过程中不同基因组及染色体倍数对小麦抗旱能力的影响,以二倍体、四倍体、六倍体小麦和八倍体小黑麦为材料,研究了聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)胁迫1d和3d后不同倍性小麦和小黑麦叶绿素荧光、气体交换参数、活性氧含量以及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,干旱胁迫3d后不同倍性小麦和八倍体小黑麦的相对水含量和叶绿素含量显著减少,气孔导度、蒸腾速率、光系统II最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)以及光系统II实际量子产量(ΦPSII)降低,而非光化学淬灭(NPQ)、活性氧和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著上升,其中二倍体小麦变化最明显。干旱胁迫下,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性呈现不同变化,SOD和POD活性先增后降,CAT活性降低,而APX活性增加,其中六倍体小麦抗氧化酶活性增加最显著。     

铁皮石斛纳米粉与超微粉的物理特性和体外抗氧化活性比较研究

通过羟基自由基（·OH）、超氧阴离子（O2·- ）、亚硝酸根离子（NO2-）及DPPH自由基4种体外抗氧化模型,对铁皮石斛纳米粉和超微粉的体外抗氧化作用进行比较研究,对2种粉末的流动性、松密度、溶解性等物理特性,粒度及电镜扫描结构进行分析比较,并测定其悬浮液中多糖溶出速度及含量。结果表明：铁皮石斛纳米粉的多糖溶出速度及含量要高于超微粉;铁皮石斛纳米粉和超微粉水提取液对·OH、O2·- 、NO2-、DPPH自由基均具有较强的清除能力,且在一定范围内,清除率随浓度的增加而增大,呈现良好的量效关系;同一浓度时,纳米粉的清除率要明显高于超微粉,说明纳米粉具有更强的体外抗氧化能力;纳米粉的松密度、持水力、膨胀力、溶解性及水悬浮体系稳定性要高于超微粉,但流动性、润湿时间等参数不如超微粉;粒度及电镜分析表明纳米粉的细胞破碎程度更大,粒度更小,形状更不规则。     

Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark extracts

Chestnut (Castanea sativa) shell and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) bark, waste products of the food and wood industries, respectively, were analysed as potential sources of antioxidant compounds. The extraction yield, the antioxidant activity and total phenols content of the extracts were greater in chestnut shell than in eucalyptus bark for most of the extraction conditions essayed. Extraction of chestnut shell with a 2.5% Na₂SO₃ aqueous solution led to the highest extraction yield, 25.6%, total phenols, 13.4 g gallic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell, and FRAP antioxidant activity, 80.7 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent/100 g oven-dried shell. Extraction with methanol:water (50:50, v/v) provided the best results for eucalyptus bark. The antioxidant activity and the total phenols content of the extracts had a positive linear correlation. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the higher content of phenolic compounds in chestnut shell extracts compared to eucalyptus bark extracts. Chestnut shell extracts were characterized by the presence of high molecular weight species whereas lower molecular weight species were predominant in eucalyptus bark extracts.